 Kerr and Jermier (1978) proposed that substitute variables should render leader behaviors unable to predict subordinate outcomes.Researchers that have tested this characteristic of substitutes have found mixed results (Howell & Dorfman, 1981; Podsakoff & MacKenzie, 1995).A study involving hospital personnel (Howell & Dorfman, 1981) found that tasks that gave feedback regarding performance were negatively correlated with job satisfaction.