took a favorable view of the benefits of empire, emphasizing its successful economic integration. The Imperial School included such historians as Herbert L. Osgood, George Louis Beer, Charles M. Andrews, and Lawrence Gipson. The shock of Britain's defeat in 1783 caused a radical revision of British policies on colonialism, thereby producing what historians call the end of the First British Empire, even though Britain still controlled Canada and some islands in the West Indies. Ashley Jackson writes: Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the 1770s and successfully broke away. Since the 1960s, the mainstream of historiography has emphasized the growth of American consciousness and nationalism and the colonial republican value-system, in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders. Historians in recent decades have mostly used one of three approaches to analyze the American Revolution: The Atlantic history view places North American events in a broader context, including the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution. It tends to integrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire. The new social history approach looks at community social structure to find issues that became magnified into colonial cleavages. The ideological approach centers on republicanism in the Thirteen Colonies. The ideas of republicanism dictated that the United States would have no royalty or aristocracy or national church. They did permit continuation of the British common law, which American lawyers and jurists understood, approved of, and used in their everyday practice. Historians have examined how the rising American legal profession adapted the British common law to incorporate republicanism by selective revision of legal customs and by introducing more choice for courts. See also British colonization of the Americas Colonial American military history Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies Colonial history of the United States Colonial South and the Chesapeake Credit in the Thirteen Colonies Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies History of the United States (1776–1789) Shipbuilding in the American colonies United Colonies, the name used by the Second Continental Congress in 1775-1776 Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading Government Primary sources External links "WWW-VL: HISTORY: USA: COLONIAL ERA" links to hundreds of primary and secondary documents, maps, and articles 840+ volumes of colonial records; useful for advanced scholarship 1732 establishments in the British Empire 1776 disestablishments in the British Empire Colonial settlements in North America Colonial United States (British) English colonization of the Americas Former British colonies and