States patent for a phosphorus friction match is granted to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of Springfield, Massachusetts. 1839 – Charles Goodyear vulcanizes rubber. Biology December 27, 1831 – Charles Darwin embarks on his historic voyage aboard . January 7, 1835 – anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on the voyage of 1831–1836 with Charles Darwin. September 7, 1835 – Charles Darwin arrives at the Galapagos Islands aboard . January 12, 1836 – with Charles Darwin reaches Sydney. July 20, 1836 – Charles Darwin climbs Green Hill on Ascension Island. October 2, 1836 – Charles Darwin returns to England aboard with biological data he will later use to develop his theory of evolution, having left South America on August 17. 1838 – Proteins are discovered by Jöns Jakob Berzelius. Archaeology 1836 – Chatsworth Head found near Tamassos on Cyprus. 1838 – Chatsworth Head acquired by the 6th Duke of Devonshire at Smyrna from H. P. Borrell. 1839 – An archaeological excavation on Copan begins. Sociology July 2, 1832 – Andre-Michel Guerry presents his Essay on moral statistics of France, to the French Academy of Sciences, a significant step in the founding of empirical social science. Transportation Rail September 15, 1830 – The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opens, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives. 1834 – The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is chartered in Wilmington, North Carolina. Railroad construction begins in earnest in the United States. May 5, 1835 – Rail transport in Belgium: a railway is opened between Brussels and Mechelen, the first in continental Europe. December 7, 1835 – The Bavarian Ludwig Railway opens between Nuremberg and Fürth, with a train hauled by Der Adler ("The Eagle"), the first railway in Germany. December 21, 1835 – The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad is chartered in Raleigh, North Carolina. February 8, 1836 – London and Greenwich Railway opens its first section, the first railway in London, England. July 13, 1836 – The first numbered (after filing 9,957 unnumbered patents) is granted, to John Ruggles for improvements to railroad steam locomotive tires. July 21, 1836 – The Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad opens between St. John and La Prairie, Quebec, the first steam-worked passenger railroad in British North America. October 25, 1836 – Construction begins on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad in North Carolina. Due to a lack of support in Raleigh, the route is revised to run from Wilmington