becomes the second American to go into space (sub-orbital). After splashdown, the hatch prematurely opens, and the spacecraft sinks (it is recovered in 1999). July 25 – U.S. President John F. Kennedy gives a widely watched TV speech on the Berlin crisis, warning "we will not be driven out of Berlin." Kennedy urges Americans to build fallout shelters, setting off a four-month debate on civil defense. July 31 At Fenway Park in Boston, the first Major League Baseball All-Star Game tie occurs, when the game is stopped in the 9th inning due to rain (the only tie until 2002). Ireland submits the first application from a non-founding country to join the European Economic Community. August August – The United States founds the Alliance for Progress. August 1 – The Six Flags Over Texas theme park officially opens to the public. August 6 – Vostok 2: Soviet cosmonaut Gherman Titov becomes the second human to orbit the Earth, and the first to be in outer space for more than one day. August 7 – Vostok 2 lands in the Soviet Union. August 10 – The United Kingdom applies for membership in the European Economic Community. August 11 – An annular solar eclipse is visible from the Southern Ocean. August 13 – Construction of the Berlin Wall begins, restricting movement between East Berlin and West Berlin, and forming a clear boundary between West Germany and East Germany, Western Europe and Eastern Europe. On August 22 Ida Siekmann jumps from a window in her tenement building trying to flee to the West, becoming the first of at least 138 people to die at the Wall. August 21 – Jomo Kenyatta is released from prison in Kenya. August 25 – João Goulart replaces Jânio Quadros as President of Brazil (he is ousted in 1964). August 30 – The Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness is signed at the United Nations in New York, coming into effect December 13, 1975. September September 1 The Eritrean War of Independence officially begins, with the shooting of the Ethiopian police by Hamid Idris Awate. The first meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement is held. The Soviet Union resumes nuclear testing, escalating fears over the ongoing Berlin crisis. September 7 – Tom and Jerry make a return with their first cartoon short since 1958, Switchin' Kitten. The new creator, Gene Deitch, makes 12 more Tom and Jerry shorts through 1962.