which physicist Murray Gell-Mann called "an accumulation of frozen accidents". In a sense chaotic systems can be regarded as a subset of complex systems distinguished precisely by this absence of historical dependence. Many real complex systems are, in practice and over long but finite periods, robust. However, they do possess the potential for radical qualitative change of kind whilst retaining systemic integrity. Metamorphosis serves as perhaps more than a metaphor for such transformations. Complexity and network science A complex system is usually composed of many components and their interactions. Such a system can be represented by a network where nodes represent the components and links represent their interactions. For example, the Internet can be represented as a network composed of nodes (computers) and links (direct connections between computers). Other examples of complex networks include social networks, financial institution interdependencies, airline networks, and biological networks. Notable scholars See also References Further reading Complexity Explained. L.A.N. Amaral and J.M. Ottino, Complex networks — augmenting the framework for the study of complex system, 2004. Walter Clemens, Jr., Complexity Science and World Affairs, SUNY Press, 2013. A. Gogolin, A. Nersesyan and A. Tsvelik, Theory of strongly correlated systems , Cambridge University Press, 1999. Nigel Goldenfeld and Leo P. Kadanoff, Simple Lessons from Complexity, 1999 Kelly, K. (1995). Out of Control, Perseus Books Group. Syed M. Mehmud (2011), A Healthcare Exchange Complexity Model Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes, "Calculating Byzantium. Social Network Analysis and Complexity Sciences as tools for the exploration of medieval social dynamics". August 2010 Stefan Thurner, Peter Klimek, Rudolf Hanel: Introduction to the Theory of Complex Systems, Oxford University Press, 2018, SFI @30, Foundations & Frontiers (2014). External links (Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems) Complex systems in scholarpedia. Complex Systems Society (Australian) Complex systems research network. Complex Systems Modeling based on Luis M. Rocha, 1999. CRM Complex systems research group The Center for Complex Systems Research, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Complex dynamics Cybernetics Emergence Systems theory Systems science Mathematical modeling