American Indian Wars: While protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the Seventh Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, clashes for the first time with the Sioux, near the Tongue River (only 1 man on each side is killed). August 12 – A peace treaty is signed between Imperial Russia and the Khanate of Khiva, making the khanate a Russian protectorate. August 30 – The Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition discovers Franz Josef Land. September 15 – The International Meteorological Organization (IMO) is established. September 16 – German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for the Franco-Prussian War. September 17 – The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, later Ohio State University, opens its doors with 25 students, including 2 women. September 18 – A New York stock market crash helps to trigger the Panic of 1873, part of the Long Depression. September 25 – Classes begin at Drury University in Springfield, Missouri. October–December October – The Long Depression begins in the United States. October 6 The County Carlow Football Club (rugby union) is founded in Ireland. Third Carlist War: Battle of Mañeru – In continued campaigning in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones meets a Carlist force under Nicolás Ollo at Mañeru, near Puente de la Reina, in a hard-fought but indecisive action. While both sides claim victory, the Carlists are said to have had the advantage, and a month later Moriones is repulsed in a costly assault further west, against Estella. November 6 – The Halifax Rugby League Club is founded in the north of England. November 7 Alexander Mackenzie becomes the second Prime Minister of Canada. Third Carlist War: Battle of Montejurra – Determined to recapture the key city of Estella in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones advances on the Carlists under General Joaquín Elío at nearby Montejurra. After very heavy fighting both sides claim victory, but Moriones withdraws, and Estella remains in Carlist hands. Don Carlos is present in the front line. November 10 – Establishment of the Home Ministry in Japan, introducing police services of the Empire of Japan on the European model. November 17 – Budapest, Hungary's capital, is formed from Pest, Buda and Óbuda. November 18–21 – Irish Home Rule movement: The Home Government Association reconstitutes itself as the Home Rule League. November 22 – , on passage from New York to France, collides with Scottish 3-masted iron clipper Loch