temporarily the second-brightest star in the night sky. September 23, 1846 – Discovery of Neptune: The planet is observed for the first time by German astronomers Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest as predicted by the British astronomer John Couch Adams and the French astronomer Urbain Le Verrier. September 16, 1848 – William Cranch Bond and William Lassell discover Hyperion, Saturn's moon. Mechanical engineering Photography The 1840s saw the rise of the Daguerreotype. Introduced in 1839, the Daguerreotype was the first publicly announced photographic process and came into widespread use in the 1840s. Numerous events in the 1840s were captured by photography for the first time with the use of the Daguerreotype. A number of daguerreotypes were taken of the occupation of Saltillo during the Mexican–American War, in 1847 by an unknown photographer. These photographs stand as the first ever photos of warfare in history. Electricity Telegraph The first electrical telegraph sent by Samuel Morse on May 24, 1844, from Baltimore to Washington, D.C. Computers 1843 – Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea's notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program. Chemistry June 15, 1844 – Charles Goodyear receives a patent for vulcanization, a process to strengthen rubber. 1844 – Swedish chemistry professor Gustaf Erik Pasch invents the safety match. 1846 – Abraham Pineo Gesner develops a process to refine a liquid fuel, which he calls kerosene, from coal, bitumen or oil shale. 1844 John Dalton Dies Geology 1840 – Louis Agassiz publishes his Etudes sur les glaciers ("Study on Glaciers", 2 volumes), the first major scientific work to propose that the Earth has seen an ice age. Physics 1840 – The first English translation of Goethe's Theory of Colours by Charles Eastlake is published. 1842 – Julius Robert von Mayer proposes that work and heat are equivalent. October 16, 1843 – William Rowan Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative. 1843 – James Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat. Biology July 3, 1844 – The last definitely recorded pair of great auks are killed on the Icelandic island of Eldey. 1844 – The anonymously written Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation is published and paves the way for the acceptance of Darwin's book The Origin of Species. Paleontology 1842 – English palaeontologist Richard Owen coins