Harmonium is a composition for chorus and orchestra by the American composer John Adams, written in 1980-1981 for the first season of Davies Symphony Hall in San Francisco, California. The work is based on poetry by John Donne and Emily Dickinson and is regarded as one of the key compositions of Adams' "minimalist" period. The work was premiered by the San Francisco Symphony and San Francisco Symphony Chorus, with conductor Edo de Waart, on 15 April 1981, and subsequently recorded it. The UK premiere was on 13 October 1987 at Birmingham Town Hall, with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) conducted by Simon Rattle. Rattle and the CBSO gave the London premiere on 28 July 1990 at The Proms. Music Each movement is a setting of an entire poem: "Because I could not stop for Death" ends with an orchestral interlude that segues into "Wild Nights" without a pause. A typical performance takes about 35 minutes. Timothy Johnson has discussed various aspects of the harmonic language of Harmonium in detail. K. Robert Schwarz has noted the influence of the musical techniques of Steve Reich on Harmonium, and also has commented on the less schematic and more "intuitive" manner of Adams' composition in the work. "Negative Love" is featured in the film Superstar: The Life and Times of Andy Warhol (1990). Instrumentation Chorus soprano, alto, tenor, bass; minimum of 90 performers Woodwinds 4 flutes (2nd, 3rd, and 4th doubling on piccolo) 3 oboes 3 clarinets in B (1st and 2nd doubling clarinet in A, 3rd doubling bass clarinet) 3 bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon) Brass 4 horns in F 4 trumpets in C (1st doubling B and D trumpets; 2nd, 3rd, and 4th doubling B trumpet) 3 trombones tuba Timpani and Percussion, 4 players 2 marimbas metallophone xylophone tubular bells crotales glockenspiel suspended cymbal sizzle cymbal crash cymbals triangle bass drum tom-toms, medium and large anvil cowbells tambourine Keyboards piano (or synthesizer) celesta Strings harp violins violas cellos double basses |} Recordings ECM New Series 1277: San Francisco Symphony Chorus; San Francisco Symphony; Edo de Waart, conductor Telarc CD-80365: Atlanta Symphony Chorus; Atlanta Symphony Orchestra; Robert Shaw, conductor Nonesuch 79549: San Francisco Symphony Chorus; San Francisco Symphony; John Adams, conductor References Bibliography Steinberg, Michael, Choral Masterworks (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005). ISBN to come. External links John Adams homepage, entry on Harmonium RadioM, Morning Concert, John Adams: Harmonium