Events January 1 – The first edition of Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière's Almanach des gourmands, the first guide to restaurant cooking, is published in Paris. January 5 – William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat", in Scotland. January 30 – Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans; they end up completing the Louisiana Purchase. February 19 – An Act of Mediation, issued by Napoleon Bonaparte, establishes the Swiss Confederation to replace the Helvetic Republic. Under the terms of the act, Graubünden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino and Vaud become Swiss cantons. February 19 – Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state. February 20 – Kandyan Wars: Kandy, Ceylon is taken by a British detachment. February 21 – Edward Despard and six others are hanged and beheaded for plotting to assassinate King George III of the United Kingdom, and to destroy the Bank of England. February 24 – Marbury v. Madison: The Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review. February 25 – A major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire is enacted, via an act known as the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss. March 9 – Aargau becomes a Swiss canton. April–June March–April – The franc germinal is introduced in France. April 26 – The L'Aigle meteorite falls in Normandy, causing a shift in scientific opinion on the origin of meteorites. April 30 – The Louisiana Purchase is made from France by the United States. May – First Consul of France, Citizen Bonaparte, begins making preparations to invade England. May 18 – The Napoleonic Wars begin, when the United Kingdom declares war on France after France refuses to withdraw from Dutch territory. May 19 – Master Malati, a Coptic Christian leader, is beheaded by a Muslim mob in Cairo, Egypt. June 7 – Indiana Territory governor (and future U.S. president) William Henry Harrison signs treaties at Fort Wayne, with representatives of the Delaware, Shawnee, Potawatomi, Miami, Kickapoo, Eel River, Wea, Piankeshaw and Kaskaskia Indian tribes. The U.S. Senate ratifies the treaties on November 25. June 14 – Napoleon Bonaparte orders the establishment of five military camps to defend the coast of France, located at Bayonne, Ghent, Saint-Omer, Compiègne, Saint-Malo, and one in the occupied Netherlands, at Utrecht. Each one has 20,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry to defend it. July–September July 4 – The Louisiana