 VIS also organized several conferences in DC and Pennsylvania on strategies for promoting vegetarianism.Some conference participants, influenced by Peter Singer’s 1975 treatise "Animal Liberation", argued that the scope of these conferences should be expanded to include animal rights.Accordingly, in the summer of 1981, Hershaft organized Action For Life, a national conference at Cedar Crest College in Allentown, Pennsylvania, that effectively launched the U.S. animal rights movement, including People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the Farm Animal Reform Movement, and the since defunct Trans-Species Unlimited and Mobilization For Animals.