Indian independence). October 20 – The Royal Regiment of Artillery forms the first regular Canadian army units, when they create two batteries of garrison artillery, which later become the Royal Canadian Artillery. October 24 – Chinese massacre of 1871. In Los Angeles' Chinatown, 18 Chinese immigrants are killed by a mob of 500 men. October 26 – Liberian President Edward James Roye is deposed in a coup d'état. October 27 British forces march into the Klipdrift Republic and annex the territory as Griqualand West Colony. Henri, Count of Chambord, refuses to be crowned "King Henry V of France" until France abandons its tricolor, and returns to the old Bourbon flag. Boss Tweed of Tammany Hall is arrested for bribery, ending his grip on New York City. c. November – The South Improvement Company is formed in Pennsylvania by John D. Rockefeller and a group of major United States railroad interests, in an early effort to organize and control the American petroleum industry. November 5 – Wickenburg Massacre: Six men travelling by stagecoach, in the Arizona Territory, are reportedly murdered by Yavapai people. November 7 – The London–Australia telegraph cable is brought ashore at Darwin. November 10 – Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh-born correspondent for the New York Herald, locates missing Scottish explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and greets him by saying, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" November 17 The National Rifle Association of America is granted a charter by the state of New York. George Biddell Airy presents his discovery that astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium. December 10 – German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tries to ban Catholics from the political stage, by introducing harsh laws concerning the separation of church and state. December 15 – The Deseret Telegraph Company office in Pipe Spring begins service with a message keyed by Ella Stewart. It is the first telegraph sent from Arizona Territory. December 19 – The city of Birmingham, Alabama, is incorporated with the merger of three existing towns. December 24 – The opera Aida opens in Cairo, Egypt. December 25 – Reading F.C. is formed as an Association football club in England. December 26 – Thespis, the first of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, premières. It does modestly well, but the two composers will not collaborate again for four years. Date unknown In South Africa Gold is discovered at Pilgrim's Creek in