 This goal may be accomplished by a range of techniques, the most common of which are described below.While these techniques are sometimes categorized as differential (monitoring reaction rate over time) or integral (monitoring the amount of substrate and/or product over time), simple mathematical manipulation (differentiation or integration) allows interconversion of the data obtained by either of the two.Regardless of the technique implemented, it is generally advantageous to confirm the validity in the system of interest by monitoring with an additional independent method.