throughout the kingdom until at least the 860s and possibly later. Larger bullion values can be seen in the silver ingots found in the Bedale Hoard, along with sword fittings and necklaces in gold and silver. Language In the time of Bede, there were five languages in Britain: English, British, Irish, Pictish, and Latin. Northumbrian was one of four distinct dialects of Old English, along with Mercian, West Saxon, and Kentish. Analysis of written texts, brooches, runes and other available sources shows that Northumbrian vowel pronunciation differed from West Saxon. Although loans borrowed from the Celtic Languages, such as the Common Brittonic language of the Britons, and the Old Irish of the Irish missionaries, into Old English were few, some place-names such as Deira and Bernicia derive their names from Celtic tribal origins. In addition to the five languages present in Bede's day, Old Norse was added during the ninth century. This was due to the settlements of the Norse in the north and east of England, an area that became the Danelaw. This language had a strong influence on the dialect of Northumbria. These settlers gave the region many place-names from their language as well as contributing to the vocabulary, syntax, and grammar of Old English. Similarities in basic vocabulary between Old English and Old Norse may have led to dropping of their different inflectional endings. The number of borrowed words is conservatively estimated to be around nine-hundred in standard English but rises to the thousands in some dialects. See also English of Northumbria Geordie dialect words Hen Ogledd History of Northumberland Northumbrian music Northumbrian smallpipes Northumbrian tartan Footnotes Notes References Primary sources (Parallel Latin text and English translation with English notes.) Secondary sources External links Lowlands-L, An e-mail discussion list for those who share an interest in the languages & cultures of the Lowlands Lowlands-L in Nothumbrian Northumbrian Language Society Northumbrian Small Pipes Encyclopedia Northumbrian Traditional Music Visit Northumberland – The Official Visitor Site for Northumberland Lothian North East England Northumberland Regions of England History of the Scottish Borders 954 disestablishments 653 establishments States and territories disestablished in the 950s Former kingdoms States and territories established in the 650s Former countries in Europe Former monarchies of Europe