philosopher-sociologist Jürgen Habermas has critiqued pure instrumental rationality as meaning that scientific-thinking becomes something akin to ideology itself. Philosophy of technology The philosophy of technology is a sub-field of philosophy that studies the nature of technology. Specific research topics include study of the role of tacit and explicit knowledge in creating and using technology, the nature of functions in technological artifacts, the role of values in design, and ethics related to technology. Technology and engineering can both involve the application of scientific knowledge. The philosophy of engineering is an emerging sub-field of the broader philosophy of technology. See also Bayesian epistemology Criticism of science History and philosophy of science List of philosophers of science Metaphysical naturalism Metascience Objectivity (philosophy) Philosophy of engineering Science policy Footnotes Sources Further reading Bovens, L. and Hartmann, S. (2003), Bayesian Epistemology, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Gutting, Gary (2004), Continental Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, MA. Peter, Godfrey-Smith (2003), Theory and Reality: An Introduction the Philosophy of Science, University of Chicago Press. Losee, J. (1998), A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Papineau, David (2005) Science, Problems of the Philosophy of. Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford. Popper, Karl, (1963) Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, . Ziman, John (2000). Real Science: what it is, and what it means. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. External links Academic discipline interactions Analytic philosophy Historiography of science Science Science in society Science studies