waters of the Paraná River, but the victors suffer serious damage to their ships, and Argentina attracts political support in South America. December 2 – Manifest destiny: U.S. President James K. Polk announces to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced, and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West. December 11 – First Anglo-Sikh War: Sikh army crosses the Sutlej in the Punjab. December 22–23 – Battle of Ferozeshah (Anglo-Sikh War): East India Company forces are victorious over those of the Sikh Empire. December 27 Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time, by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia. American newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan claims (in connection with the annexation of the Oregon Country) in The United States Magazine and Democratic Review that the United States should be allowed "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions". It is the second time he uses the term manifest destiny (first in connection with the Republic of Texas in July – August), and it will have a huge influence on American imperialism in the following century. December 29 – Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state. December 30 – Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway are incorporated in Ireland. Date unknown The Republic of Yucatán separates from Mexico for a second time. Ephraim Bee reveals that the Emperor of China has given him a special dispensation: that he has entrusted him with certain sacred and mysterious rituals through Caleb Cushing, the U.S. Commissioner to China, to "extend the work and influence of the Ancient and Honorable Order of E Clampus Vitus" in the New World. Friedrich Engels' treatise The Condition of the Working Class in England is published in Leipzig as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England. Heinrich Hoffmann publishes a book (Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder), introducing his character, Struwwelpeter, in Germany. The Ancient and Accepted Rite for England and Wales and its Districts and Chapters Overseas is founded in Freemasonry. Eugénie Luce founds the Luce Ben Aben School in Algiers. Births January–June January 7 – King Ludwig III of Bavaria (d. 1921) January 29 – Pyotr Bezobrazov, Russian admiral (d. 1906) February 2 – Ivan Puluj, Ukrainian physicist, inventor (d. 1918) February 14 – Quintin Hogg, British philanthropist (d. 1903) February 15 – Elihu Root,