Rupert and his men take Liverpool Castle. Liverpool is later reclaimed by Sir John Moore. July–September July 1 – Torstenson War – Battle of Colberger Heide: The Dano-Norwegian and Swedish fleets fight a naval battle off the coast of Schleswig - Holstein. The battle was indecisive but was a minor success for the Dano-Norwegian fleet. July 2 – English Civil War – Battle of Marston Moor: The Parliamentarians crush the Royalists, ending Charles I's hold on the north of England. August 4 – Abel Tasman's expedition returns to Batavia six months after his departure. September 1 – English Civil War – Battle of Tippermuir: Montrose defeats Lord Elcho's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause in Scotland. September 2 – English Civil War – Second Battle of Lostwithiel: Charles I and the Royalists gain their last major victory. September 15 – Pope Innocent X succeeds Pope Urban VIII, becoming the 236th pope. October–December October 1 – The Jews of Mogilev, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, are attacked during Tashlikh. November 8 – The Shunzhi Emperor, the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, is enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming dynasty as the first Qing emperor to rule over China. November 23 Battle of Jüterbog: Sweden's forces defeat those of the Holy Roman Empire. Areopagitica, by John Milton, is published in England. November – The Castle of Elvas in Portugal resists a 9-day siege by the Spanish during the Portuguese Restoration War. December 18 (December 8 Old Style) – As Christina comes of age, she is made ruling queen of Sweden. December – Bubonic plague breaks out in Edinburgh. Date unknown The opera Ormindo is first performed in Venice (music by Francesco Cavalli, and libretto by Giovanni Faustini). Sigismund's Column is erected in Warsaw, to commemorate King Sigismund III Vasa, who moved the capital of Poland from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596. Philosopher René Descartes publishes Principia Philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy). A Spanish officer is murdered in St. Dominic's Church, Macau during mass, by colonists loyal to Portugal, during the Portuguese Restoration War. The West India Company displays greater interest in profit than in colonization. Births January–March January 9 – Robert Gibbes, English landgrave (d. 1715) January 10 Louis François, duc de Boufflers, Marshal of France (d. 1711) Celestino Sfondrati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1696) January 11 – Hayashi Hōkō, Japanese philosopher (d. 1732) January 14 – Thomas Britton, English concert promoter (d.