differ from overviews "in being relatable to presumed ideational content in the learner’s current cognitive structure" (Ausubel, 1978, p. 252). Thirdly, critics also address the notion of advance organizers on whether they are intended to favor high ability or low ability students. However, Ausubel notes that "advance organizers are designed to favour meaningful learning.." (Ausubel, 1978, p. 255). Therefore, to question whether advance organizers are better suited for high or low ability students is unrelated as Ausubel argues that advance organizers can be catered to any student to aid them in bridging a gap between what they already know and what they are about to learn. Notes Footnotes References Ausubel, D.P. (1960). The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material. Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, 267-272. Ausubel, D. (1963). The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning. New York: Grune & Stratton. Ausubel, D. (1978). In defense of advance organizers: A reply to the critics. Review of Educational Research, 48, 251-257. Ausubel, D., Novak, J., & Hanesian, H. (1978). Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View (2nd Ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. External links Subsumption Theory (D. Ausubel) Advance Organizers Ausubel Homepage Ausubel obituary information 1918 births 2008 deaths American people of Polish-Jewish descent 20th-century American psychologists Educational psychologists Jewish American social scientists University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences alumni Teachers College, Columbia University alumni 20th-century American Jews 21st-century American Jews Fulbright alumni American educational psychologists