inconsistent with one another and/or selective. The following ancient king lists are known (along with the dynasty under which they were created): Den seal impressions (1st Dynasty); found on a cylinder seal in Den's tomb. It lists all 1st Dynasty kings from Narmer to Den by their Horus names. Palermo Stone (5th Dynasty); carved on an olivine-basalt slab. Broken into pieces and thus today incomplete. Giza writing board (6th Dynasty); painted with red, green and black ink on gypsum and cedar wood. Very selective. South Saqqara Stone (6th Dynasty); carved on a black basalt slab. Very selective. Karnak King List (18th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective. Abydos King List of Seti I (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting some of the Kings from First Intermediate Period and all the kings from Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. Abydos King List of Ramesses II (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Very selective. Ramesseum king list (19th Dynasty); carved on limestone. Contains most of the New Kingdom pharaohs up to Ramesses II. Saqqara Tablet (19th Dynasty), carved on limestone. Very detailed, but omitting most kings of the 1st Dynasty for unknown reasons. Turin King List (19th Dynasty); written with red and black ink on papyrus. Likely the most complete king-list in history, today damaged. Medinet Habu king list (20th Dynasty); carved on limestone and very similar to the Ramesseum king list. Manetho's Aegyptiaca (Greek Period); possibly written on papyrus. The original writings are lost today and many anecdotes assigned to certain kings seem fictitious. Predynastic Period The Predynastic Period ends around 3100 BC when Egypt was first unified as a single kingdom. Lower Egypt Lower Egypt geographically consists of the northern Nile and the Nile delta. The following list may be incomplete: Upper Egypt Upper Egypt refers to the region up-river to the south of Lower Egypt. Regrouped here are predynastic rulers of Upper Egypt belonging to the late Naqada III period, sometimes informally described as Dynasty 00: Predynastic rulers: Dynasty 0 Since these kings precede the First Dynasty, they have been informally grouped as "Dynasty 0". The following list of predynastic rulers may be incomplete: Early Dynastic Period The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt stretches from around 3100 to 2686 BC. First Dynasty The First Dynasty ruled from around 3100 to 2890 BC. Second Dynasty The Second Dynasty ruled from 2890 to 2686 BC. Old Kingdom The Old Kingdom