ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (), also known as al-Sajjād (, ) or simply as Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn (), , was an Imam in Shiʻi Islam after his father Husayn ibn Ali, his uncle Hasan ibn Ali, and his grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Ali ibn al-Husayn survived the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE, after which he and the other survivors were taken to Yazid I in Damascus. He was eventually allowed to return to Medina, where he led a secluded life with a few close companions. He devoted his life to prayer and was regarded as an authority on law and hadith. Some of his supplications are collected in Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya (), which is highly regarded by the Shia. He adopted a quiescent attitude towards the Umayyads and is seen by the Shia community as an example of patience and perseverance when numerical odds are against them. Name and epithets His name was Ali, though Husayn had two other sons named Ali, who were both killed in Karbala. The first was an infant, referred to as Ali al-Asghar () in the Shia literature. The second one was Ali al-Akbar () though some historians, such as al-Qadi al-Nu'man, maintain that Zayn al-Abidin was the eldest brother. Some Sunni historians, including Ibn Sa'd, Ibn Qutaybah, al-Baladhuri and al-Tabari, refer to Zayn al-Abidin as Ali al-Asghar. According to Kohlberg, Ali's is reported differently as Abu al-Ḥasan, Abu al-Ḥusayn, Abu Muḥammad, Abu Bakr, and Abu Abd Allah. He was given the honorific al-Sajjad (), as well as Zayn al-Abidin (), and al-Zaki (). He also became known as Dul-tafenat in reference to the calluses formed on his forehead from frequent prostration. Ancestry Ali was born to Husayn, who was the third Shia Imam after his brother Hasan, the second Shia Imam, and their father, Ali, the first Shia Imam. Ali's mother is named variously as Barra, Gazala, Solafa, Salama, Sahzanan, and Sahbanuya. According to Ibn Qutaybah, Ali was born to a (freed) concubine () from Sind. Shia sources, however, maintain that Ali's mother was the daughter of Yazdegerd III, the last Sasanian Emperor. These traditions refer to Ali as Ibn al-Khiyaratayn (), signifying the union of the Quraysh, representing the Arabs, and the Persians, representing non-Arabs. According to some accounts, Shahrbanu, daughter of Yazdegerd III, was brought as a captive to Medina during the caliphate of Umar, who wanted to sell her. Ali,