Year 1554 (MDLIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–June January 5 – A great fire breaks out in Eindhoven, Netherlands. January 11 – A Spanish army is defeated by local Mapuche-Huilliches as it tries to cross Bueno River in Southern Chile. January 12 – Bayinnaung is crowned king of the Burmese Taungoo Dynasty. January 25 – São Paulo, Brazil, is founded. February 9 – Thomas Wyatt surrenders to government forces in London. February 12 – After claiming the throne of England the previous year, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason. March 18 – Princess Elizabeth is imprisoned in the Tower of London. April 12 – Mary of Guise becomes Regent of Scotland. July–December July 23–25 – Queen Mary I of England marries King Philip of Naples, the only son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in Winchester, England. August 2 – Battle of Marciano: Senese–French forces are defeated by the Florentine–Imperial army. August 12 – Battle of Renty: French forces led by Francis, Duke of Guise turn back an invasion of Picardy, by Charles V. November – English captain John Lok voyages to the Guinea Coast. Date unknown Mikael Agricola becomes the bishop of Turku. Saadi conquers the Kingdom of Fez. Exact center year of Counter Reformation. The name of the beer brewed by New Belgium Brewing Company is based on a recipe from this date, called "1554." Luso-Chinese agreement: Portugal reaches an agreement with the Ming Dynasty of China, to be allowed to legally trade in the province of Guangdong. Rao Surjan Singh becomes ruler of Bundi. Births January 1 – Louis III, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1593) January 9 – Pope Gregory XV (d. 1623) January 20 – King Sebastian of Portugal (d. 1578) February 8 – Marina de Escobar, Spanish nun (d. 1633) February 27 – Giovanni Battista Paggi, Italian painter (d. 1627) March – Richard Hooker, Anglican theologian (d. 1600) March 1 – William Stafford, English courtier and conspirator (d. 1612) March 18 – Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (d. 1588) March 22 – Catherine de Parthenay, French noblewoman and mathematician (d. 1631) March 26 – Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French military leader (d. 1611) March 28 – Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia (d. 1581) March 30 – Paul Laurentius, German divine (d. 1624) April –