9, in favor of the execution of the Earl of Strafford for treason. In fear for his own safety, King Charles I signs Strafford's death warrant on May 10. May 11 – The English Parliament passes the "Act against Dissolving Parliament without its own Consent". May 12 – Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, former director of England's Council of the North, is publicly beheaded in London in front of a crowd of thousands of people. May 24 – The Isla de Providencia, a Caribbean island and haven for English pirates off of the coast of what is now Colombia, is captured in a joint operation of the Spanish Navy in an attack led by Don Francisco Díaz Pimienta, and the Portuguese Navy lea by the Count of Castel-Melhor Sousa. The expedition takes 770 prisoners, 380 slaves and a fortune in plundered gold and silver. June 1 – In Paris, representatives of Portugal and France sign a treaty of alliance. June 2 – Bavarian and Spanish troops capture the town of Bad Kreuznach during the Thirty Years' War, 17 months after it had been taken in a French and Saxon attack. June 12 – In India, at what is now the Rajasthan state, the Mughal Grand Vizier Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan is killed in a battle in Bundi against the armies of Nurpur, commanded by the Raja Jagat Singh. The elaborate Tomb of Asif Khan is constructed at Lahore (now part of Pakistan) on orders of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. The Treaty of The Hague is signed between representatives of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Portugal as a 10-year truce and alliance. June 29 – The Battle of Wolfenbüttel takes place between a combined Swedish and French force against the Holy Roman Empire, with the Swedish-French Army driving back an Imperial assault. July–September July 5 The Norwegian city of Kristiansand is founded by King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway. In England, the Long Parliament abolishes the Court of Star Chamber. July 12 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign a Treaty of Offensive and Defensive Alliance at The Hague. The treaty is not respected by both parties, and as a consequence has no effect in the Portuguese colonies (Brazil and Angola) that are under Dutch rule. August 10 The Treaty of London between England and Scotland, ending the Bishops' Wars, is signed. Charles I of England flees London for the