is slowly passed into the excretory system. This can cause immense referred pain in the lower abdominal wall. Further, recent research has found that ketamine, a sedative, is capable of blocking referred pain. The study was conducted on patients with fibromyalgia, a disease characterized by joint and muscle pain and fatigue. These patients were looked at specifically due to their increased sensitivity to nociceptive stimuli. Furthermore, referred pain appears in a different pattern in fibromyalgic patients than non-fibromyalgic patients. Often this difference manifests as a difference in terms of the area that the referred pain is found (distal vs. proximal) as compared to the local pain. The area is also much more exaggerated owing to the increased sensitivity. References Pain Symptoms and signs: Cardiac