in France. 1648–1657: The Khmelnytsky Uprising – a Cossack rebellion in Ukraine which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from Poland. 1648–1667: The Deluge wars leave Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins. 1648–1669: The Ottomans capture Crete from the Venetians after the Siege of Candia. 1649: King Charles I is executed for high treason, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a High Court of Justice and put to death. 1649–1653: The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. 1651–1700 1651: English Civil War ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester. 1656–1661: Mehmed Köprülü is Grand Vizier. 1655–1661: The Northern Wars cement Sweden's rise as a Great Power. 1657 : Sambhaji, the second King of Maratha Empire and eldest son of King Shivaji was born at Purandar Fort on 14 May. 1658: After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire. 1659: King Shivaji killed Adil Shahi dynasty's general Afzal Khan at Pratapgad fort on 9 November. 1660: The Commonwealth of England ends and the monarchy is brought back during the English Restoration. 1660: The Royal Society is founded. 1661: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor of China begins. 1663: Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary. 1664: The Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats the Ottomans. The Peace of Vasvar – intended to keep the peace for 20 years. 1665: Maratha King Shivaji signed the Treaty of Purandar with Mughal general Jai Singh I after Battle of Purandar. 1665: Robert Hooke discovers cells using a microscope. 1665: Portugal defeats the Kongo Empire at the Battle of Mbwila. 1665–1667: The Second Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces. 1666: The Great Fire of London. 1666: Shivaji visited Aurangzeb at Agra Fort and forced him into house arrest. Shivaji later escaped and returned to the Maratha kingdom. 1667: The Raid on the Medway during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. 1667–1668: The War of Devolution: France invades the Netherlands. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt. 1667–1699: The Great Turkish War halts the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe. 1672–1673: Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian Cossacks. John Sobieski defeats the Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn (1673). 1672–1674: The Third Anglo-Dutch War fought between England and the United Provinces 1672–1676: Polish–Ottoman War. 1672–1678: Franco-Dutch War. 1674: Shivaji founded the Maratha Empire