person publicly hanged in the United Kingdom. May 29 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Capital Punishment Amendment Act, thus ending public hanging. May 30 – Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John A. Logan). May 31 Thomas Spence declares himself president of the Republic of Manitobah in Canada; he soon alienates the locals. The first popular bicycle race is held at Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris. June – Tītokowaru's War breaks out in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island between the Ngāti Ruanui Māori tribe and the New Zealand Government. June 1 – The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing the Navajo to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico. June 2 – The first Trades Union Congress is held in Manchester, England. June 10 – Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia, is assassinated in Košutnjak, Belgrade. June 20 – Fort Fred Steele is established to protect what is at this time the western terminus of the Union Pacific Railway, near modern-day Sinclair, Wyoming. July–September July 1 – The cable-operated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway in Manhattan becomes the first elevated railway in the United States. July 4 – Battle of Ueno: Imperial Japanese troops defeat the Shōgitai (elite forces remaining loyal to the shōgun). July 5 – Preacher William Booth establishes the Christian Mission, predecessor of The Salvation Army, in the East End of London. July 9 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. July 18 – The Navajo people begin their long march home. July 25 – Wyoming becomes a United States territory. July 25 – Paraguayan War: The Allies, in an amphibious operation, capture the fortress of Humaitá. July 27 – The United States Expatriation Act ("An Act concerning the Rights of American Citizens in foreign States") is adopted. July 28 – The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, including the Citizenship Clause and the Equal Protection Clause, legally, if not actually, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and equal protection, and all persons in the United States due process of law. August 13 – The 8.5–9.0 Arica earthquake strikes southern Peru, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), causing 25,000+ deaths and a destructive basin-wide tsunami, that affects Hawaii and New Zealand. August 18 – The