 In 1834, Ishak Efendi published "Mecmua-i Ulum-i Riyaziye", a four volume text introducing many modern scientific concepts to the Muslim world.Kudsi Efendi also published "Asrar al-Malakut" in 1846 in an attempt to reconcile Copernican astronomy with Islam.The first modern Turkish chemistry text was published in 1848, and the first modern Biology text in 1865.