Nasdaq (established 1971) became the first stock market in the United States to trade online, using the slogan "the stock market for the next hundred years". Environmentalism was divided between left-wing green politics, primary industry sponsored environmentalist front organizations and a more business-oriented approach to the regulation of carbon footprint of businesses. As more businesses were using information technology the idea of the paperless office was becoming a realistic long-term goal. The matter of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) also known as Forever Chemicals was also an ongoing concern. In 1995, the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called for global action to be taken on these "chemical substances that persist in the environment, bio-accumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment". The Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) then prepared an assessment of the 12 worst chemical substances, leading to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants of 2001. A combination of factors led to a realignment and consolidation of economic and political power across the world, such as the continued mass-mobilization of capital markets through neoliberalism, the end of the Cold War caused by the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Network cultures were enhanced by the widespread proliferation of new media such as the internet, and a new ability to self-publish web pages and make positive connections on a wide variety of professional, political and hobby topics. The new medium was dubbed the information superhighway and soon used by the so called 'tech savvy'. The digital divide was immediate with access to the World Wide Web limited to those who could afford it and knew how to operate a home or business computer. The internet also provided a degree of anonymity for individuals skeptical of the government. Online anonymity and the semi-impersonal nature of communication by email and chat rooms led to the words troll and netiquette enter the English language. Online scammers and sex offenders scared many people off the idea of home internet, and traditional mass media performed strongly. Surfing the web was a pastime frustrated by slow internet speeds and the WWW was nicknamed the World Wide Wait. However, mainstream internet users were optimistic about its benefits particularly the future of e-commerce. Web portals, (such as AOL, Yahoo!, Yahoo! GeoCities and Lycos), a type