Caen. July 10–11 – WWII: Operation Jupiter during the Battle of Normandy of World War II: British strategic victory over German Panzer Corps. July 10 – WWII: Soviet troops begin operations to liberate the Baltic countries from Nazi occupation. July 12–21 – WWII: Dortan massacre – 35–36 French civilians are killed by Ostlegionen (Cossacks) serving with the Wehrmacht. July 13 – WWII: Vilnius is freed by Soviet forces. July 16 – WWII: The first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force arrives in Italy. July 17 – WWII: The largest convoy of the war embarks from Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, under Royal Canadian Navy protection. Port Chicago disaster: The SS E. A. Bryan, loaded with ammunition, explodes at the Port Chicago, California, Naval Magazine, killing 320 sailors and civilian personnel. July 18 – WWII: American forces push back the Germans in Saint-Lô, capturing the city. British forces launch Operation Goodwood, an armoured offensive aimed at driving the Germans from the high ground to the south of Caen. The offensive ends 2 days later with minimal gains. Hideki Tōjō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan due to numerous setbacks in the war effort and is succeeded on July 22 by Kuniaki Koiso. July 20 WWII: Adolf Hitler survives the 20 July plot to assassinate him led by Claus von Stauffenberg; he and his fellow conspirators in this and Operation Valkyrie are executed the following day. The annular solar eclipse of July 20, 1944 is visible in Africa, Indian Ocean, Asia, Pacific Ocean and Australia, and is the 35th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 135. July 21 – WWII: Battle of Guam: American troops land on Guam (the battle ends August 10). The Soviet-sponsored Polish Committee of National Liberation is created, in opposition to the Polish government-in-exile. July 22 The Bretton Woods Conference ends with agreements signed to set up the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and International Monetary Fund. The new Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes the PKWN Manifesto in Chełm, calling for a continuation of fighting against Nazi Germany, radical reforms including nationalisation of industry, and a "decent border in the West" (the Oder–Neisse line). United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara, the only Japanese American draft avoidance case to be dismissed on a due process violation of the U.S. Constitution. July 24 – The Holocaust: Majdanek concentration camp is liberated by the Soviet Red