and prefixation, Tzeltal uses the morphological processes of infixation, reduplication, and compounding to derive words. The only infix is -j-, and only appears in CVC roots, yielding a CVjC root. With a transitive verb, -j- derives a passive; compare mak ("to close") and majk ("to be closed"). Reduplication can only occur with monosyllablic roots, and is typically used with numbers and numeral classifiers. With classifiers, reduplication also entails the insertion of a Vl syllable between the repeated roots. For example, wojkʼ ("group") can become wojkʼ-ol-wojkʼ ("group by group/one group after the other"). When a redoubled root takes the suffix -tik, it creates the effect of a distributive plural; thus be ("road") becomes be-be-tik ("a network of roads"). With redoubled adjective roots, -tik attenuates the quality of the verb, such that tsaj ("red") becomes tsaj-tsaj-tik ("reddish"). Compounding is most commonly used to compound a transitive verb with its object, in so doing creating a noun describing the action in question. pas ("make") + na ("house")→pasna ("house construction") pakʼ ("strike with the hand") + waj ("tortilla")→pakʼwaj ("tortilla baking") Stem and root classes There are six stem classes defined by unique sets of inflectional affixes with which they may occur. The unique set for each stem class may be increased by up to four affixes. Although the total set representing each stem class is unique, certain subsets of affixes are shared by multiple stem classes. Kaufman describes six stem classes, followed by his abbreviations: nouns (n), adjectives (aj), transitive verbs (tv), intransitive verbs (iv), affect verbs (av), and inflectible particles (ip). A seventh class, particles, exists but is never inflected; they are radical or derived stems that function as words in syntactic constructions. There are seven classes of roots: noun root (N) adjective root (A) transitive verb root (T) positional verb root (P) intransitive verb root (I) inflectable particle root (Pi) particle root (Pn) When roots function as stems, they belong to the following stem classes (expressed using the abbreviations described above): N roots become n stems A roots become aj stems T roots become tv stems P roots become tv stems I roots become iv stems Pi roots become ip stems Pn roots become p stems There is a small set of multivalent stems that may occur with the inflectional affixes of more than one stem class with no change in the morpheme. Kaufman supplies this list, but does not say whether