of Roman Urdu schemes confuse the Urdu letter 'Choti He' which has the sound of voiceless glottal fricative with 'Do Chasham He' which is used as a digraph for aspirated consonants in Urdu script. The digraphs "Sh" for letter Shin and "Zh" for letter Zhe also cause problems as they could be interpreted as the letter Sin and 'Choti He' or letter Ze and 'Choti He' respectively. Most Roman Urdu schemes also do not take much consideration of Urdu orthography and the spelling system. Informal Roman Urdu The system of Romanisation used most often by native speakers differs from the formal systems presented in most English language sources. It contains no diacritics or special characters, usually just the 26 letters of the core English alphabet. Informal Romanised Urdu is mutually intelligible with Romanised Hindi and the distinction between the languages can be controversial. While the Urdu alphabet is derived from the Arabic alphabet informal Romanised Urdu is less eccentric than informal Romanised Arabic. Informal Romanised Urdu does not use numerals, and rarely uses mixed case, because the Arabic letters that lack a clear equivalent in the English Latin alphabet (e.g. ) are often silent in Urdu or pronounced identically to other letters (e.g. ). So, this system of Urdu Romanisation is used in some slightly more formal contexts than informal Romanised Arabic. One example is the word "aurat". Formal transliterations often include a punctuation mark (') or special character () for the ayn but this is omitted by Urdu speakers such as in the context of the Aurat March on International Women's Day. Adding the special characters makes it harder to type and would cause things such as twitter hashtags to break. The discussion on social media about these events is often in informal Romanised Urdu, with frequent code-switching between Urdu and English, but the handwritten or expertly typeset signs at the events are mostly in either English, Urdu in the traditional script, or local languages. See also Hindustani orthography Hindustani language Urdu Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation Hindi Hindustan Pakistan India Christianity in Pakistan Footnotes Bibliography Dua, Hans R. (1994b). Urdu. In Asher (Ed.) (pp. 4863–4864). Insha, Ibn e. (2002) Urdu Ki Aakhri Kitab. New Delhi: Kitab Wala. . B.S.I. Kita'b I Muqaddas. Bangalore: The Bible Society of India, 1994. . Gupta, Sunil (2022). The Dictionary of Urdu Poetry. Gurgaon: Zorba Books. . External links The Urdu Latin alphabet