Şükrü Saracoğlu forms the new (13th) government in Turkey. July 13 – WWII: U-boats sink three merchant ships in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. July 14 – WWII: Bastille Day Gaullist demonstrations in Vichy France; 2 women are shot dead by members of the fascist French Popular Party (PPF) in Marseille. Germany introduces the Ostvolk Medal for Soviet personnel in the Wehrmacht. July 16 The Holocaust: By order of the Vichy France government headed by Pierre Laval, French police officers round-up 13,000–20,000 Jews and imprison them in the Winter Velodrome. Georges Bégué and others escape from the Mauzac prison camp. July 18 – WWII: The Germans test fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 (using only its jet engines) for the first time. July 19 – WWII: Battle of the Atlantic: German Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz orders the last U-boats to withdraw from there the United States Atlantic coast positions, in response to an effective American convoy system. July 21 – WWII: The Japanese establish a beachhead on the north coast of New Guinea in the Buna-Gona area; a small Australian force begins a rearguard action on the Kokoda Track campaign. July 22 – WWII: The Holocaust: The systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto begins. July 23 – WWII: Adolf Hitler issues Directive 45, ordering the seizure of the Black Sea coast down to Batum, and taking the oilfields of Maikop, Grozny and Baku. The Holocaust: The gas chambers at Treblinka extermination camp begin operation, killing 6,500 Jews newly arrived from the Warsaw Ghetto. July 25 – WWII: Battle of Kalach: German forces of the 6th Army under General Friedrich Paulus attack the Stalingrad Front and manages to surround part of the Soviet 62nd and 64th armies in the Kalach Pocket. July 29 – The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union institutes the Order of Suvorov and Order of Kutuzov and reinstates the Order of Alexander Nevsky. July 30 – WWII: WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service), the United States Naval Reserve (Women's Reserve), is signed into law. The SS Robert E. Lee is sunk in the Gulf of Mexico by , which is itself sunk by the escorting patrol craft. July 31 – The Oxford Committee for Famine Relief (Oxfam) is founded in England. August August 3–15 – WWII: Operation Pedestal: A British convoy of 14 merchant ships with a massive escort of two battleships,