to the throne of Afghanistan. Date unknown The Pitcairn Islands become a Crown colony of the United Kingdom, and women there are the first in the world to be granted and maintain women's suffrage. Sylvain Charles Valée founds Skikda, Algeria. Proteins are discovered by Gerardus Johannes Mulder. and named by Jöns Jacob Berzelius. Friedrich Bessel makes the first accurate measurement of distance to a star. Biblical criticism: Christian Hermann Weisse proposes the two-source hypothesis. Duke University is established in North Carolina. The 5th century BC bronze Chatsworth Head is acquired by the 6th Duke of Devonshire at Smyrna, from H. P. Borrell. Births January–March January 4 – General Tom Thumb, American circus performer, entertainer (d. 1883) January 6 Anton Berindei, Wallachian-born Romanian general and politician (d. 1899) Max Bruch, German composer (d. 1920) January 16 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher, psychologist (d. 1917) January 29 – Edward W. Morley, American chemist noted for working on the Michelson–Morley experiment (d. 1923) February 2 – John Joseph Jolly Kyle, Scots-born Argentine chemist (d. 1922) February 6 – Sir Henry Irving, English actor (d. 1905) February 9 – Sir Evelyn Wood, British field marshal, Victoria Cross recipient (d. 1919) February 12 – Julius Dresser, American writer (d. 1893) February 13 – Annetta Seabury Dresser, American writer (d. 1893) February 16 – Henry Brooks Adams, American historian (d. 1918) February 18 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist, philosopher (d. 1916) March 3 – George William Hill, American astronomer (d. 1914) March 11 – Ōkuma Shigenobu, Japanese politician (d. 1922) March 12 – Sir William Perkin, English chemist (d. 1907) March 15 – Alice Cunningham Fletcher, American ethnologist, anthropologist, and social scientist (d. 1923) April–June April 2 – Léon Gambetta, 37th Prime Minister of France (d. 1882) April 3 – John Willis Menard, African-American politician (d. 1893) April 12 – John Shaw Billings, American military and medical leader (d. 1913) April 16 Ernest Solvay, Belgian chemist, industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1922) Martha McClellan Brown, American temperance movement leader (d. 1916) April 18 – Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, French chemist (d. 1912) April 21 – John Muir, American ecologist (d. 1914) April 28 – Tobias Asser, Dutch jurist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1913) May 10 – John Wilkes Booth, American actor, assassin of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1865) May 11 – Isabelle Bogelot, French philanthropist (d. 1923) May 20 – Jules Méline, French statesman (d.