hours in extreme temperatures and being forced to live in squalid conditions. Poor access to clean water, adequate food and medical assistance has resulted in at least 12 deaths. These reports together with allegations of workers receiving as little as $10 a week after rent and transport deductions resulted in the "Harvest Trail Inquiry" into the conditions of migrant horticultural workers. The ACTU and other labour groups gave evidence. This inquiry confirmed widespread exploitation, intimidation and underpayment of workers with at least 55% of employers being non-compliant in regard to payments and conditions. (As was then standard in the industry, many workers were contracted under a "piece rate" of pay with no written agreement and no minimum hourly rate.) Even though some wages were recovered and a number of employers and contractors were fined, the inquiry found that much more regulation was needed. Despite this report, the government expanded the programme in 2018 with the Pacific Labour Scheme which included three year contracts. Critics have decried the scheme as modern day blackbirding with sixteen labourer deaths occurring between 2019 and 2021. After 1,181 seasonal workers ran away from their employers amidst allegations of inhumane conditions, the Australian government launched a campaign in 2021 warning the pickers that they would bring shame to their families if they absconded. Backpacker schemes Slavery-like exploitation of young foreign tourists as agricultural labourers during the 2010s and 2020s on the subclass 417 Working Holiday visa have also been reported. On this visa these tourists, usually backpackers, are obligated to work 88 days in regional areas in order to get approval for the second year of the visa. Widespread sexual harassment, wages as low as $2.50 to $4 an hour and blackmail have been described. The introduction of the Modern Slavery Act 2018 into Australian law was partly based upon concerns of slavery being evident in the agricultural sector. Further to this, a landmark provisional ruling by the Fair Work Commission in November 2021 ruled that farm workers in Australia on piece rates must be paid a minimum wage of $25.41 an hour. Undocumented farm workers In 2021 there were estimated 60,000 to 100,000 undocumented migrant workers labouring in the Australian agricultural industry. Poorly regulated migration agents entice many of these people to Australia on invalid visas and then in conjunction with farmers, force them to work off their debts in regional agricultural districts. Some are