apothecaries' pound was no longer the official apothecaries' pound in Nuremberg; but the difference was only 0.6%. In 1836 the Greek apothecaries' pound was officially defined by this standard, four years after Otto, the son of the king of Bavaria, became the first king of Greece. But only few German states followed the example of Bavaria, and with a long delay. The apothecaries' pound of 360 g was also adopted in Lübeck, where it was official as of 1861. Austria and the states of the Habsburg monarchy officially had a different standard since 1761, and Prussia, followed by its neighbours Anhalt, Lippe and Mecklenburg, would diverge in the opposite direction with a reform in 1816. But in both cases apothecaries continued to use the Nuremberg standard unofficially for a long time after it became illegal. In Russia the apothecaries' system survived well into the 20th century. The Soviet Union officially abolished it only in January 1927. Habsburg standard Empress Maria Theresia of Austria reformed the measures and weights of the Habsburg monarchy in 1761. The weight of an apothecaries' pound of 12 ounces was increased to a value that was later (after the kilogramme was defined) found to be 420.009 g; this was called the . It was defined as of the unusually heavy Habsburg civil pound (defined as of the civil pound of Cologne) and corresponded to a record ounce weight of 35 g. Before the reform, in the north of the empire, the Nuremberg standard had been in effect, and in Italy, the local standards had been even lighter. It is not surprising that an increase of 17% and more met with some inertia. The 1770 edition of the pharmacopoeia still used the Nuremberg standard , indicating that even in the Austrian capital Vienna it took some time for the reform to become effective. In 1774, the used the new standard, and in 1783 all old apothecaries' weight pieces that were still in use were directed to be destroyed. Venice was not part of these reforms and kept its standard of approximately 25 g per ounce. When Austria started producing scales and weight pieces to the new standard with an excellent quality/price ratio, these were occasionally used by German apothecaries as well. Metrication Early metrication At the time of the Industrial Revolution, the fact that each state had its own system of weights and measures became increasingly problematic.