as a cursive script, for example on papyrus and paper. Other scripts The Thuluth and Nasta'liq and Diwani script are other scripts used for Arabic scripting. The Thuluth script used during the medieval times is known as one of the oldest scripts to exist. The script was used on mosques and for Quranic text due to the appearance of the text. The Nasta'liq script is used more for Persian than Arabic scripting. Because of the upward slant to the left, the script is seen as different from the other scripts. The cursive look creates an elegant look when creating. The Diwani Script was created during the Ottoman era. The lining and lettering of this script creates a sense of closeness when writing. Due to this reason, it's difficult to read since the letters intertwine. List of calligraphers Some classical calligraphers: Medieval Ibn Muqla (d. 939/940) Ibn al-Bawwab (d. 1022) Fakhr-un-Nisa (12th century) Ottoman era Shaykh Hamdullah (1436–1520) Hamid Aytaç (1891-1982) Seyyid Kasim Gubari (d. 1624) Hâfiz Osman (1642–1698) Mustafa Râkim (1757–1826) Mehmed Shevki Efendi (1829–1887) Contemporary Hasan Çelebi (b. 1937), Turkey Ali Adjalli (b. 1939), Iran Wijdan Ali (b. 1939), Jordan Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi, Iraq Everitte Barbee (b. 1988), United States of America Mohammad Hosni Syria Shakkir Hassan Al Sa'id (1925-2004) in Iraq Madiha Omar Iraqi-American Hassan Massoudy Iraqi-French (b. 1944) Sadequain Naqqash (1930-1987), Pakistan Ibrahim el-Salahi (b. 1930), Sudan Mouneer Al-Shaarani (b. 1952), Syria Mahmoud Taha (b. 1942), Jordan Mohamed Zakariya (b. 1942), United States of America Uthman Taha (b. 1934), Syria Shafiq-Uz-Zaman Khan Pakistan Legacy Typography Arabic calligraphy serves as a major source of inspiration for Arabic typography. For example, the Amiri typeface is inspired by the Naskh script used at the Amiri Press in Cairo. The shift from Arabic calligraphy to Arabic typography presents technical challenges, as Arabic is essentially a cursive script with contextual shapes. Art EL Seed, a French-Tunisian graffiti artist, makes use of Arabic calligraphy in his various art projects, in a style called calligraffiti. The Hurufiyya ( letters) movement, since its beginnings in the early 20th century, uses the artistic manipulation of Arabic calligraphy and typography in abstraction. Taking Shape: Abstraction From the Arab World, 1950s-1980s, a 2020 installation at New York University's Grey Art Gallery, explored how Arabic calligraphy, with its ancient presence in visual art, influenced abstract art in the Arab world. For Madiha Omar, the Arabic alphabet was a means