of the first reason, climate models including this period have shown increases and decreases in temperature globally. That is, climate models have shown deforestation as neither a singular cause for climate change nor a reliable cause for the global temperature decrease. Inherent variability of climate Spontaneous fluctuations in global climate might explain the past variability. It is very difficult to know what the true level of variability from internal causes might be given the existence of other forces, as noted above, whose magnitude may not be known. One approach to evaluating internal variability is the use of long integrations of coupled ocean-atmosphere global climate models. They have the advantage that the external forcing is known to be zero, but the disadvantage is that they may not fully reflect reality. The variations may result from chaos-driven changes in the oceans, the atmosphere, or interactions between the two. Two studies have concluded that the demonstrated inherent variability was not great enough to account for the Little Ice Age. The severe winters of 1770 to 1772 in Europe, however, have been attributed to an anomaly in the North Atlantic oscillation. See also References Further reading Waldinger, Maria (2022). "The Economic Effects of Long-Term Climate Change: Evidence from the Little Ice Age". Journal of Political Economy. External links Abrupt Climate Change Information from the Ocean & Climate Change Institute, links to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution articles (discussion of Woods Hole research) Dansgaard cycles and the Little Ice Age (LIA) (It is not easy to see a LIA in the graphs.) Was El Niño unaffected by the Little Ice Age? (2002) Evidence for the Little Ice Age in Spain, c. 2003 The Little Ice Age in Europe, updated 2009 undated review article What's wrong with the sun? (Nothing) (2008) HistoricalClimatology.com, links, resources, and feature articles on the Little Ice Age and its present-day relevance. Climate History Network, association of historical climatologists and climate historians, many of whom study the Little Ice Age and its social consequences. 2nd millennium History of climate variability and change Holocene 1930s neologisms Historical eras Volcanic winters