from Chang's loyal troops, Chiang had him placed under house arrest. From then on, he was under constant watch and lived near the Nationalist capital city, wherever it moved to. Later life from 1949 In 1949, Chang was transferred to Taiwan, where he remained under house arrest for the next 40 years in a villa in Taipei's northern suburbs, where he received occasional guests. Much of his time was spent studying Ming dynasty literature, the Manchu language, collecting Chinese fan paintings, calligraphy and other works of art by illustrious artists (a collection of more than 200 works, using his studio's name "Dingyuanzhai" (), was auctioned with tremendous success by Sotheby's on 10 April 1994). Zhang studied the New Testament Bible. In 1964, he formally married Edith Chao, daughter of a senior official, who left her family in her teens to become his companion and later followed him into exile. His first wife, Ms. Yu, said she was so moved by Ms. Chao's devotion that she released her husband from his vows. Chang and his wife, Edith, became devout Christians who also regularly attended Sunday services at the Methodist chapel in Shilin, a Taipei suburb, with Chiang Kai-Shek's family. After Chiang's death in 1975, his freedom was officially restored. Chang immigrated to Honolulu, Hawaii in 1995. There were numerous pleas for him to visit mainland China, but Chang declined, citing his political closeness to the KMT. He died of pneumonia at the age of 100 at Straub Hospital in Honolulu, and was buried in Hawaii. Awards : Order of Rank and Merit (1920) : Order of National Glory Order of Blue Sky and White Sun with Grand Cordon Order of Wen-Hu, 1st class, twice (1919, 1921) : Commandeur of the Legion of Honor : Order of the Rising Sun Order of the Sacred Treasure, second class (-1928) Family Parents Zhang Zuolin (張作霖 Chang Tso-lin) (1875-1928), father of Chang, Warlord of Manchuria, assassinated by the Japanese Zhao Chungui (趙春桂) (?-1912), mother of Chang Spouses Yu Feng Tze (于鳳至 Yu Fengzhi) (c. 1899–1990), known in the U.S. as Feng Tze Chang, first wife of Chang (m. 1916; div. 1964), immigrated to the U.S. in 1940, died in Los Angeles, CA Gu Ruiyu (谷瑞玉) (1904-1946), concubine of Chang (m. 1924; div. 1931) Edith Chao Chang (趙一荻 Zhao Yidi) (1912-2000), mistress and later second wife of Chang (m. 1964), immigrated with him to the U.S.