was ratified on 1 February 2021. Latvia and CERN signed an associate membership agreement on 14 April 2021. Latvia was formally admitted as an Associate Member on 2 August 2021. International relations Three countries have observer status: Japan – since 1995 Russia – since 1993 (suspended as of March 2022 ) United States – since 1997 Also observers are the following international organizations: UNESCO – since 1954 European Commission – since 1985 JINR – since 2014 (suspended as of March 2022 ) Non-Member States (with dates of Co-operation Agreements) currently involved in CERN programmes are: CERN also has scientific contacts with the following other countries: International research institutions, such as CERN, can aid in science diplomacy. Associated institutions A large number of institutes around the world are associated to CERN through current collaboration agreements and/or historical links. The list below contains organizations represented as observers to the CERN Council, organizations to which CERN is an observer and organizations based on the CERN model: European Molecular Biology Laboratory, organization based on the CERN model European Space Research Organisation (since 1975 ESA), organization based on the CERN model European Southern Observatory, organization based on the CERN model JINR, observer to CERN Council, CERN is represented in the JINR Council SESAME, CERN is an observer to the SESAME Council UNESCO, observer to CERN Council Open science The Open Science movement focuses on making scientific research openly accessible and on creating knowledge through open tools and processes. Open access, open data, open source software and hardware, open licenses, digital preservation and reproducible research are primary components of open science and areas in which CERN has been working towards since its formation. CERN has developed a number of policies and official documents that enable and promote open science, starting with CERN's founding convention in 1953 which indicated that all its results are to be published or made generally available. Since then, CERN published its open access policy in 2014, which ensures that all publications by CERN authors will be published with gold open access and most recently an open data policy that was endorsed by the four main LHC collaborations (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb). The open data policy complements the open access policy, addressing the public release of scientific data collected by LHC experiments after a suitable embargo period. Prior to this open data policy, guidelines for data preservation, access and reuse were implemented