Late Han Chinese maipus (during Hua Tuo's life), and Middle Chinese mapjwəi. Many sinologists and scholars of traditional Chinese medicine have guessed at the anaesthetic components of mafei powder. Frederick P. Smith contends that Hua Tuo, "the Machaon of Chinese historical romance", used yabulu (; "Mandragora officinarum") rather than huoma (; "cannabis") and mantuolo (; "Datura stramonium", nota bene, Hua's given name "Tuo") "infused in wine, and drunk as a stupefying medicine". Herbert Giles (1897:323) translates mafeisan as "hashish"; and his son Lionel Giles identifies "hemp-bubble-powder" as "something akin to hashish or bhang". Ilza Veith quotes the sinologist Erich Hauer's "opinion that ma-fei () means opium". Victor H. Mair notes that mafei "appears to be a transcription of some Indo-European word related to "morphine"". Although Friedrich Sertürner first isolated morphine from opium in 1804, Mair suggests, "It is conceivable that some such name as morphine was already in use before as a designation for the anaesthetic properties of this opium derivative or some other naturally occurring substance." Wang Zhenguo and Chen Ping find consensus among "scientists of later generations" that mafei contained yangjinhua (; "Datura stramonium") and wutou (; "rhizome of Aconitum, Chinese monkshood") or caowu (; "Aconitum kusnezofflin; Kusnezoff monkshood"). Lu Gwei-Djen and Joseph Needham suggest Hua Tuo may have discovered surgical analgesia by acupuncture, "quite apart from the stupefying potions for which he became so famous – if so he kept it to himself and his immediate disciples so that the secret did not survive". See also Zhang Zhongjing Dong Feng Huangfu Mi Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms References External links Hua Tuo, Subhuti Dharmananda Hua Tuo: A miraculous healer in ancient China , Association for Asian Research A Brief Biography of Hua Tuo, John Chen Shifu Alan Tinnion - Five Animal Frolics Hua Tuo Nei Gong 華 佗 內 功 2nd-century Chinese physicians 3rd-century executions Cannabis in China Cao Cao and associates Executed Han dynasty people Executed people from Anhui Health gods People executed by the Han dynasty People from Bozhou Physicians from Anhui Qigong Taoist immortals Year of birth uncertain Year of death uncertain 3rd-century Chinese physicians