 Afterward, the Kwantung Army leadership engineered the Mukden Incident and the subsequent invasion of Manchuria in 1931, in a massive act of insubordination ("gekokujo") against the express orders of the political and military leadership based in Tokyo.Presented with the "fait accompli", Imperial General Headquarters had little choice but to follow up on the actions of the Kwantung Army with reinforcements in the subsequent Pacification of Manchukuo.The success of the campaign meant that the insubordination of the Kwantung Army was rewarded rather than punished.