or switched delay lines. Microwave pulsers Pulse generators capable of generating pulses with widths under approximately 100 picoseconds are often termed as "microwave pulsers" and typically generate these ultra-short pulses using Step recovery diode (SRD) or Nonlinear Transmission Line (NLTL) methods (for example ). Step Recovery Diode pulse generators are inexpensive, but typically require several volts of input drive level and have a moderately high level of random jitter (usually undesirable variation in the time at which successive pulses occur). NLTL-based pulse generators generally have lower jitter, but are more complex to manufacture and do not suit integration in low-cost monolithic ICs. A new class of microwave pulse generation architecture, the RACE (Rapid Automatic Cascode Exchange) pulse generation circuit is implemented using low-cost monolithic IC technology and can produce pulses as short as 1 picosecond and repetition rates exceeding 30 billion pulses per second. These pulsers are typically used in military communications applications and low-power microwave transceiver ICs. Such pulsers, if driven by a continuous frequency clock, will act as microwave comb generators, having output frequency components at integer multiples of the pulse repetition rate, and extending to well over 100 gigahertz (for example ). Applications Pulses can be injected into a device that is under test and used as a stimulus, clock signal, or analyzed as they progress through the device, confirming the proper operation of the device or pinpointing a fault in the device. Pulse generators are also used to drive devices such as switches, lasers and optical components, modulators, intensifiers, and resistive loads. The output of a pulse generator may also be used as the modulation signal for a signal generator. Non-electronic applications include those in material science, medical, physics, and chemistry. Examples Ballistics testing uses high voltage pulse generator "Signal cable selection for Veritas Observatory" with <200 ps risetime pulse generator Single channel pulse generators were in existence in the 1950s "Characterization of Permalloy films on high-bandwidth striplines" Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Volumes 272-276, Supplement 1, May 2004, Pages E1341-E1342 "Protoporphyrin IX Occurs Naturally in Colorectal Cancers and Their Metastases" Testing Silicon Strip Detector with IR Light Pulse Generator Toward Intrinsic Ferroelectric Switching in Multiferroic BiFeO3 References Electronic circuits Electronic test equipment