Events January–March January 20 – Galileo Galilei, having been summoned to Rome on orders of Pope Urban VIII, leaves for Florence for his journey. His carriage is halted at Ponte a Centino at the border of Tuscany, where he is quarantined for 22 days because of an outbreak of the plague. February 6 – The formal coronation of Władysław IV Vasa as King of Poland at the cathedral in Krakow. He had been elected as king on November 8. February 9 – The Duchy of Hesse-Cassel captures Dorsten from the Electorate of Cologne without resistance. February 13 Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. Fire engines are used for the first time in England in order to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out at London Bridge, but not before 43 houses are destroyed. March 1 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France, on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu. April–June April 12 – Galileo Galilei is convicted of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church. May 22 – Samuel de Champlain, founder of the French colony of New France, returns to Quebec after being gone for four years, commissioned as Lieutenant General of the troops of New France, but not as governor. May 28 – Aurangzeb, Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India, narrowly escapes death when an elephant stampedes through his encampment, but is able to defend himself with a lance. June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, according to Anglican rite in his first visit to Scotland since early childhood, although he has been Scottish monarch since 1625. June 22 – The Roman Catholic Church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the Solar System. According to legend, he claims Eppur si muove. July–September July 7 – The Dutch East India Company fleet, led by Hans Putmans, attacks its ally Zheng Zhilong's base by surprise, near Xiamen. July 8 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Oldendorf – The Sweden defeats the Holy Roman Empire near Hessisch Oldendorf. July 8 – The epoch of the Javanese calendar, created by Sultan Agung of Mataram. It coincides with the start of the Hijri Year 1043 but the year numbering continues those of the pre-existing Saka calendar, thus making the calendar start from year 1555 instead of 1. August 6 – William Laud becomes