of Egypt, and he reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. Between the alleged death of Cleopatra, on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own alleged death on August 23, 30 BC, he was nominally the sole pharaoh. It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus, but the historical evidence does not exist. Native rebellions also took place under Greek rule: Rome Cleopatra VII had affairs with Roman dictator Julius Caesar and Roman general Mark Antony, but it was not until after her suicide (after Mark Antony was defeated by Octavian, who would later be Emperor Augustus Caesar) that Egypt became a province of the Roman Republic in 30 BC. Subsequent Roman emperors were accorded the title of pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. The last Roman emperor to be conferred the title of pharaoh was Maximinus Daza (reigned 311–313 AD). See also Egyptian chronology History of Egypt List of Ancient Egyptian Royal Consorts References Further reading Breasted, J. H., History of Egypt from the Earliest Time to the Persian Conquest, 1909 Cerny, J. 'Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in: The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 BC, Cambridge University Press, 1975 Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. 2004. Gardiner, Sir Alan, Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71–76. Grimal, Nicolas, A History of Ancient Egypt, Blackwell Books: 1992 Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, 1977 Rice, Michael, Who's Who in Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999 Ryholt, Kim & Bardrum, Steven, The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-list and the Identity of Nitocris. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 127. 2000. Shaw, Garry. The Pharaoh, Life at Court and on Campaign, Thames and Hudson, 2012. Wilkinson, Toby A. H., Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge 1999, Ventura Dr. R., Egypt, History & Civilisation Published by Osiris, PO Box 107 Cairo. Verner, Miroslav, The Pyramids – Their Archaeology and History, Atlantic