of inequality. Oppenheimer considered himself a liberal socialist and has been described as pro-market; he thought that nonexploitative economic arrangements would work best in a collectivist environment. He spent much of his life advising people who wished to set up a voluntary, communitarian setting (especially kibbutzim). He rejected the view of anarchists and revolutionary socialists as unnecessarily pessimistic. Not violence, but the path of evolution, would bring about the desired social change. His ideal was a state without class or class interests in which the bureaucracy would become the impartial guardian of the common interests. In the United States Oppenheimer became a popularizer and devotee of the American social reformer Henry George. While Oppenheimer and George regarded the state as a longtime protector of privilege, they also believed that it was radically transformed by democracy. Government administrators were forced to show a humanitarian side which made the political class vulnerable. Oppenheimer, who died in 1943, saw Nazism and Bolshevism as representing last-gasp attempts to resurrect ancient tyranny. He hoped that their downfall would provide the prelude to a truly liberal epoch. In the 1920s Der Staat was a widely read and heatedly discussed book. It was translated into English, French, Hungarian, Serbian, Japanese, Hebrew, Yiddish and Russian and has been influential among libertarians, communitarians and anarchists. Oppenheimer was the teacher of German chancellor Ludwig Erhard who rejected his collectivism, but attributed to his professor his own vision of a European society of free and equal men. In 1964 Ludwig Erhard declared that: Writings Oppenheimer created an extensive oeuvre of approximately 40 books and 400 essays which contain writings on sociology, economics, and the political questions of his time. One of the most renowned was Der Staat (The State). Freiland in Deutschland. Berlin, W.F. Fontane & Co., 1895. Der Staat. 1929. Gesammelte Schriften. Berlin Theoretische Grundlegung. 1995 Politische Schriften. 1996 Schriften zur Marktwirtschaft. 1998 See also Classical liberalism Economic sociology Georgism Left-libertarianism Mutualism Our Enemy, the State Political sociology Ricardian socialism Notes Further reading External links Works A First Program for Zionist Colonization. (1903) The State. (1914/1922); pdf, OLL The Idolatry of the State. (1927) History and Sociology. (1927) "Tendencies in Recent German Sociology" (Sociological Review, Vol. 24, 1932) A Post-Mortem on Cambridge Economics. (1943) Other The personal papers of Franz Oppenheimer are kept at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. The notation of the record group is A161. Directory of