programme would include: A hamd—a song in praise of Allah A na`at—a song in praise of Muhammad Manqabats—songs in praise of the illustrious teachers of the Sufi brotherhood to which the musicians belong Ghazals—songs of intoxication and yearning, which use the language of romantic love to express the soul's longing for union with the divine. Shi'a qawwali performances typically follow the naat with a manqabat in praise of Ali, and sometimes a marsiya, a lamentation over the death of much of Ali's family at the Battle of Karbala. The most well-known qawwali singer in modern times is Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. Another traditional South Asian genre of Sufi music is the Kafi, which is more meditative and involves solo singing as opposed to the ensemble form seen in qawwali. The most widely known exponent of the Kafi is the Pakistani singer Abida Parveen. Sufi music has developed with the times. A Pakistani Sufi rock band, Junoon, was formed in the 1990s to bring a modern twist to suit the new younger generation. The band achieved wide popularity, in Pakistan as well as in the West. Music for public religious celebrations Ta'zieh music—Ta'zieh is a passion play, part musical drama, part religious drama, rarely performed outside Iran. It depicts the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, venerated by Shia Muslims. Ashurah music—performed during the Muharram mourning period, commemorating the deaths of Imam Hussein and his followers. (Shia) Thikiri (from the Arabic word "Dhikr") which means remembrance of God—performed by the Qadiriyya Sufi orders of waYao or Yao people in East and Southern Africa (Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and South Africa). Manzuma—moral songs performed in Ethiopia. Madih nabawi—Arabic hymns praising Muhammad. Modes Arabic Maqam Dastgah According to scholar Jacob M. Landau, in Islamic music, "melodies are organized in terms of maqāmāt (singular maqām), or “modes,” characteristic melodic patterns with prescribed scales, preferential notes, typical melodic and rhythmic formulas, variety of intonations, and other conventional devices." rhythmic modes are known as īqāʿāt (singular īqāʿ), and they have a "cyclical patterns of strong and weak beats". Instruments Although there are a wide variety of opinions on the permissibility of musical instruments, those who produce Islamic music with instruments often feature the following instruments: Traditional: Drums (daf, bendir, zarb, rebana, etc.) Gongs Differences of opinion over prohibition The question of permissibility of music in Islamic jurisprudence is historically disputed, and with the advent of a whole new