of increase of presidential powers; Magdalena and Bolívar join it; civil war erupts. May 15 – Expedition of the Thousand – Battle of Calatafimi: Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily. May 17 – The German association football club TSV 1860 München is founded. May 27 – Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily. June 12 &ndash (May 31 O.S.) – The State Bank of the Russian Empire is established. July–September July 2 – Vladivostok is founded in Russia. July 11 – Mutsuhito (the future Emperor Meiji) becomes Crown Prince of Japan. July 20 – Battle of Milazzo: The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control. August 13 – José Ignacio Pavón (1791-1866) becomes unconstitutional interim President of Mexico, replacing Miguel Miramón. Two days later Miramón becomes president again. August 22 – Assisted by the British Navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland. September 3–5 – The First International Chemistry Congress is held in Karlsruhe, Baden. September 7 The is accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan; hundreds drown. Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples. September 10 – Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States, hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples. September 18 – Battle of Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around Rome. September 24 – Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces, led by Juan José Flores and Gabriel García Moreno, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces. October–December October – John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar, to search for the source of the Nile River. October 1 – Battle of Volturnus: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. October 5 – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year. October 6 – Section 377 of the British Indian penal code was enacted in British India. October 17 – The Open Championship, also known as the British Open, is played for the first time at Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire, Scotland. The event is won by Willie Park