12 – Alfred Dreyfus is exonerated. He is reinstalled in the French Army on July 21, thus ending the Dreyfus affair. July 20 – In Finland, a new electoral law is ratified, guaranteeing the country the first and equal right to vote in the world. Finnish women become the first in Europe to receive the right to vote. August 4 – The first Imperial German Navy submarine, U-1, is launched. August 16 – 1906 Valparaíso earthquake: A magnitude 8.2 earthquake in Valparaíso, Chile leaves approximately 20,000 injured. August 23 – Unable to control a rebellion, Cuban President Tomás Estrada Palma requests United States intervention. This leads to the Second Occupation of Cuba, which lasts until 1909. September–October September 11 – Mahatma Gandhi coins the term Satyagraha, to characterize the nonviolence movement in South Africa. September 18 – A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong. September 30 – The first Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning is held, starting in Paris. The winning team, piloting the balloon United States, lands in Fylingdales, Yorkshire, England. October 1 – The Grand Duchy of Finland becomes the first nation to include the right of women to stand as candidates, when it adopts universal suffrage. October 6 – The Majlis of Iran convenes for the first time. October 11 – A United States diplomatic crisis with Japan arises, when the San Francisco public school board orders Japanese students to be taught in racially segregated schools (it is resolved by next year). October 16 – Imposter Wilhelm Voigt impersonates a Prussian officer, and takes over the city hall in Köpenick for a short time. October 23 – An aeroplane of Alberto Santos-Dumont takes off at Bagatelle in France, and flies 60 meters (200 feet). This is the first officially recorded powered flight in Europe. October 28 – The Union Minière du Haut Katanga, a Belgian mining trust, is created in the Congo. November–December November 1 – International Exhibition opens in Christchurch, New Zealand. November 3 – SOS becomes an international distress signal. November 22 – Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin introduces agrarian reforms, aimed at creating a large class of land-owning peasants. December 4 – Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity forms at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; it is the first Black Greek-lettered collegiate order of its kind. December 15 – The London Underground's Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway opens. December 22 –