head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents. Other events June 5 – 6, 1832 – France: June Rebellion, anti-monarchist riots, chiefly by students, in Paris. 1835 – The French word for their language changes to français, from françois. Southern Europe Ottoman Empire (Balkans) March 29, 1831 – The Great Bosnian uprising against the Ottoman Empire breaks out. April – Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire dies. July 1, 1839 – Abd-ul-Mejid I (1839–1861) succeeds Mahmud II (1808–1839) as Ottoman Emperor. 1839 – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and it forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire. 1839 – Tanzimat starts in the Ottoman Empire. Greece February 3, 1830 – Greece is liberated from the Ottoman forces as the final result of the Greek War of Independence. July 20, 1830 – Greece grants citizenship to Jews. May 7, 1832 – The Treaty of London creates an independent Kingdom of Greece. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria, is chosen King. Thus begins the history of modern Greece. May 11, 1832 – Greece is recognized as a sovereign nation; the Treaty of Constantinople ends the Greek War of Independence in July. 1833 – Greece recaptures the Acropolis. June 7, 1834 – Greek independence: General Theodoros Kolokotronis is sentenced to death for treason for resisting the rule of Otto of Greece (he is released next year). 1834 – Athens becomes Greece's capital city. Italian Peninsula November 8, 1830 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies. February–March 1831 – Revolts in Modena, Parma and the Papal States are put down by Austrian troops. April 27, 1831 – Charles Albert becomes king of Sardinia after the death of King Charles Felix. 1834 – A pro-republic uprising fails in Piedmont; one of the activists is Giuseppe Garibaldi. October 3, 1839 – In the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a railway between Naples and Portici (7.4 km length) is inaugurated by H.M. King Ferdinand II of Bourbon (the first