 Murao and Ferlinghetti were exonerated and "Howl" was judged protected under the First Amendment, a decision that paved the way for the publication of Henry Miller, D.H. Lawrence, William Burroughs, and many other writers who offended puritanical elements of society.Murao and his twin sister Shizuko were born on December 8, 1926, in Seattle, Washington.In 1942, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Murao and his family were interned at the Minidoka War Relocation Center, Idaho.