League of Armed Neutrality. April 21 – Ranjit Singh is invested, as Maharaja of Punjab. May 6 – French Revolutionary Wars – Action of 6 May 1801 off Barcelona: British Royal Navy brig HMS Speedy, although outmanned and outgunned, captures the 32-gun Spanish frigate El Gamo. May 10 – The pascha of Tripoli declares war on the United States, by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down. June 7 – War of the Oranges ends: Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Badajoz; Portugal loses the city of Olivenza. June 15 – A bull breaks through barriers at a bullfight in Madrid, killing two people (including the mayor of Torrejón de Ardoz) and injuring a number of other spectators. June 27 – Siege of Cairo ends: Cairo falls to British troops. July–September July 6 – Battle of Algeciras: The French fleet defeats the British fleet. July 7 – Toussaint Louverture promulgates a reforming constitution for Santo Domingo, declaring himself emperor for life of the entire island of Hispaniola, and nominally abolishing slavery. July 12 – Second Battle of Algeciras: The British fleet defeats the French and Spanish fleets. July 18 – Napoleon signs a Concordat with Pope Pius VII. August 1 – First Barbary War – Action of 1 August 1801: United States Navy schooner captures the 14-gun Tripolitan corsair polacca Tripoli off the north African coast, in a single-ship action. September 9 – Alexander I of Russia confirms the privileges of the Baltic provinces. September 24 – Joseph Marie Jacquard exhibits his new invention, a loom where the pattern being woven is controlled by punched cards, at the National Exposition in Paris. September 30 – The Treaty of London is signed for preliminary peace between the French First Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. October–December October 17 – A coup d'état is staged in the Batavian Republic. November 16 – The first edition of the New-York Evening Post is printed. December 15 – Hadži Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman commander and politician, is assassinated in Belgrade, Sanjak of Smederevo, by Kučuk-Alija. December 19 – South Carolina College, a precursor to The University of South Carolina, is established in Columbia, South Carolina. December 24 – Cornish engineers Richard Trevithick and Andrew Vivian demonstrate "Puffing Devil", their steam-powered road locomotive, in Camborne. The trial is successful but Trevithick realises the limitations of steam power in a road-running vehicle