 presented the following cladogram in 2013, in which "Rhodochiton" is sister to the combination of "Lophospermum" and "Mabrya", so that including it in "Lophospermum" would make the latter paraphyletic.Vargas et al.concluded that the Antirrhineae evolved in the Old World and subsequently colonized North America more than once, probably in the Miocene epoch ().