Manchester, which leads to his study of the phenomenon that he (Braid) eventually calls hypnotism. December 20 – The first multilateral treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the Treaty for the Suppression of the African Slave Trade, signed in London by the representatives of Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia. December 23 – First Anglo-Afghan War: At a meeting with the Afghan general Akbar Khan, British diplomat Sir William Hay Macnaghten is shot dead at close quarters. Date unknown John Augustus develops the concept of probation in Boston, Massachusetts. Ongoing First Opium War (1839–42) First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42) Births January–June January 8 Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, Muslim scholar, 1st Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Islam (d. 1914) Kate Stone, American diarist (d. 1907) January 14 – Berthe Morisot, French painter (d. 1895) January 15 – Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, English-Canadian politician, soldier (d. 1908) January 23 – Benoît-Constant Coquelin, French actor, Cyrano de Bergerac (d. 1909) January 25 – John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, British admiral (d. 1920) January 27 – Alexandru Candiano-Popescu, Romanian general, lawyer, journalist, and poet (d. 1901) January 28 – Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Welsh explorer, journalist (d. 1904) January 30 – Félix Faure, President of France (d. 1899) February 2 – François-Alphonse Forel, Swiss hydrologist (d. 1912) February 4 – Clément Ader, French engineer, inventor, and airplane pioneer (d. 1926) February 10 – Alfred Heaver, English property developer (d. 1901) February 15 – Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales, 4th President of Brazil (d. 1913) February 16 – Armand Guillaumin, French painter, lithographer (d. 1927) February 24 – Carl Gräbe, German chemist (d. 1927) February 25 – Pierre-Auguste Renoir, French painter (d. 1919) March 1 – Luigi Luzzatti, Italian financier, economist, philosopher, and jurist, 20th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1927) March 8 – Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1935) March 15 – Pietro Bonilli, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (d. 1935) April 3 – Hermann Carl Vogel, German astrophysicist, astronomer (d. 1907) April 9 – William George Aston, British consular official (d. 1911) April 13 – Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (d. 1905) May 10 – James Gordon Bennett Jr., American newspaper publisher (d. 1918) May 14 – Sir Squire Bancroft, English actor (d. 1926) May 15 – Clarence Dutton, American geologist (d. 1912) June 1 – Edward Lyon Buchwalter,