under Edward I (Longshanks) defeat a Welsh army near Cilmeri. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is killed. December 27 – King Rudolf I invests his sons, Albert I and Rudolf II, as co-rulers of the duchies of Austria and Styria, and lays the foundation of the House of Habsburg in these territories. Dutch forces led by Floris V, count of Holland, attack and defeat the West Frisians at the battle of Vronen. He succeeds in retrieving the body of his father, William II, some 26 years dead. King Stefan Dragutin breaks his leg while hunting and becomes ill. He abdicates the throne in favor of his younger brother, Stefan Milutin, who becomes ruler of Serbia (until 1321). Peter III (the Great) obtains the support of Nasrid Granada preparing for the incoming Aragonese Crusade, led by Philip the Fair of France. By topic Education Hertford College is founded, at the University of Oxford. Markets The form for the Trial of the Pyx, during which it is confirmed that newly minted coins conform to required standards, is established. The first evidence is discovered of the existence of consolidated public debt in Bruges, confirming the expansion of use of annuities, to fund government expenditure to the Low Countries. Nature The most recent eruption of Larderello, a volcano in southern Tuscany, is observed. Technology The technology of watermarks is introduced by paper manufacturers of Bologna, Italy. Religion John Peckham, archbishop of Canterbury, orders all the synagogues of London to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews. Construction of Albi Cathedral in Languedoc begins. Births February 2 – Maud Chaworth, English noblewoman (d. 1322) April 1 – Louis IV (the Bavarian), Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1347) April 15 – Frederick IV (the Fighter), German nobleman (d. 1329) May 5 – Juan Manuel, Spanish nobleman and prince (d. 1348) June 19 – Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn, princess of Wales (d. 1337) August 7 – Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, English princess (d. 1316) Alexios II (Megas Komnenos), emperor of Trebizond (d. 1330) Annibale di Ceccano, Italian cardinal and archbishop (d. 1350) Blanche of France, French princess (House of Capet) (d. 1305) Clare of Rimini, Italian noblewoman, nun and saint (d. 1346) Eric Magnusson, Swedish prince and heir apparent (d. 1318) Konoe Iehira, Japanese nobleman (Fujiwara Clan) (d. 1324) Li Shixing (or Zhun Dao), Chinese landscape painter (d. 1328) Nicholas Kőszegi, Hungarian prelate and bishop (d. 1336) Oshin, king of