 Bharata, the legendary author of "Natyashastra", speaks about the nine primary emotions by which Rasa, the primary sentiment that appeals to poetic sensibility, is nourished; they are – "rati" ('enjoyment'), "hāsya" ('mirth'), "śoka" ('grief'), "krodha" ('anger'), "utsāha" ('enthusiasm'), "bhaya" ('fear'), "jugupsa" ('disgust'), "vismaya" ('surprise') and "sama" or "śanta" ('peace'), based respectively on nine "navarasas" ('primary sentiments').