first portion of the Oudh Bequest is transferred from Oudh State in the British Raj to the Shia Islam holy cities of Najaf and Karbala, in Persia. The American system of watch manufacturing is started in Roxbury, Massachusetts, by the Waltham Watch Company. Bingley Hall, the world's first purpose-built exhibition hall, opens in Birmingham, England. Allan Pinkerton forms the North-Western Police Agency, later the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, in the United States. The temperance organisation, International Organisation of Good Templars, is established in Utica, New York, as the order of the Knights of Jericho. Mayer Lehman arrives from Germany to join his siblings in Lehman Brothers dry-goods business (predecessor of the bank) in Montgomery, Alabama. One of the original segments of the historic Pacific Highway (United States) in Washington (state) in Clark and Cowlitz counties is established. German physicist Rudolf Clausius publishes his paper on the mechanical theory of heat ("On the Moving Force of Heat") which first states the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics. The city of Manchester, England, reaches 400,000 inhabitants. From this year until 1880, 144,000 East Indian laborers go to Trinidad and 39,000 to Jamaica. Ongoing – Great Famine (Ireland) subsides. Births January–February January 1 – John Barclay Armstrong, Texas Ranger, U.S. Marshal (d. 1913) January 6 Eduard Bernstein, German social democratic theoretician, politician (d. 1932) Xaver Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (d. 1924) January 10 – John Wellborn Root, American architect (d. 1891) January 11 – Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector (d. 1917) January 14 – Pierre Loti, French novelist (d. 1923) January 15 Mihai Eminescu, Romanian romantic poet (d. 1889) Sofia Kovalevskaya, Russian mathematician (d. 1891) January 18 – Seth Low, American educator (d. 1916) January 19 – Augustine Birrell, English author, politician (d. 1933) January 24 – Hermann Ebbinghaus, German psychologist (d. 1909) January 27 John Collier, British writer and painter (d. 1934) Edward Smith, British captain of the Titanic (d. 1912) Samuel Gompers, American labor union leader (d. 1924) January 29 Sir Ebenezer Howard, British urban planner (d. 1928) Lawrence Hargrave, Australian engineer (d. 1915) February 8 – Kate Chopin, American writer (d. 1904) February 10 – Alexander von Linsingen, German general (d. 1935) February 12 – William Morris Davis, American geographer (d. 1934) February 14 – Kiyoura Keigo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1942) February 15 – Albert B. Cummins, American lawyer and politician (d. 1926) February 17 –