well as their synonyms and historical curiosities. DNA Carole Meredith at the University of California, Davis, pioneered the use of genetic fingerprinting for vine identification. Famous successes with the technique include proving the identity of Zinfandel, Primitivo, and Crljenak Kaštelanski, and identifying the parents of Sangiovese as Ciliegiolo and Calabrese Montenuovo. Such exercises are giving valuable insight into historical patterns of trade and migration. DNA fingerprinting uses segments of DNA that do not affect the look or taste of the grapes. More recent work has identified the genes responsible for the differences between grape varieties, such as the VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2 genes that control grape colour, or the VvGAI1 gene that is mutated in some cells of Pinot Meunier compared to Pinot noir. References Further reading The original Galet Ampélographie Pratique is the definitive book, either in French or in English translation, but has long been out of print and does not include any DNA evidence. Everhart, S.E. 2010. Upper canopy collection and identification of grapevines (Vitis) from selected forests in the southeastern United States. Castanea 75: 141-149. Galet, Pierre (1952) Précis d’Ampélographie Pratique Galet, Pierre trans. Lucie Morton (1979) A Practical Ampelography: Grapevine Identification Cornell University Press (English translation) Galet, Pierre ed. Pierre Roller (2000) Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages Hachette is an updated version Galet, Pierre (2002) Grape Varieties: A Study of Wine, Hachette Wine Library (Cassell), is a decent summary in English. Jancis Robinson's Guide to Wine Grapes (OUP, ) is a cut-down version of her earlier Vines, Grapes & Wines: The Wine Drinker's Guide to Grape Varieties Kerridge, George & Antcliff, Allan (1999) Wine Grape Varieties CSIRO Publishing, is a good book from Australia aimed at growers Rendu, Victor (1857) Ampélographie française Paris Schneider, Anna; Mainardi, Giusi; Raimondi, Stefano; ed. (2012) Illustrated Historical Universal Ampelography, L'Artistica Editrice, Savigliano. External links Viticulture Botany