natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (approximately one-third of the colony's population) and burn the Henricus settlement. 1624–1642: As chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu centralises power in France. 1626: St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican completed. 1627: Aurochs go extinct. 1628–1629: Sultan Agung of Mataram launches a failed campaign to conquer Dutch Batavia. 1629: Abbas I, the Safavids king, died. 1629: Cardinal Richelieu allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War to counter Ferdinand II's expansion. 1630: Birth of Shivaji at Shivneri fort, in present day Maharashtra, India, who later founded Maratha Empire in year 1674. 1631: Mount Vesuvius erupts. 1632: Battle of Lützen, death of king of Sweden Gustav II Adolf. 1632: Taj Mahal building work started in Agra, India. 1633: Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition. 1633–1639: Japan transforms into "locked country". 1634: Battle of Nördlingen results in Catholic victory. 1636: Harvard University is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1637: Shimabara Rebellion of Japanese Christians, rōnin and peasants against Edo. 1637: The first opera house, Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice. 1637: Qing dynasty attacked the Joseon dynasty. 1639: Naval Battle of the Downs – Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters. 1639: Disagreements between the Farnese and Barberini Pope Urban VIII escalate into the Wars of Castro and last until 1649. 1639–1651: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and England. 1640–1668: The Portuguese Restoration War led to the end of the Iberian Union. 1641: The Irish Rebellion, by Irish Catholics who wanted an end to discrimination, greater self-governance, and reverse ownership of the plantations of Ireland. 1641: René Descartes publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia Meditations on First Philosophy. 1642: Beginning of English Civil War, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I, abolishment of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king. 1643: L'incoronazione di Poppea, Monterverdi 1644: The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming dynasty. The subsequent Qing dynasty rules until 1912. 1644–1674: The Mauritanian Thirty-Year War. 1645–1669: Ottoman war with Venice. The Ottomans invade Crete and capture Canea. 1647–1652: The Great Plague of Seville. 1648: The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers. 1648–1653: Fronde civil war