Falls, New York. November 27 – The Coup of 1856 leads to Luxembourg's unilateral adoption of a new, reactionary constitution, as King-Grand Duke William III signs the new constitution without the Chamber of Deputies' consent. December 1 – Under the County and Borough Police Act, in any county or area of England and Wales where a police force has not already been established, the Justices of the Peace must from this date take steps to create one according to nationally defined standards. December 2 – The National Portrait Gallery, London, is established. December 9 – Bushehr surrenders to the British. Date unknown Gregor Mendel starts his research on genetics. Kate Warne, the first female private detective, begins to work for the Pinkerton Detective Agency. Legal protection of widow remarriage is extended in India. St. Paul's School, Belgaum, is founded by the Jesuits in Belgaum, India. The British Guiana 1c magenta postage stamp is issued in British Guiana in limited numbers; the one surviving specimen will become regarded as the world's rarest stamp. Global financial services business Credit Suisse is founded as La Schweizerische Kreditanstalt. Charles III of Monaco grants a concession to Napoléon Langlois and Albert Aubert to establish a German-style casino at Monte Carlo. Births January–March January 6 – Martin von Feuerstein, German painter (d. 1931) January 9 – Lizette Woodworth Reese, American poet and teacher (d. 1935) January 11 – Christian Sinding, Norwegian composer (d. 1941) January 12 – John Singer Sargent, American artist (d. 1925) January 31 – Hermann von François, German general (d. 1933) February 2 – Frederick William Vanderbilt, American railway magnate (d. 1938) February 4 – Otani Kikuzo, Japanese general (d. 1923) February 5 – Frank Podmore, British psychical researcher (d. 1910) February 9 – Hara Takashi, Japanese politician, 10th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1921) February 12 – Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli, Austrian general, German field marshal (d. 1941) February 14 – Frank Harris, Irish author, editor (d. 1931) February 15 – Emil Kraepelin, German psychiatrist (d. 1926) February 17 – Arnold von Winckler, German general (d. 1945) February 21 Paul Puhallo von Brlog, Croatian Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1926) Maurycy Gottlieb, Ukrainian painter (d. 1879) February 26 – Elizabeth Marney Conner, American elocutionist (unknown year of death) March 2 – Louis Dartige du Fournet, French admiral (d. 1940) March 4 Julius Drewe, English businessman, retailer and entrepreneur (d. 1931) Alfred William Rich, English watercolour