king Louis XIII is crushed. The leader of the rebellion, Gaston, Duke of Orléans, the brother of Louis XIII, surrenders. September 3 – The last executions of Christians in Japan take place as four Spanish missionaries (including Augustinin friar Bartholomew Gutierrez) and two Japanese converts are burned alive in Nagaaki. They are beatified in 1867 as the last of the 205 Martyrs of Japan. September 9 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of the Alte Veste – Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus attempts to break the siege, but is defeated. September 25 – Yakutsk, Russia is founded by Pyotr Beketov. October–December October 15 – The University of Tartu officially opens, in Swedish Livonia. October 30 – Henri II de Montmorency, is executed for his participation in the rebellion of Gaston, Duke of Orléans, against French king Louis XIII. November 8 – Wladyslaw IV Waza is elected king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, after Sigismund III Vasa's death. November 16 (November 6 Old Style) – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lützen in Saxony – Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus leads an assault on Wallenstein's army, but is killed early in the battle, despite which the Swedish commanders manage to rally the army and eventually defeat Wallenstein, who withdraws from Saxony. Following the death of Gustavus Adolphus, he is succeeded as ruler of Sweden by his six-year-old daughter Christina, while five regents (headed by Axel Oxenstierna) govern the country. On November 17, Gottfried zu Pappenheim, Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, dies from wounds sustained in the battle. December 6 – Indians wipe out a new Dutch settlement of Swanadael in New Netherland. Date unknown Antigua and Barbuda is first colonized by England. The Portuguese are driven out of Bengal. King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland forbids anti-Semitic books and printings. The rural parish of Loppi was founded. Construction of the Taj Mahal begins. Catharina Stopia succeeds her spouse as Sweden's ambassador to Russia, becoming perhaps the first female diplomat in Europe. Approximate date – Last inhabitants leave the original city of Reimerswaal in Zeeland. Births January–March January 1 – Claude de Choiseul-Francières, Marshal of France (d. 1711) January 3 – Sir John Duke, 2nd Baronet, Member of Parliament of England (d. 1705) January 8 – Samuel von Pufendorf, German jurist (d. 1694) January 11 Adam Frans van der Meulen, Flemish Baroque painter specialising in battle scenes (d. 1690)