 His invaluable service in various capacities in the Indian intelligence establishment led to great improvements in its functioning.Notwithstanding all criticisms regarding his political impact, it is through the untiring efforts of Kao that the foundations of modern intelligence handling in India were laid and a generation of intelligence professionals were trained.Kao created the National Security Guard (NSG), during the Punjab terrorism of the 1980s, to address the needs of the Government of India to counteract terrorism within the country.