the following examples, an asterisk (*) indicates that the sentence is ungrammatical: John believes that Fido is a dog. *John believes on Fido barking. *John believes Fido to bark. *Joan depends that Fido is a dog. Joan depends on Fido barking. *Joan depends Fido to bark. Jim loathes that Fido is a dog. *Jim loathes on Fido barking. *Jim loathes Fido to bark. See also Lexical aspect Copula References Verb types Syntax–semantics interface