 Local city-states such as the Kingdom of Khotan (56-1006), Kashgar (Shule Kingdom), Hotan (Yutian), Kucha (Guizi) and Cherchen (Qiemo) controlled the western half, while the central region around Turpan was controlled by Gaochang (later known as Qara-hoja).In the 4th century, Zungharia was occupied by Ruanruan confederation, while the oasis cities south of Tianshan paid tribute to the Ruanruan.From c. 450 to 560 the Tarim Basin was controlled by the Hephthalites (White Huns), until they were defeated in 560 by the Kök Türk.