of the Sword and Denmark, and for a brief period reconquer all of their strongholds except for Tallinn. January 29 – Battle of Viljandi: The Sakalians attack the Germans inside the stronghold of Viljandi Castle. The Estonian forces kill Sword Brothers and many merchants. March 25 – King Afonso II (the Fat) dies after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his eldest son, Sancho II (the Pious), who becomes sole ruler of Portugal. July 14 – King Philip II (Augustus) dies of a fever while traveling to Paris. He is succeeded by his son, Louis VIII (the Lion), who is crowned ruler of France. Asia Spring – The Mongol army led by Muqali (or Mukhali) strikes into Shaanxi Province, attacking Chang'an while Genghis khan is invading the Khwarazmian Empire. The garrison (some 200,000 men) in Chang'an is too strong and Muqali is forced to pillage Feng County. During the campaign, Muqali becomes seriously ill and dies, while his forces are consolidating their position on both sides of the Yellow River. By topic Religion November 29 – Pope Honorius III approves the Franciscan Rule (also called "Regula Bullata"). The rule set regulations for discipline, preaching, and entering the order for Franciscan friars. Births January 25 – Maud de Lacy, English noblewoman (d. 1289) Baibars, Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1277) Eleanor of Provence, queen of England (d. 1291) Frederick of Castile, Spanish nobleman (d. 1277) Guido I da Montefeltro, Italian nobleman (d. 1298) Hugh le Despencer, English nobleman (d. 1265) Ibn Abd al-Zahir, Egyptian historian (d. 1293) Ichijō Sanetsune, Japanese nobleman (d. 1284) John Fitzalan II, English nobleman (d. 1267) Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales (d. 1282) Michael VIII (Palaiologos), Byzantine emperor (d. 1282) Mugai Nyodai, Japanese Zen Master (d. 1298) Stefan Uroš I (the Great), king of Serbia (d. 1277) Deaths March 8 – Wincenty Kadłubek, bishop of Kraków (b. 1150) March 25 – Afonso II (the Fat), king of Portugal (b. 1185) May 31 – Mstislav Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince (b. 1168) June 4 – Hugh of Beaulieu, English abbot and bishop July 7 – Ibn Qudamah, Umayyad theologian (b. 1147) July 8 – Konoe Motomichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 1160) July 14 – Philip II (Augustus), king of France (b. 1165) Alamanda de Castelnau, French troubadour and writer Fernán Gutiérrez de Castro, Spanish nobleman (b. 1180) Gerald of Wales, Norman archdeacon and writer (b. 1146) Gille