Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III. November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa. November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives. December December 1 The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes. Although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production. Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece. Buenos Aires Underground, the first in South America, opens. December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence, and is arrested. December 19 – The Raker Act is signed by President Woodrow Wilson, allowing the City of San Francisco to dam Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act. December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France. Date unknown The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established in Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh). French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source. The Camel cigarettes are introduced by R. J. Reynolds in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes). Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan, by Mario Prada and his brother. Astra, as predecessor of AstraZeneca, a healthcare and pharmaceutical brand worldwide, founded in Södertälje, Sweden. The value of world trade reaches roughly $38 billion. Births January–February January 1 – Shek Kin, Hong Kong actor (d. 2009) January 2 – Anna Lee, English-American actress (d. 2004) January 4 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (d. 2007) January 6 Edward Gierek, Polish politician (d. 2001) Loretta Young, American actress (d. 2000) January 9 Eric Berry, British actor (d. 1993) Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (d. 1994) January 10 Gustáv Husák, Slovak politician (d. 1991) Mehmet Shehu, 23rd Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1981) January 11 – Karl Stegger, Danish actor (d. 1980) January 15 Eugène Brands, Dutch painter (d. 2002) Lloyd Bridges, American actor (d. 1998) Alexander Marinesko, Soviet