first independent dominion in the British Empire. The Constitution of the North German Confederation comes into effect, creating a confederation of states, under the leadership of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck. July 9 – Queen's Park F.C., the oldest association football league team in Scotland, is founded. July 15 – France declares Cambodia's independence from Siam; Cambodia becomes a protectorate of France and Britain. July 17 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the Harvard School of Dental Medicine is established as the first dental school in the United States. July 18 – The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune: The Serer people defeat the Muslim Marabouts of Senegambia. August 7–September 20 – The first Canadian election sees John A. Macdonald's Conservatives elected to government. August 15 – Benjamin Disraeli's Second Reform Act enfranchises many men in cities for the first time, and adds 938,000 to an electorate of 1,057,000 in England and Wales. September 2 – Emperor Meiji of Japan marries Empress Shōken (née Masako Ichijō). The Empress consort is thereafter known as Lady Haruko. September 4 – The Sheffield Wednesday F.C. is founded, at the Adelphi Hotel in Sheffield. September 14 – The first volume of Das Kapital (later translated into English as Capital) is published by Karl Marx. September 30 – The United States takes control of Midway Island. October–December October 12 – End of penal transportation from Britain as the last convict ship, the Hougoumont, departs from Portsmouth on an 89-day passage to Western Australia. 62 Fenians are among the transportees. October 18 – Alaska is transferred from Russia to the US, becoming the Department of Alaska. October 21 – 'Manifest destiny': Medicine Lodge Treaty – Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders, requiring Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma. October 27 – Italian unification: Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops march into Rome. November 2 – the first issue of the women's fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar is published. It was published weekly, but later monthly. November 9 – The last shōgun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, tenders his resignation to Emperor Meiji. November 21 – American temperance crusader Carrie Nation marries Dr. Charles Gloyd. November 23 – The three 'Manchester Martyrs' are hanged in England for the murder of a policeman whilst attempting to rescue two Irish Republican Brotherhood members from imprisonment on 18 September. December 2 – In a