ended the 14-year Taiping Rebellion. 1862-1877 Tongzhi Hui Revolt in Qing dynasty of China. 1868-1869 Boshin War in Japan, fought between the Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the Imperial Court. Prominent political events Italian Unification under King Victor Emmanuel II. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the Papal States (March 17, 1861 – September 20, 1870). Abolition of serfdom in Russia by tsar Alexander II (1861). Meiji Restoration in Japan (1866–1869). Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last of the Tokugawa shōguns loses control to the Meiji Emperor. A series of reforms follows. The samurai class fails to survive while the daimyōs turn to politics. The Dominion of Canada is created by the British North America Act on July 1, 1867. Compromise between Austria and Hungary, hence creating the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1867. The "La Gloriosa" revolution in Spain (1868). Queen Isabella II is deposed. Assassinations and attempts Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, April 14, 1865. King of Madagascar Radama II is captured by soldiers and strangled to death. Manuel Isidoro Belzu, President of Bolivia is assassinated. Father of Canadian Confederation, Thomas D'Arcy McGee is assassinated by Patrick J. Whelan. Sakamoto Ryōma, a prominent figure in the Bakumatsu era in Japan and part of the movement to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate, is assassinated along with Nakaoka Shintarō at a Kyoto inn in 1867. Science and technology The Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground railway, opens in London in 1863. The First transcontinental railroad in the USA is completed in 1869. The Suez Canal in Egypt is opened in 1869. The Plongeur, the first mechanically powered submarine in the world, is launched in 1863 after three years of construction. Carl Wilhelm Borchardt discovers and proves Cayley's formula in graph theory in 1860. The first transatlantic telegraph cable is successfully laid in 1866, enabling almost instant communication between America and Europe. Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in Sweden, patenting it in 1867. James Clerk Maxwell publishes his equations that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation Joseph Lister develops antiseptic methods for use in surgery in 1867, introducing carbolic acid as an antiseptic, turning it into the first widely used surgical antiseptic in surgery, and publishing Antiseptic Principle of