today's July Ordinances issued at Saint-Cloud by King Charles X of France. July 27 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France begin. The Paris mob clashes with the National Guard: over the period 1,800 rioters and 300 soldiers will die. July 29 – "The Three Glorious Days" of the July Revolution in France end with establishment of a provisional government in Paris. July 31 – Charles X of France flees to the Château de Rambouillet. August 2 – Charles X of France abdicates the throne in favor of his grandson Henri, Count of Chambord, who never takes the throne. August 9 – Louis Philippe becomes King of the French. August 13 – The Duc de Broglie is appointed Prime Minister of France by Louis Philippe. August 25 – The Belgian Revolution begins in Brussels with revolts against King William I of the Netherlands. August 31 – Edwin Beard Budding is granted an English patent for the invention of the lawn mower. September 15 – Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in England, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives. September 26 – Belgian Revolution: The army of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands fails to retake Brussels, a National Congress is summoned to draw up a Constitution and a Provisional Government of Belgium is established under Charles Latour Rogier. October–December October 4 – Belgian Revolution: The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium. October – The Regeneration in Switzerland begins; more liberal constitutions are adopted in most cantons. November 2 – Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister of France. November 8 – Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies. November 22 The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Ustertag in Switzerland: Men of the Canton of Zürich gather to demand a new constitution. November 29 – The Polish November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule. December 5 – Hector Berlioz's most famous work, Symphonie fantastique, has its world premiere in Paris. December 20 – The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers. Date unknown 10,000 chests of opium are sold in China. Austins of Derry is established in Northern Ireland. Until closure in 2016, it is the world's oldest independent department store. The