Roy's assertion that jihadi terrorism is only loosely connected to Islamic fundamentalism as Roy neither speaks Arabic nor looks into the Salafi doctrine behind the jihadism. Kepel also referred to London as "Londonistan": "[the United Kingdom] gave shelter to radical Islamist leaders from around the world as a sort of insurance policy against jihadi terrorism. But you know, when you go for dinner with the devil...". Roy has said "I have been accused of disregarding the link between terrorist violence and the religious radicalisation of Islam through Salafism, the ultra-conservative interpretation of the faith. I am fully aware of all of these dimensions; I am simply saying that they are inadequate to account for the phenomena we study, because no causal link can be found on the basis of the empirical data we have available." This debate can be summarized as opposition between Kepel's theory of "radicalisation of Islam" and Roy's one of "Islamicisation of radicalism". According to Kepel, prominent figures and leaders among the left-leaning ideologists do not understand the threats against France, which according to him encompasses both terrorists arriving from abroad and Islamists in the French ghettos (French: banlieues). According to Kepel, Islamists are eroding societal cohesion in order to start a civil war while being unwittingly supported by the many leftists. This position makes him a target in many circles. Kepel claims he belongs to the left in France and according to The New York Times he has "always been careful to distinguish mainstream Islam from the hard-line Islamist ideologues" and has "no sympathy for the xenophobia of the right-wing National Front". He has "repeatedly dismissed claims of widespread Islamophobia in French society as fraudulent, saying the word has become little more than a rhetorical club used by Islamists to rally their base". Bibliography (Books translated into English) Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh, University of California Press, 1986. The revenge of God: The resurgence of Islam, Christianity and Judaism in the modern world, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994. Allah in the West: Islamic movements in America and Europe, Polity Press, 1997. Bad moon rising: A chronicle of the Middle East today, London, Saqi, 2003. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, Harvard University Press, 2003. The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West, Harvard University Press, 2004. Al Qaeda in its own words, G. Kepel and J-P Milelli (ed.), Harvard University Press, 2008.