– Nicolás Avellaneda, Argentine president (d. 1885) October 4 – Auguste-Réal Angers, Canadian judge and politician, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (d. 1919) October 5 – José Plácido Caamaño, 12th President of Ecuador (d. 1900) October 10 – Robert Gould Shaw, Union Army general in the American Civil War, social reformer (k. 1863) October 26 – Carl Koldewey, German explorer famous for the German North Polar Expedition (d. 1908) October 28 – Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Japanese shōgun, 15th and last of the Tokugawa shogunate (d. 1913) October 29 – Harriet Powers, African-American folk artist (d. 1910) November 2 – Émile Bayard, French artist, illustrator (d. 1891) November 5 – Arnold Janssen, German-born Catholic priest, saint (d. 1909) November 20 – Lewis Waterman, American inventor, businessman (d.1901) November 23 – Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923) December (unknown date) – Bella French Swisher, American writer (d. 1893) December 9 – Kabayama Sukenori, Japanese samurai, general, and statesman (d. 1922) December 11 – Webster Paulson, English civil engineer (d. 1887) December 15 – George B. Post, American architect (d. 1913) December 24 Empress Elisabeth of Austria, wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I (d. 1898) Cosima Wagner, wife of German composer Richard Wagner (d. 1930) December 26 Sir William Dawkins, British geologist (d. 1929) George Dewey, American admiral (d. 1917) Deaths January–June January 8 – Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria, Great-grandfather of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (b. 1752) January 20 – John Soane, British architect (b. 1753) January 23 – John Field, Irish composer (b. 1782) February 7 – Gustav IV Adolf, ex-King of Sweden (b. 1778) February 10 – Alexander Pushkin, Russian author (b. 1799) February 13 – Mariano José de Larra, Spanish author (b. 1809) February 19 – Georg Büchner, German playwright (b. 1813) March 31 – John Constable, English painter (b. 1776) April 4 – Louis-Sébastien Lenormand, French chemist, physicist, and inventor (b. 1757) April 28 – Joseph Souham, French general (b. 1760) May 5 – Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli, Italian composer (b. 1752) May 9 – Osgood Johnson, 5th Principal of Phillips Academy (b. 1803) May 20 – Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1747) June 14 – Giacomo Leopardi, Italian writer (b. 1798) June 29 – Nathaniel Macon, American politician (b. 1757) June 20 – King William IV of the United Kingdom and Hannover (b. 1765) July–December July 18 – Vincenzo Borg, Maltese merchant, rebel leader