plural can be indicated through duplication of a noun followed by a ini or itu. The word yang "which" is often placed before demonstrative pronouns to give emphasis and a sense of certainty, particularly when making references or enquiries about something/ someone, like English "this one" or "that one". Verbs Verbs are not inflected for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as sudah "already" and belum "not yet". On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods. Some of these affixes are ignored in colloquial speech. Examples of these are the prefixes di- (patient focus, traditionally called "passive voice", with OVA word order in the third person, and OAV in the first or second persons), meng- (agent focus, traditionally called "active voice", with AVO word order), memper- and diper- (causative, agent and patient focus), ber- (stative or habitual; intransitive VS order), and ter- (agentless actions, such as those which are involuntary, sudden, stative or accidental, for VA = VO order); the suffixes -kan (causative or benefactive) and -i (locative, repetitive, or exhaustive); and the circumfixes ber-...-an (plural subject, diffuse action) and ke-...-an (unintentional or potential action or state). duduk to sit down mendudukkan to sit someone down, give someone a seat, to appoint menduduki to sit on, to occupy didudukkan to be given a seat, to be appointed diduduki to be sat on, to be occupied terduduk to sink down, to come to sit kedudukan to be situated Forms in ter- and ke-...-an are often equivalent to adjectives in English. Negation Four words are used for negation in Indonesian, namely tidak, bukan, jangan, and belum. Tidak (not), often shortened to tak, is used for the negation of verbs and "adjectives". Bukan (be-not) is used in the negation of a noun. For example: Prohibition For negating imperatives or advising against certain actions in Indonesian, the word jangan (do not) is used before the verb. For example, Jangan tinggalkan saya di sini! Don't leave me here! Jangan lakukan itu! Don't do that! Jangan! Itu tidak bagus untukmu. Don't! That's not good for you. Adjectives There are grammatical adjectives in Indonesian. Stative verbs are often used for this purpose as well. Adjectives are always placed after