Engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program. September 2 – The Economist newspaper is first published in London (preliminary issue dated August). September 4 – Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil marries Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, in a state ceremony in Rio de Janeiro Cathedral. September 15 (Sept. 3, O.S.) – A Popular uprising in Athens, Greece, including citizens and military captains, demands from King Otto a liberal Constitution from the state, which has been governed since independence (1830) by various domestic and foreign business interests. September 21 – The crew of schooner Ancud, including John Williams Wilson, takes possession of the Strait of Magellan on behalf of the Chilean government. October–December October 3 – Elling Eielsen is ordained as the first Norwegian Lutheran minister in the United States. October 16 Søren Kierkegaard's philosophical book Fear and Trembling is first published, in Denmark. Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative. October 30 – Fuerte Bulnes, the first Chilean settlement in the strait of Magellan, is founded. November 17 – The city of Shanghai opens for trade with foreigners for the first time, welcoming a party of traders from the United Kingdom. November 25 – Mount Etna erupts in Italy, and kills 69 people in the village of Bronte. November 28 - Hawaii is recognized as an independent nation by the United Kingdom and France. The holiday is celebrated annually as La Ku'oko'a (Independence Day) December 9 – Bishop's University is founded as Bishop's College by Bishop George Jehoshaphat Mountain in Lennoxville, Quebec, for the education of members of the Church of England. December 13 – Basutoland becomes a British protectorate. December 17 – Charles Dickens's novella A Christmas Carol is first published in London, England. Released on December 19, it sells out by Christmas Eve. December 21 – The first total solar eclipse of Saros 139 occurs over southern Asia. December – The world's first Christmas cards, commissioned by Sir Henry Cole in London from the artist John Callcott Horsley, are sent. Date unknown In Asia, the House of Jamalullail is established in the state of Perlis Darul Sunnah (formally as Perlis Indera Kayangan) after separation from the state of Kedah. James Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat. The steam powered rotary printing press is