 He continued these at both the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and at the American Academy in Rome.At various times he studied with J. Massey Rhind, George Grey Barnard, Hermon MacNeil, Gutzon Borglum, Herbert Adams, and Antonin Mercié.He became a United States citizen in 1912 and during the First World War served in the camouflage section of the U.S. Navy.