A thoracotomy is a surgical procedure to gain access into the pleural space of the chest. It is performed by surgeons (emergency physicians or paramedics under certain circumstances) to gain access to the thoracic organs, most commonly the heart, the lungs, or the esophagus, or for access to the thoracic aorta or the anterior spine (the latter may be necessary to access tumors in the spine). A thoracotomy is the first step in thoracic surgeries including lobectomy or pneumonectomy for lung cancer or to gain thoracic access in major trauma. Approaches There are many different surgical approaches to performing a thoracotomy. Some common forms of thoracotomies include: Posterolateral thoracotomy is the most common and traditional approach for gaining access to the chest. It is an incision through an intercostal space on the back, and is often widened with rib spreaders. Patient has to be placed in a lateral decubitus position for this approach. All pressure points should be padded. A pillow should be placed between the two legs. Both arms should be flexed and maintained in “prayer position”. A roll can be placed under the 5th intercostal space or the table can be broken at the same level so as to open the intercostal space widely for easy access. It is a very common approach for operations on the lung or posterior mediastinum, including the esophagus. When performed over the fifth intercostal space, it allows optimal access to the pulmonary hilum (pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein) and therefore is considered the approach of choice for pulmonary resection (pneumonectomy and lobectomy). Another variant is the "muscle sparing posterolateral thoracotomy" which preserves the Lattisimus Dorsi and Serratus muscles. This leads to less shoulder dysfunction and also allows for these muscles for any future use in case of a complication. Anterolateral thoracotomy is performed upon the anterior chest wall. The skin incision is performed starting from the posterior axillary line in front of the tip of the scapula towards the submammary crease. The anterior intercostal spaces are wider as compared to the posterior spaces hence provide better exposure while minimising the need for excess rib spreading. It gives a very adequate exposure of lungs, pericardium and diaphragm. Left anterolateral thoracotomy is the incision of choice for open chest massage, a critical maneuver in the management of traumatic cardiac arrest. The Clamshell incision or bilateral anterior thoracotomy with transverse sternotomy is the incision of