Events January–March January 21 – Abel Tasman sights the island of Tonga. February 6 – Abel Tasman sights the Fiji Islands. March 13 – First English Civil War: First Battle of Middlewich – Roundheads (Parliamentarians) rout the Cavaliers (Royalist supporters of King Charles I) at Middlewich in Cheshire. March 18 – Irish Confederate Wars: Battle of New Ross – English troops defeat those of Confederate Ireland. April–June April 1 – Åmål, Sweden, is granted its city charter. April 28 – Francisco de Lucena, former Portuguese Secretary of State, is beheaded after being convicted of treason. May 14 – Louis XIV succeeds his father Louis XIII as King of France at age 4. His rule will last until his death at age 77 in 1715, a total of 72 years, which will be the longest reign of any European monarch in recorded history. May 19 Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rocroi: The French defeat the Spanish at Rocroi, France. The New England Confederation is formed as a military alliance. May 20 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch fleet (led by Hendrik Brouwer) is spotted off Carelmapu in Chile, soon afterwards landing nearby and plundering the fort and village. June 30 – First English Civil War: Battle of Adwalton Moor – Royalists gain control of Yorkshire. July–September July 1 – The Westminster Assembly of theologians ("divines") and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England. July 5 – First English Civil War: Battle of Lansdowne – Royalists gain a pyrrhic victory over the Parliamentarians near Bath, Somerset. July 13 – First English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – Henry Wilmot, newly created Baron Wilmot, commanding Royalist cavalry, wins a crushing victory over Parliamentarian Sir William Waller. August 24 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: A Dutch fleet establishes a new colony in the ruins of Valdivia in southern Chile. September 20 – First English Civil War: First Battle of Newbury – Strategic Parliamentarian victory over Royalist forces led personally by the king. October–December October 8 – The Shunzhi Emperor of China is crowned, aged 5, 17 days after the death of his father, having been chosen to succeed by the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers. October 28 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch end their occupation of Valdivia in Chile. November 14 – Empress Meishō abdicates and Emperor Go-Kōmyō accedes to the