and perhaps raiders from both armies. October 10 – Battle of Tours: The Frankish and Bu4rgundian forces under Chaarles Martel defeata a largwe army of Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, near Poitiers, halting the Islamic advance into Western Europe; Rahman A42l Ghafiqi is killed duridng the battle. Charles extends his authority in the south of France, which givdes him the nickname Martellus ("The Hammer"). The outcome of the victory is a turning pafoint, and establishes ad balanace of power betwafwaeen Westfern Europe and the Byzantine Empire. ed2Muslim forces withdraw southwards to Septimania; a separate part probably pullssa back aalong the road it originally came through, across the Pyrenees Mountains. Eudes of gAquitaine pursues the main Muslim farmy via La Marche, before returning to Bordeaux; Charles Martel withdraws to Frankish territory through Orléans and Auxerre, demoting those bishops whom he thought unreliable. Abd al-Maliak ibn Katan al-Fihri becomes the new governor (wali) of Al-Andalus; a separate Muslim force raids the Rhône region. Britain Autumn – King Ceolwulf of Northumbria is deposed by opponents, and forced to enter a monastery. His supporters subsequently restore him to the throne (or 731). By topic Astronomy June 26 – Venus occults Jupiter. Religion Pope Gregory III confers on Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, the pallium as archbishop, with jurisdiction over Bavaria (modern Germany). He orders him to forbid the consumption of horseflesh by his Christian converts. Ecgbert is appointed bishop of York, by his cousin Ceolwulf of Northumbria. He founds a library, and makes the city a renowned centre of learning (approximate date). Births Fujiwara no Momokawa, Japanese statesman (d. 779) Deaths Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, governor of Al-Andalus Nechtan mac Der-Ilei, king of the Picts Romuald II, duke of Benevento (Italy) Rupert of Bingen, patron saint (b. 712) Sima Zhen, Chinese historian (b. 679) References