and the Commonwealth troops suffer at least 1,000 deaths, but the Russians prevail. General Chodkiewicz tries a second attack the next day and fails. September 2 (August 23 O.S.) – The Lutheran Duchy of Prussia, a fiefdom within Poland, becomes the first Protestant government to follow the Roman Catholic nations in adopting the Gregorian calendar. September 5 – England's East India Company gets its first warships and establishes the "'Honourable East India Company's Marine'" to protect its freighters. The force develops over the centuries into the Royal Indian Navy and, after India's independence in 1947, the Indian Navy. September 22 – Retreating Polish and Lithuanian troops burn the Russian city of Vologda in reprisal for their defeat at Moscow. October–December October 27 – Forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had been occupying Moscow for more than two years, surrender unconditionally to Russian militia forces and are allowed to leave. November 29 – The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha is signed, between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire. November 30 – Battle of Swally: Forces of the English East India Company and Portugal engage off the coast of India, resulting in an English victory. December 15 – Simon Marius becomes the first person on Earth to observe the Andromeda Galaxy through a telescope. December 28 – Galileo Galilei becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune when in conjunction with Jupiter. He mistakenly catalogues it as a fixed star, because of its extremely slow motion along the ecliptic. Neptune will not be truly recognized as a planet until 1846, about 234 years later, when Johann Gottfried Galle first sights it in the Berlin Observatory. Date unknown The Nagoya Castle is completed in Japan. The Okamoto Daihachi incident in Japan. Thomas Shelton's English translation of the first half of Don Quixote is published. It is the first translation of the Spanish novel into any language. Births January–March January 17 – Thomas Fairfax, English Civil War general (d. 1671) January 21 – Henry Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz, Stadtholder of Groningen, Friesland and Drenthe (d. 1640) January 22 – Daniel Zwicker, German physician (d. 1678) January 23 – George FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare, Irish earl (d. 1660) February 1 – William West, English politician (d. 1670) February 2 – Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth, English baron and politician (d. 1665) February 4 – Arthur Spry, English politician (d. 1685) February 5 –