combustion chamber is in the top of the piston crown. This engine makes use of aluminium for many other components to minimise the weight penalty of the Diesel engine. It has a single overhead camshaft opening 8 valves via shim-and-bucket followers, and the camshaft is driven by a toothed belt which is driven from a sprocket on the diesel injection pump; unusually this pump is driven via gemini (twin) chains from the crankshaft, until a redesign in 2007 saw these chains replaced with a 'wet' belt system to coincide with the launch of the Mk4 Mondeo. The diesel injection pump is an electronically controlled rotary distributor type most typically made by Bosch. It has a number of improvements over the previous generation of Ford diesel engines, including the electronically controlled fuel injection pump otherwise known as "fly-by-wire" In addition, the traditional oil sump is replaced with a cast aluminium lower crankcase and a shallow oil pan; there is an oil-to-water cooler, and a great many detail improvements to parts throughout. The engine has been a noted good performer and is a smoother, more powerful unit than the one it replaced. References E Diesel engines by model Straight-four engines