the Daily Value, DV) of Niacin, Vitamin B12, iron and zinc. Red meat is the most significant dietary source of carnitine and, like any other meat (pork, fish, veal, lamb etc.), is a source of creatine. Creatine is converted to creatinine during cooking. Health impact Cancer Consumption of red meat, and especially processed red meat, is known to increase the risk of bowel cancer and some other cancers. Coronary heart disease A 2010 meta-analysis found that processed red meat (and all processed meat) was correlated with a higher risk of coronary heart disease, although based on studies that separated the two, this meta-analysis found that red meat intake was not associated with higher incidence of coronary heart disease. As of 2020, there is substantial evidence for a link between high consumption of red meat and coronary heart disease. Dioxins Some cattle raised in the United States feed on pastures fertilized with sewage sludge. Elevated dioxins may be present in meat from these cattle. E. coli recalls Ground beef has been subject to recalls in the United States, due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination: January 2011, One Great Burger expands recall. February 2011, American Food Service, a Pico Rivera, Calif. establishment, is recalling approximately of fresh ground beef patties and other bulk packages of ground beef products that may be contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. March 2011, beef recalled by Creekstone Farms Premium Beef due to E. coli concerns. April 2011, National Beef Packaging recalled more than of ground beef due to E. coli contamination. May 2011, Irish Hills Meat Company of Michigan, a Tipton, Mich., establishment is recalling approximately of ground beef products that may be contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. September 2011, Tyson Fresh Meats recalled of ground beef due to E. coli contamination. December 2011, Tyson Fresh Meats recalled of ground beef due to E. coli contamination. January 2012, Hannaford Supermarkets recalled all ground beef with sell by dates 17 December 2011 or earlier. September 2012, XL Foods recalled more than 1800 products believed to be contaminated with E. coli 0157:H7. The recalled products were produced at the company's plant in Brooks, Alberta, Canada; this was the largest recall of its kind in Canadian History. Mad cow disease In 1984, the use of meat and bone meal in cattle feed resulted in the world's first outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE or, colloquially, mad cow disease) in