Events January–March January 13 – The Bank of Genoa fails, after the announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain. January 19 – San Agustin Church, Manila, is officially completed; by the 21st century it will be the oldest church in the Philippines. January 30 – A massive wave sweeps along the Bristol Channel, possibly a tsunami, killing 2,000 people. February 24 – Claudio Monteverdi's L'Orfeo, the earliest fully developed opera in the modern-day repertoire, premieres at the Ducal Palace of Mantua. March 10 – Battle of Gol in Gojjam: Susenyos defeats the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros II, which makes him Emperor of Ethiopia. April–June April 25 – Battle of Gibraltar: A Dutch fleet of 26 warships, led by Admiral Jacob van Heemskerck, stages a surprise attack on a Spanish fleet anchored in the Bay of Gibraltar. In the battle that ensues, Spain loses as many as 10 galleons and 12 smaller ships, and at least 300 men are killed. The disaster causes Spain to go into bankruptcy by October. April 26 – English colonists make landfall at Cape Henry, Virginia, later moving up the James River. May 14 – Jamestown, Virginia, is established as the first permanent English settlement in North America, beginning the American frontier. May 15 – From Jamestown, Christopher Newport, George Percy, Gabriel Archer, and others travel six days exploring along the James River up to the falls and Powhatan's village. May 26 At Jamestown, the president of the governing council, Edward Wingfield, directs the fort to be strengthened and armed against the many attacks of the natives: "Hereupon the President was contented the Fort should be pallisadoed, the ordinance mounted, his men armed and exercised, for many were the assaults and Ambuscadoes of the Savages ..." [John Smith, Proceedings (Barbour 1964)]; 200 armed Indians attack the Jamestown settlement, killing two people and wounding 10. May 28 – A wooden defensive wall (palisade) is built by settlers around the Fort at Jamestown. Gabriel Archer writes in his journal, "we laboured, pallozadoing our fort". June 5 – John Hall marries Susanna, daughter of William Shakespeare. June 8 – Newton rebellion: The Tresham landowners family kills more than 40 peasants, during protests against the enclosure of common land in Newton, Northamptonshire, England, at the culmination of the Midland Revolt. June 10 – In Jamestown, Captain John Smith is released from arrest and sworn in as a member