– PNRA) In September 2005 the highest temperature was −48 °C, with an average in August of −60.2 °C and a record of −78.6 °C on 1 September. At these temperatures, trips outside had to be performed with the utmost care. Those going outside travelled at least in pairs and were equipped with a radio, spare batteries and a full fleece suit, with only the eyes at times visible. Italian Glaciologist Emanuele Salvietti had to take snow samples every day one kilometre from the base. As he had to walk (because no vehicle operates at these temperatures), he built a full face mask, with only a pipe to breathe. The slightest mistake would lead to certain injury, as astronomer Agabi Karim explained: "Burns on the cheeks and eyelashes glued to the lens of the telescope," after exposure to the freezing cold. Second winter-over (DC02 – 2006) The second winter was conducted from February to November 2006 with a team of ten wintering (six French and four Italian): Minh Ly Pham Minh: station leader, physician, Michele Impara: computer science, Loïc Le Bechec: chef, Lucia Agnoletto: seismologist, Eric Aristidi: astronomer, Omar Cerri: glaciologist, Shaun Deshommes: technical chief, Elyseo D'Eramo: mechanic, José Dos Santos: electrician, Miguel Ravoux: plumber, The record temperature for this winter was measured at −80 °C on 5 September 2006 at 2:37 ET was renewed several times. Third winter-over (DC03 – 2007) The third winter ran from February to November 2007 with a team of wintering composed of fourteen people (eight French and six Italian): François Jeanneaux: engineer, Jean-Pierre Pillisio: plumber, Carlos Marsal: chef, Maurizio Busetto: climatologist, Yvan Levy: technical chief, Nicolas Le Parc: electrician, Christophe Choley: mechanic, Federico Miliacca: computer and telecommunications, Djamel Mékarnia: astronomer, Runa Briguglio: astronomer, Giuseppe Soriani: surgeon, Pietro di Felice: station leader, engineer, Benedict Cuisset: technical, Alessandro Iacomino: glaciologist, The average temperature was −65 °C and the minimum temperature recorded was −81.9 °C reached on September 5. Fourth winter-over (DC04 – 2008) The fourth winter took place from 31 January 2008 to 8 November 2008 with a team consisting of thirteen winter-overs (seven French and six Italian): Erick Bondoux: astronomer, Laurent Bonnardot: biomedical, Zalpha Challita: astronomer, Giorgio Deidda: chef, Sébastien Denamur: mechanic, Laurent Fromont: electrician, Daniele Frosini: glaciologist, Patrick LeRoy: technical chief, Fabrizio Martinet: plumber, Roberto Rainis: doctor, Lucia Sabbatini: astrophysicist, Riccardo Schioppo: climatologist, Jean-François Vanacker: station leader, radio, Fifth winter-over (DC05 – 2009) The