 Many scholars argue that NGOs are an insufficient solution to a lack of development leadership as a result of decentralization policies.Human rights expert Susan Dicklitch points to the historical context of colonialism, organization-specific limitations, and regime restraints as hindrances to the promises of NGOs.She notes that “NGOs are increasingly relegated to service provision and gap-filling activities by the retreating state, but those supportive functions are not matched with increased political efficacy”.