marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union. April 12, 1814 – The Royal Norwegian Navy is re-established. May 17, 1814 – The Constitution of Norway is signed and the Danish Crown Prince Christian Frederik is elected King of Norway by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly. May 3, 1814 – The Duke of Provence, the future Louis XVIII of France, returns to Paris. May 17, 1814 – The occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian hands. May 30, 1814 – The First Treaty of Paris is signed returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. Napoleon I of France is exiled to Elba on the same day. August 12, 1814 – In England, the last hanging under the Black Act is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an orchard (even the judge petitioned for reprieve). August 13, 1814 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 is signed. January 3, 1815 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia. March 15, 1815 – Joachim Murat, King of Naples declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War. March 16, 1815 – William I becomes King of the Netherlands. April 23, 1815 – The Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Serbia. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state; the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising have thus been temporarily achieved. May 3, 1815 – Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica and is later executed. 1815: In Britain, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury. January 1, 1816 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order for the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Russian Empire. March 25, 1816 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck dies and is succeeded by the later Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, his son and founder of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. 1816: The Senate of Finland is established. 1816: The Ottomans grant Serbia local autonomy. April 3, 1817 – Princess Caraboo appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire, England. May 11, 1818 – Charles XIV of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Sweden. September 7, 1818 – Carl III of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim. September 23, 1818 –