1 tanks were also used by the British Army in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Operation Joint Guardian, the NATO-led drive into Kosovo. Challenger 1 gunnery In action the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Thermal Observation and Gunnery System (TOGS) fitted to Challenger 1 proved to be decisive when engaging the enemy, allowing attacks to be made at night, in poor visibility and through smoke screens. During the First Gulf War, British Challengers destroyed roughly 300 Iraqi tanks without suffering a single loss in combat. There are multiple accounts of Challenger 1 tanks successfully engaging and destroying targets at exceptionally long ranges, well in excess of the L11A5 main gun's expected operational range of 1200 metres. On 26 February 1991, a Challenger 1 under the command of Captain Tim Purbrick of the 17th/21st Lancers attached to the Queen's Royal Irish Hussars, destroyed an Iraqi T-55 tank at a range of 3600 metres, followed soon after by a petrol tanker at a range of 4700 metres using L23A1 APFSDS 'fin' rounds with tungsten–nickel–copper penetrators. That same day, a tank of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, call sign '11B', engaged and destroyed an Iraqi tank at a range of 5100 metres using a L26A1 APFSDS with a depleted uranium penetrator. This is believed to be the distance record for a successful tank-on-tank, direct fire, kinetic round engagement. Challenger Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle (CRARRV) In 1985, the UK MoD ordered a derivative armoured recovery vehicle from Vickers Defence on the Challenger 1 hull. Eighty vehicles were delivered to the British between 1988 and 1993, with four more later delivered to Oman. CRARRVs have subsequently been upgraded to use the updated Challenger 2 powertrain consisting of a CV12-5C/6C engine with TN54E transmission. CRARRVs were first deployed in action to support Challenger 1 tanks in the lead up to the First Gulf War, Operation Granby in 1991. They were subsequently deployed during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Operation Telic in 2003. An unspecified number of CRARRVs are to be donated to Ukraine alongside a squadron of Challenger 2 tanks in 2023. Operators Current operators CRARRV United Kingdom - 80 in service, subsequently received Challenger 2 powertrain upgrades. Oman - 4 in service. Future Operators CRARRV Ukrainian Army - an unspecified number to be donated alongside a squadron of 14 Challenger 2 tanks. Former operators United Kingdom - 420 in service until replaced by Challenger 2