 The authors reported that “salivary [glucose] concentration and excretion were much higher in diabetic patients than in control subjects.” In 2009 Rao, et al., investigated salivary biomarkers that could aid identification of type-2 diabetic individuals.Researchers found that sixty-five proteins, the majority of which are involved in regulating metabolism and immune response, were significantly altered in type-2 diabetics.They further observed that the relative increase of these specific proteins was directly proportional to the severity of disease (i.e., they were somewhat elevated in pre-diabetics and significantly elevated in diabetics).