– The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to the Missouri Compromise). August 16, 1819 – Peterloo Massacre: The cavalry charges into a crowd of protesters in Manchester, UK, resulting in 11 deaths and over 400 injuries. 1819: Serfdom is abolished in Livonia. Luddites The Luddites (1811–1816) in Britain were machine-wreckers, protesting against machines perceived as taking their jobs. November, 1811 – Luddite uprisings begin in northern England and the Midlands. February 27, 1812 – Poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against Industrialism in his home county of Nottinghamshire. March 15, 1812 – Luddites attack the wool processing factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire. Economics February 21, 1814 – Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814. January 2, 1819 – The Panic of 1819 (the first major financial crisis in the United States) begins. Science and technology Gas lighting becomes a practical technology and is implemented in cities in Europe and the United States. June – Nicolas Appert publishes L'art de conserver pendant plusieurs années toutes les substances animales ou végétales, the first description of modern food preservation using airtight containers 1810: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe publishes his Theory of Colours. July 11, 1811 – Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro publishes his memoire about the molecular content of gases. February 12, 1812 – Napoleon authorizes the usage of "Mesures usuelles", a system of measurement introduced as compromise between the metric system and traditional French measurements. The system was restricted to use in the retail industry and continued in use until 1840, when the laws of measurement from the 1795 and 1799 were reinstituted. (see also: Units of measurement in France) 1813: Mathieu Orfila publishes his groundbreaking Traité des poisons, formalizing the field of toxicology. October 21, 1815 – Humphry Davy patents the miner's safety lamp for use in coal mining. January 9, 1816 – Sir Humphry Davy tests the Davy lamp for Miners at Hebburn Colliery. 1816 – René Laennec invents the stethoscope. 1816 – Robert Stirling patents his Stirling engine, then known as Stirling's air engine. John Kidd extracts naphthalene from coal tar. Astronomy March 25, 1811 – The Great Comet of 1811 is discovered by Honoré Flaugergues. July 1, 1819 – Johann Georg Tralles discovers