Events January–March January 7 – Polish-Swedish War: Battle of Wallhof in Latvia – Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, defeats a Polish army. January 9 – Peter Minuit sails from Texel Island for America's New Netherland colony, with two ships of Dutch emigrants. February 2 – King Charles I of England is crowned, but without his wife, Henrietta Maria, who declines to participate in a non-Catholic ceremony. February 2–10 – Battle of Ningyuan in Xingcheng, Liaoning, China: With a much smaller force, the Ming dynasty commander Yuan Chonghuan defeats the Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci, who dies soon after and is succeeded by Huang Taiji. February 5 – The Huguenot rebels and the French government sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the second Huguenot rebellion. February 11 – Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia and Patriarch Afonso Mendes declare the primacy of the Roman See over the Ethiopian Church, and Roman Catholicism the state religion of Ethiopia. March 5 – The Treaty of Monzón is signed between France and Spain to end the Valtellina War and the First Genoese-Savoyard War. March 7 – Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga becomes the new monarch of Kongo (in what is now Angola) after the overthrow of Garcia I Mvemba a Nkanga, restoring the Kwilu dynasty to power. March 15 – Portugal declares war on Queen Nzinga of the Kingdom of Ndongo, located in what is now Angola. April–June April 25 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Dessau Bridge – Albrecht von Wallenstein defeats Ernst von Mansfelds army. May 4 – Peter Minuit becomes director-general of New Netherland, for the Dutch West India Company. May 24 – Peter Minuit buys Manhattan from a Native American tribe (Lenape or Shinnecock) for trade goods, valued at 60 guilders ($24.00). May 30 – Wanggongchang Explosion in Beijing, China: a gunpowder factory explosion destroys part of the city and kills 20,000. June 15 – King Charles I of England dissolves the English Parliament. June 20 - Nine Jesuit Christian missionaries, six of them Japanese and three from Spain, are executed in Japan, followed by eight Japanese converts to Christianity on July 12. June 28 - A 7.0 magnitude earthquake strikes Lingqiu County, in China, leaving 5,200 dead. July–September July 4 – The Ottoman Army halts its attempt to retake Baghdad from the Persians, after having lost it in 1624. July 27 – George II becomes the new Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt upon the