Royal Highness married a man who was addressed only as Serene Highness, the woman usually retained her pre-marital style. In 1905 Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria granted the style of Durchlaucht to members of virtually every family which had held the title of prince in the former Holy Roman Empire, even if the family had never exercised sovereignty. In the German and Austrian empires of the 19th and 20th centuries, the style Serene Highness was also officially borne by: Cadet branches of the sovereign Ernestine dukes (i.e., Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha); Reigning Fürsten of the small German realms which survived the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire; Hohenzollern (yielded sovereignty to Hohenzollern kinsman, the King of Prussia, in 1848) Lippe Reuss Schaumburg-Lippe Schwarzburg Waldeck and Pyrmont Mediatised princes (e.g., Fürstenberg, Hohenlohe, Leiningen, Thurn und Taxis) and dukes (e.g., Ratibor), and, eventually, their family members; Morganatic princes, descended from reigning dynasties; Other non-reigning princes of the German nobility, but not (always) their cadets (e.g., Bismarck, Carolath-Beuthen, Pless, Wrede). By tradition, Durchlaucht is still attributed to the princely dynasties which were sovereign until 1917 or had been mediatised under the Austro-Hungarian Empire and German Confederation in 1815, although the usage has been unofficial since 1918. N.B. The highest form of durchlauchtig (adjective) was allerdurchlauchtigst (absolutely most serene), which was reserved only to the Emperor in his style of address: Allerdurchlauchtigster Großmächtigster Allergnädigster Kaiser und Herr Persian culture The general Persian equivalent of His Serene Highness would be the title "Ali Jah" (اعلى جاه), that was used in the Safavid Empire. Another specialized translation of His Serene Highness would be the hereditary title "Hazrat Ishaan" (حضرت ايشان) which is a title exclusively granted to Sayyid Khwaja Khawand Mahmud and passed on to the seniors of his family. Sayyid Khwaja Khawand Mahmud´s family is known for intermarrying with various royal families, like the Mughal Imperial and Barakzai Dynasty. In a heredity reaching Prophet Muhammad through their patriarch Sayyid Khwaja Khawand Mahmud they act as Imams of Naqshbandi Sunni Islam and supreme leaders of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order today. The Naqshbandi Sufi scholar Yaseen Qasvari hence notes, that the essence of this particular title is in light of a religious blessing derived from Prophet Muhammad. Francophone dominions There is some evidence that in pre-Revolutionary France, unlike Germany, one entitled to be addressed as Serene Highness was considered to outrank someone who was merely