much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president. May 24, 1822 – Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito. July 26, 1822 – José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar. July 27, 1822 – Simón Bolívar and General José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil. Bolívar later annexes Guayaquil (See Guayaquil Conference). June 3, 1828 – Gran Colombia – Peru War: President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru. August 27, 1828 – Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia. Bolivia August 6, 1825 – Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a republic with the instigation of Simón Bolívar. Peru July 28, 1821 – Peru declares independence from Spain (see Peru's Independence from Spain). September 10, 1823 – Simón Bolívar is named President of Peru. February 10, 1824 – Simón Bolívar is proclaimed dictator of Peru. December 9, 1824 – Battle of Ayacucho: Peruvian forces defeat the Spanish. February 10, 1825 – Simón Bolívar gives up his title of dictator of Peru and takes the alternative title of Liberator. Brazil 1822: Brazil gains independence September 7, 1822 – Brazil declares its independence from Portugal (see Brazilian independence). October 12, 1822 – Peter I of Brazil is declared the constitutional emperor of the Brazilian Empire. December 1, 1822 – Peter I is crowned as Emperor of Brazil (see The reign of Pedro I, 1822–31). April 26, 1828 – Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries. Argentina-Brazil War March 7, 1827 – Brazilian marines sail up the Rio Negro and attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina; they are defeated by the local citizens. April 7–April 8, 1827 – Battle of Monte Santiago: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats Argentine vessels in a major naval engagement. February 20, 1827 – Battle of Ituzaingo (Passo do Rosário): A force of the Brazilian Imperial Army meets Argentine–Uruguayan troops in combat. August 27, 1828 – South America: Brazil and Argentina recognize the independence of Uruguay. Uruguay July 18, 1825 – Uruguay declares independence from Brazil (see Uruguay's independence). August 27, 1828 – South America: Brazil and Argentina recognize the independence of Uruguay. Argentina 1820: The Argentine Confederation (Argentina) establishes a penal colony in