Edo period ends. October 25 – The Uspenski Cathedral, designed by Aleksey Gornostayev, is inaugurated in Helsinki, Finland. October 28 – Thomas Edison applies for his first patent, the electric vote recorder. November 2 – Time zone: New Zealand officially adopts a standard time, to be observed nationally. November 3 – 1868 United States presidential election: Republican Ulysses S. Grant defeats Democrat Horatio Seymour. November 7 – The Battle of Moturoa, New Zealand, ends in a British defeat, due to an underestimate of Tītokowaru and his fortifications. There are heavy casualties for the colonial army and light casualties for the Māori defenders. November 27 – American Indian Wars – Battle of Washita River: In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne. December 4 – Battle of Hakodate begins in Japan. December 4 – Thomas Humber invented the safety bicycle. December 6 – Paraguayan War – Battle of Ytororó or Itororó: Field-Marshal Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias, leads 13,000 Brazilian troops against a Paraguayan fortified position of 5,000 troops. December 9 – The world's first traffic signal lights are installed at the junction of Great George Street and Bridge Street in the London Borough of Westminster. December 24 – The Greek Presidential Guard is established as the royal escort by King George I. December 25 – U.S. President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels. Date unknown Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron patents methods of color photography. Thomas Henry Huxley discovers what he thinks is primordial matter and names it bathybius haeckelii (he admits his mistake in 1871). The Académie Julian, a major art school in Paris, France, that admits women, is established. Brisbane Grammar School is founded, providing the opportunity for secondary education for the first time in the colony of Brisbane in Australia. Maryland School for the Deaf is established. The Dortmunder Actien Brauerei is founded in Germany. Herrenhäuser Brewery is established in Hanover, Germany. Tata Group is founded by Jamsetji Tata as a trading company in India. Scottish merchant Thomas Blake Glover develops Japan's first coal mine on Hashima Island. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Tucson is established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Arizona in 1868, taking its territory from the former Diocese of Santa Fe. The Diocese