 Black facial patterns are associated with the male "P. dominula" dominance and conditions.Facial patterns of the male "P. dominula" vary from being "unbroken" to "scattered" – an unbroken black spot represents "low quality" while scattered spots (having several spots) represent "high quality".Males generally avoid fighting with "high quality" males and fight for resources that "low quality" males are protecting to reduce the cost of aggressive competition.