throne of Japan. November 24 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Tuttlingen: France is defeated by forces of the Holy Roman Empire. December 12 – Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson forces entered Danish territory in Holstein, beginning the Torstenson War. December 13 – First English Civil War: Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Alton in Hampshire. December 25 – Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean is sighted and named by Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company ship Royal Mary. December 28 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The failed Dutch expedition arrives back at Recife in Dutch Brazil. Date unknown Baden-Baden is pillaged by the French. An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, The Ó Conchubhair Donn, Chief of the Name of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as the last King of Connacht in Ireland. Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer. Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, places the first Mount Royal Cross atop Mount Royal above Montreal. Jean Bolland publishes the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum (in Antwerp). This is the beginning of the Bollandists' work. Miyamoto Musashi begins to dictate The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho) to his student; he will complete it in 1654, just before his death. Roger Williams, co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key into the Language of America. The first professional book publisher to use printing press in Norway is established in Oslo. Births January–March January 2 – Eleonora d'Este, Italian princess, later nun (d. 1722) January 4 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727) January 7 – Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1700) January 9 – Eleonoro Pacello, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Pula (1689–1695) (d. 1695) January 13 – Axel Wachtmeister, Count of Mälsåker, Swedish field marshal (d. 1699) January 25 – John Hayes, English politician (d. 1705) January 24 – Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier (d. 1706) January 30 – Sir Francis Blundell, 3rd Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1707) February 6 Charles Fanshawe, 4th Viscount Fanshawe, English politician (d. 1710) Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg, Prussian politician (d. 1712) February 15 – García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala (d. 1706) February 25 Sultan Ahmed II of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1695) Christian Franz Paullini, German physician (d. 1712) March 4 – Fran Krsto