(these martyrs being the generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army, who did not flee from Hungary after the suppression of the Hungarian revolution by the Russo-Austrian forces). Also today, Lajos Batthyány, the first Hungarian prime minister, is executed by Austrian authorities in Pest. November – Austin College receives a charter in Huntsville, Texas. November 13 The Constitution of California is ratified in a general election. Swiss-born Marie Manning and her husband Frederick are publicly hanged for the murder of her lover in London, before a crowd of 30,000-50,000. November 16 – A Russian court sentences Fyodor Dostoyevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group, the Petrashevsky Circle. Facing a firing squad on December 23, the group members are reprieved at the last moment, and exiled to the katorga prison camps in Siberia. December 3 German missionaries Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann become the first Europeans to see Mount Kenya. The Abgeordnetenhaus, lower house of the parliament of the Kingdom of Bavaria, passes a bill granting German Jews the same legal rights as German Christians. The measure draws a strong reaction from Christians across Bavaria, who sign petitions urging the upper house to prevent the equal rights measure from becoming law. December 22 – After 17 days of deadlock and 63 votes, Democrat Howell Cobb of Georgia is elected Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, by a plurality of 102 votes to 99 for the former Speaker, the Whig Party's Robert C. Winthrop of Massachusetts. Neither the Democrats nor the Whigs have a majority of the 230 seats in the House, and after neither candidate can obtain the required 116 votes, the Representatives agree that the plurality will decide the leadership. Date unknown Seven of the "best known" opium clippers go missing: Sylph, Coquette, Kelpie, Greyhound, Don Juan, Mischief, and Anna Eliza. Global healthcare and pharmaceutical company Pfizer founded in New York, United States. Births January–June January 8 – Stepan Makarov, Russian admiral (d. 1904) January 9 – John Hartley, English tennis player, double winner of Wimbledon (d. 1935) January 11 – Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench, Spanish impressionist painter (d. 1916) January 14 – James Moore, English winner of the first ever cycle race (d. 1935) January 18 Aleksander Świętochowski, Polish writer of the Positivist period (d. 1938) Sir Edmund Barton, 1st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1920) January 22 – August Strindberg, Swedish author,