district (such as Single non-transferable voting), with the same (likely) voting behavior -- 31,000 Liberal voters and 15,000 Conservative voters -- it seems likely that the Conservatives would have filled one seat if they had run just one candidate. If the Conservative party ran two candidates, it is likely Liberals would win all three seats as under Limited voting. History and current use Historic In Spain for general, provincial and local elections until 1936. In Portugal for legislative elections between 1911 and 1919. Between 1867 and 1885 in the UK for some House of Commons constituencies. In Italy at the end of the nineteenth century. In Japan during the US-led Allied occupation in the first post-war election in 1946 permitting two votes per voter in districts with ten or fewer representatives and three votes in districts with more than ten representatives. In Estonia, for the Congress of Estonia election in 1990. In Canada in Ontario provincial elections in 1896 and 1900 to elect Toronto MLAs. Current In Spain since the restoration of democracy (the end of governance by General Franco) to elect senators from/for the mainland (three votes per voter for four seats per province). In the US to elect most municipal offices in Connecticut, many county commissions in Pennsylvania, and some in other states. It has been adopted to resolve voting rights cases in more than 20 municipalities in Alabama and North Carolina, as detailed in Arrington and Ingalls' 1998 article "The limited vote alternative to affirmative districting" (Political Geography, Volume 17, Number 6, Aug 1998, pp. 701–728). In 2009 a federal judge ordered its use for school board elections in Euclid, Ohio. In Gibraltar (10 votes per voter for all 17 seats). 'Fixed Ratio' or closed-list version of Limited Vote The electoral system whereby two seats are assigned to the leading party-list and one seat to the second-placed party-list normally has the same result as limited vote with two votes per voter for three seats. It is used for the Senate of Argentina and 96 out of 128 seats for the Senate of Mexico, as well as the Senate of Bolivia until 2005. A similar system was used for the Bolivian Constituent Assembly elections of 2 July 2006. See also Cumulative voting Plurality-at-large voting References External links A Handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA Electoral Design Reference Materials from the ACE Project Semi-proportional electoral systems