British Army troops invalided from the Crimean War. The Mute Rebellion breaks out in Sweden. November 5 – Crimean War: Battle of Inkerman – The Russians are defeated. November 14 – Great Storm of 1854 in the Black Sea: 19 British transport and other ships (plus 2 French) supporting the Crimean War are wrecked with the loss of at least 287 men. November 17 – In Egypt, the Suez Canal Company is formed. December 3 – The Eureka Stockade Miners' Rebellion breaks out in Ballarat, Victoria (Australia). December 8 – Pope Pius IX in the apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus defines ex Cathedra the dogma of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin. December 10th – Sa'id Pasha officially abolishes slavery in Egypt. Undated Ignacy Łukasiewicz drills the world's first oil well in Poland, in Bóbrka near Krosno County. Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first person to fractionate petroleum into its individual components, by distillation. The Icelandic trade is opened to merchants other than Danes. A Russian fort is established at the modern-day site of Almaty. The French fashion label Louis Vuitton is founded. The future Waterbury Clock Company (Incorporated on March 27, 1857) is founded as a department within the Benedict and Burnham Manufacturing Company in Waterbury, Connecticut, the predecessor of Timex Group USA in timepiece manufacturing. Births January–June January 1 – James George Frazer, Scottish social anthropologist (d. 1941) January 8 – Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, British occultist (d. 1918) January 9 – Lady Randolph Churchill, born Jennie Jerome, American-born British socialite and mother of Winston Churchill (d. 1921) January 12 Kataoka Shichirō, Japanese admiral (d. 1920) David Macpherson, Canadian-born American civil engineer (d. 1927) January 14 – Nikolai Pavlovich Bobyr, Russian general (d. 1920) February 9 Edward Carson, Irish Unionist MP and barrister (d. 1935) Aletta Jacobs, Dutch physician and women's suffrage activist (d. 1929) February 16 – Charles Webster Leadbeater, British theosophist (d. 1934) February 17 – Friedrich Alfred Krupp, German industrialist (d. 1902) February 26 – Mary M. Cohen, American social economist (d. 1911) March 4 – Tomás António Garcia Rosado, Portuguese general (d. 1937) March 10 Florence Carpenter Ives, American journalist and editor (d. 1900) Stanisław Tondos, Polish painter (d. 1917) March 11 – Jane Meade Welch, American historian (d. 1931) March 14 – Paul Ehrlich, German physician and scientist, recipient of the 1908 Nobel