kun'yomi at all. For instance, the character for east, , has the on'yomi tō, from Middle Chinese . However, Japanese already had two words for "east": higashi and azuma. Thus the kanji had the latter readings added as kun'yomi. In contrast, the kanji , denoting a Chinese unit of measurement (about 30 mm or 1.2 inch), has no native Japanese equivalent; it only has an on'yomi, sun, with no native kun'yomi. Most kokuji, Japanese-created Chinese characters, only have kun'yomi, although some have back-formed a pseudo-on'yomi by analogy with similar characters, such as dō, from dō, and there are even some, such as sen "gland", that have only an on'yomi. Kun'yomi are characterized by the strict (C)V syllable structure of yamato kotoba. Most noun or adjective kun'yomi are two to three syllables long, while verb kun'yomi are usually between one and three syllables in length, not counting trailing hiragana called okurigana. Okurigana are not considered to be part of the internal reading of the character, although they are part of the reading of the word. A beginner in the language will rarely come across characters with long readings, but readings of three or even four syllables are not uncommon. This contrasts with on'yomi, which are monosyllabic, and is unusual in the Chinese family of scripts, which generally use one character per syllable—not only in Chinese, but also in Korean, Vietnamese, and Zhuang; polysyllabic Chinese characters are rare and considered non-standard. uketamawaru, kokorozashi, and mikotonori have five syllables represented by a single kanji, the longest readings in the jōyō character set. These unusually long readings are due to a single character representing a compound word: is a single character for a compound verb, one component of which has a long reading. It has an alternative spelling as u(ke)-tamawa(ru), hence (1+1)+3=5. Compare common u(ke)-tsu(keru). is a nominalization of the verb which has a long reading kokoroza(su). This is due to its being derived from a noun-verb compound, kokoro-za(su). The nominalization removes the okurigana, hence increasing the reading by one mora, yielding 4+1=5. Compare common hanashi 2+1=3, from hana(su). is a triple compound. It has an alternative spelling mi-koto-nori, hence 1+2+2=5. Further, some Jōyō characters have long non-Jōyō readings (students learn the character, but not the reading), such as omonpakaru for . In a number of cases, multiple kanji were assigned to cover a single Japanese word. Typically when this occurs, the different kanji