of England for trade with Asia. Date unknown Approximate date – The Lutheran orthodox campaign intensifies, to reinforce the Book of Concord. Caister Castle in England falls into ruin. Sumo wrestling becomes a professional sport in Japan. William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV, Part 2, Henry V, The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night's Dream and Much Ado About Nothing are published in London. William Gilbert publishes De Magnete, one of the first significant scientific books published in England, describing the Earth's magnetic field, and the beginning of modern geomagnetism. Fabritio Caroso's dance manual Nobiltà de dame is published. Births January–March January 1 – Friedrich Spanheim, Calvinistic theology professor at the University of Leiden (d. 1649) January 17 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish playwright (d. 1681) January 22 – Elisabet Juliana Banér, Swedish noble (d. 1640) January 23 – Alexander Keirincx, Flemish painter (d. 1652) January 28 – Pope Clement IX (d. 1669) February – Edmund Calamy the Elder, English Presbyterian (d. 1666) February 1 – Johan Evertsen, Dutch admiral (d. 1666) February 2 – Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (d. 1653) February 6 – Matthew Brend, English landowner (d. 1659) February 9 – Jean-Joseph Surin, French Jesuit writer (d. 1665) February 24 – Manuel António of Portugal, Dutch-Portuguese nobleman (d. 1666) February 26 – Matsudaira Norinaga, Japanese daimyō (d. 1654) March 3 George Ghica, Prince of Wallachia (d. 1664) Robert Roberthin, German poet (d. 1648) March 19 – Anders Bille, Danish general (d. 1657) March 26 – Matthew Marvin, Sr., Connecticut settler (d. 1678) April–June April 11 – Jacques Buteux, French missionary (d. 1652) April 13 – Duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Altenburg, colonel in the Saxon Army (d. 1632) April 22 – Alessandro dal Borro, Austrian field marshal (d. 1656) May 25 – Thomas Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Haddington, Scottish noble (d. 1640) May 31 – Empress Xiaoduanwen of the Qing Dynasty (d. 1649) June 26 Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet, English Royalist leader (baptised; d. 1658) Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Spanish politician, clergyman (d. 1659) June 29 – Maria Maddalena de' Medici, Italian princess (d. 1633) July–September July 1 – George Gobat, French theologian (d. 1679) July 15 – Jan Cossiers, Flemish painter (d. 1671) July 20 – Sir Edward Acton, 1st Baronet, Sheriff of Shropshire (d. 1659) July 22 Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1657) Michel de Marolles, French translator and