 He made Yarkand the capital of a state, "Mamlakati Yarkand" which lasted until 1678.In the 17th century, the Dzungars (Oirats, Kalmyks) established an empire over much of the region.Oirats controlled an area known as Grand Tartary or the Kalmyk Empire to Westerners, which stretched from the Great Wall of China to the Don River, and from the Himalayas to Siberia.