of suffocation, quickly triggering an unresponsive yet intense altered mental state. The treatment, while usually unpleasant or even terrifying, proved very useful for revealing previously unconscious fears. Challenging experiences on carbogen prepared patients for later psychedelic therapy in a profound way. It was not as effective as convulsive therapy in relieving the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and was therefore abandoned. Migration to the United States With the increase of anti-semitism and the rise to power of Nazism, Meduna emigrated to the United States in the following year (1938), to become professor of neurology at Loyola University in Chicago. One of his last contributions to psychiatry was the study of confusional and dream-like states in psychoses (oneirophrenia) He was also a founder of the Journal of Neuropsychiatry and a President of the Society of Biological Psychiatry. After the war, he moved his research to the Illinois Psychiatric Institute, where he worked until his death in 1964. References Sources Fink M. - Meduna and the Origins of Convulsive Therapy. Am. J. Psychiatry, 141(9): 1034–1041, 1984. correction, 141:1648 Fink, M: ECT: Serendipity or Logical Outcome? Psychiatric Times January 2004 Vol. XXI Issue 1 Mackay RP. Ladislas Joseph Meduna 1896–1964. Recent Adv Biol Psychiatry. 1965;8:357-8 [Medline citation] Fink, M: Historical Article: Autobiography of L.J. Meduna. Convuls Ther 1985; 1:43–57; 121–135 [Medline citation] Meduna LJ: Die Konvulsionstherapie der Schizophrenie. Halle, Germany, Carl Marhold, 1937 Fink, M: Ladislas J. Meduna, M.D. 1896–1964. Am J Psychiatry 156:1807, November 1999 The Papers of Ladislas J. Meduna (1896-1964). University of Illinois Archives Holdings. Gazdag G, Bitter I, Ungvari GS, Baran B, Fink M. László Meduna's pilot studies with camphor induction of seizures: The first 11 patients. J ECT 2009; 25:3-11. Shorter E. A History of Psychiatry. New York:John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Shorter E., Healy D. Shock Therapy: A History of Electroconvulsive Treatment in Mental illness. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007. Meduna L. Carbon Dioxide Therapy. Springfield IL: C.C Thomas, 1950. Meduna L: Oneirophrenia. Urbana IL: University of Illinois Press,100 pp., 1950 Publications by Ladislas J. Meduna Meduna, L. J. The evolution of the pineal body in infants. Hung. Med. Arch. 6:1-8, 1924a. Meduna, L. J. Die entwicklung d. Zilberdruse in Sauglingsalter. Z. Anat. Ent. 76:534-547, 1924b. Meduna, L. J. Experimentelle B-Avitaminose des Kaninchens. Arch. Psychiatr. Nervenkr. 80:480–512, 1927a. Meduna, L. J. Beitrage zur Histopathologie der Mikroglia. Arch. Psychr. Nervenkr. 82:9-193, 1927b. Meduna, L. J. Untersuchungen über