 Japan's leading primatologist of the time, Kinji Imanishi, first used the word with a prefix as the term "pre-culture" in referring to the now famous potato-washing behavior of Japanese macaques.In 1948, Imanishi and his colleagues began studying macaques across Japan, and began to notice differences among the different groups of primates, both in social patterns and feeding behavior.In one area, paternal care was the social norm, while this behavior was absent elsewhere.