reforms, known as Old Believers, continue into the 21st century. December 22 – The French Academy of Sciences, founded by Louis XIV, first meets. Date unknown Mughal forces of Emperor Aurangzeb, in alliance with the Portuguese, under Shaista Khan and his son Buzurg Umed Khan, expel the Arakans from the Bengal port city of Chittagong, renaming the city as Islamabad. Moulai al-Rashid conquers Fes, marking the beginning of Morocco's Alaouite dynasty, which will continue in power into the 21st century. Isaac Newton uses a prism to split sunlight, as referenced in his alchemical works as Lux Dei, into the component colours of the optical spectrum, assisting the understanding of the scientific nature of light. He also develops differential calculus simultaneously with Leibniz. His discoveries this year lead to it being referred to as his Annus mirabilis or Newton's "Year of the Morning Star". Lund University is founded in Lund, Sweden. Jean Talon completes a census of New France, the first census in North America. Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer paints The Art of Painting, his largest and most complex work. The first completed printed Bible translation into Armenian, (Oskanean Bible), is published in Amsterdam, edited by Bishop Oskan Yerevantsi. Births February 1 – Marie Thérèse de Bourbon, Princess of Conti and titular queen of Poland (d. 1732) February 9 – George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, British soldier (d. 1737) March 15 – George Bähr, German architect (d. 1738) May 14 – Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia (d. 1732) July 10 – John Ernest Grabe, German-born Anglican theologian (d. 1711) July 23 – Thomas Parker, 1st Earl of Macclesfield (d. 1732) August 4 – Maria Sophia of Neuburg, Queen consort of Portugal (d. 1699) August 13 – William Wotton, English scholar (d. 1727) September 5 – Gottfried Arnold, German church historian (d. 1714) September 6 – Tsar Ivan V of Russia (d. 1696) November 12 – Mary Astell, English writer (d. 1731) December 22 – Guru Gobind Singh, 10th Guru of Sikhism, social reformist, poet, and revolutionary (d. 1708) date unknown – Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall (d. 1706) Mary Pix, English author (d. 1709) Deaths January 2 – John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare, English politician and Earl (b. 1595) January 10 – Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough, English Royalist army commander (b. 1610) January 20 – Anne of Austria, queen of Louis XIII of France and regent (b.