Conspiracy (1820), and the Radical War (1820) in Scotland. However, by the end of the 1820s, many repressive laws were repealed. In 1822, Britain repealed the death penalty for over 100 crimes, and punishments such as drawing and quartering and flagellation fell out of use. Seditious Meetings prevention Act (barring large assemblies) and the Combination Act (banning trade unions) were repealed in 1824. The Catholic Relief Act by Parliament of the United Kingdom granted a substantial measure of Catholic Emancipation in Britain and Ireland. France May 5, 1821 – Emperor Napoléon I dies in exile on Saint Helena of stomach cancer. September 16, 1824 – Charles X succeeds his brother Louis XVIII as King of France. January 4, 1828 – France: The Vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Comte de Villèle as Prime Minister of France. August 8, 1829 – France: The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France. Africa February 6, 1820: 86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown, Sierra Leone. Americo-Liberians begin to settle in the Colony of Liberia with the support of the American Colonization Society June 14, 1821 – King Badi VII of Sennar surrenders his throne and realm to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom. 1822 – The first group of freed slaves from the United States arrive in modern-day Liberia and found Monrovia (see History of Liberia). January 22, 1824 – The Ashanti crush British forces in the Gold Coast, killing the British governor Sir Charles MacCarthy (see also Wars between Britain and Ashanti in Ghana and Ashanti Confederacy). August 18, 1826 – Explorer Alexander Gordon Laing becomes the first European to reach Timbuktu. April 1827 – Ottoman Algeria: Husain Dei slaps the French consul Decalina on the face, eventually leading to war and French rule in Algeria. North America Canada July 8, 1822 – The Chippewas turn over huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom. November 30, 1824 – The first sod is turned in Ontario, for the first of four Welland Canals (the canal opens for a trial run exactly 5 years later to the day). United States At the beginning of the 1820s, the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean through to (roughly) the western edge of the Mississippi basin, though Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and all present-day states fully