primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in Kabylie and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under 'Abd al-Qādir, enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837. Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the 1840s, with Al-Qādir surrendering in 1847). North America Canada May 30, 1832 – Canada: The Rideau Canal in eastern Ontario is opened. March 6, 1834 – York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto. November–December 1837 – In the Canadas, William Lyon Mackenzie leads the Upper Canada Rebellion and Louis-Joseph Papineau leads the Lower Canada Rebellion. May 1838 – Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the Durham Report to Britain. United States Slavery January 1, 1831 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts. August 21, 1831 – USA: Nat Turner's slave rebellion breaks out in Southampton County, Virginia. September 19, 1835 – William Lloyd Garrison publishes Angelina Grimké's anti-slavery letter in The Liberator. November 7, 1837 – American abolitionist and newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy is killed by a pro-slavery mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois. July 1, 1839 – Slaves aboard the Amistad rebel and capture the ship off the coast of Cuba. Under direction to sail the ship to Africa, the crew sailed the ship to Long Island, New York, where the slaves were taken into custody by the U.S. Navy. The slaves would later win the right to return to Africa in United States v. The Amistad. Settlement February 9, 1832 – The Florida Legislative Council grants a city charter for Jacksonville, Florida. July 10, 1832 – U.S. Survey of the Coast revived (with US Department of Treasury). August 12, 1833 – The city of Chicago is established at the estuary of the Chicago River by 350 settlers. March 11, 1834 – U.S. Survey of the Coast transferred to the Department of the Navy. March 27, 1836 – United States Survey of the Coast returned to U.S. Treasury Department; renamed U.S. Coastal Survey. April 20, 1836 – The Territory of Wisconsin is created. June 15, 1836 – Arkansas is the 25th state admitted into the United States. January 26, 1837 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States. Native Americans May 28,