 In his 1899 "Precondition of Socialism", Bernstein treated the theoretical parts of Marxist doctrine as “not scientific but doctrinaire,” therefore rejecting the fundamental principle of scientific socialism.Instead, Bernstein evoked Kantian liberal ideals that promoted ethical and moral arguments in favor of socialism.As Bernstein highlighted under the concept of ethical socialism, “no action on the part of the masses”, could have a “lasting effect without a moral impetus.” He also proposed the abandonment of the Hegel-derived dialectic and revolution itself, ushered in the first “post-Marxism” era.