the name Dinosauria, hence the Anglicized dinosaur. Psychology November 13, 1841 – Scottish surgeon James Braid first sees a demonstration of animal magnetism by Charles Lafontaine in Manchester, which leads to his study of the phenomenon that he (Braid) eventually calls hypnotism. Archaeology Economics June 20, 1842 – Anselmo de Andrade, Portuguese economist and politician, is born in Vila Real de Santo António. August 28, 1844 – Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx meet in Paris, France. 1845 – Friedrich Engels' treatise The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 is published in Leipzig as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England. June 1, 1847 – The first congress of the Communist League is held in London. February 21, 1848 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) in London. Medicine March 30, 1842 – Anesthesia is used for the first time in an operation (Dr. Crawford Long performed the operation using ether). December 27, 1845 – Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time (Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia). November 4 – 8, 1847 – James Young Simpson discovers the anesthetic properties of chloroform and first uses it, successfully, on a patient, in an obstetric case in Edinburgh. January 23, 1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her M.D. by the Medical Institute of Geneva, New York, thus becoming the United States' first woman doctor. Technology Exploration Antarctica January 19, 1840 – Captain Charles Wilkes' United States Exploring Expedition sights what becomes known as Wilkes Land in the southeast quadrant of Antarctica, claiming it for the United States and providing evidence that Antarctica is a complete continent. January 21, 1840 – Dumont D'Urville discovers Adélie Land in Antarctica, claiming it for France. January 27, 1841 – The active volcano Mount Erebus in Antarctica is discovered and named by James Clark Ross. January 28, 1841 – Ross discovers the "Victoria Barrier", later known as the Ross Ice Shelf. On the same voyage, he discovers the Ross Sea, Victoria Land and Mount Terror. January 23, 1842 – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross, charting the eastern side of James Ross Island, reaches a Farthest South of 78°09'30"S. January 6, 1843 – Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross discovers Snow Hill Island. Transportation Rail Widespread interest to invest in rail technology led to a speculative frenzy in Britain, known there as Railway Mania. It reached its