in words of Arabic and Spanish origin. /ʃˤ/ seems to only occur in the nouns ucca 'greyhound' and mucc . /ŋ/ occurs exclusively before the consonant /w/, it may be an assimalatory variant of n. Labialization only occurs with the geminates /kːʷ/ and /gːʷ/. Assimilations There are quite a few assimilations that occur with the feminine suffixes t and ṯ. ḇ + ṯ = fṯ/ft (e.g. tajeǧeft < tajeǧeḇṯ 'gown/djellaba') z + ṯ = sṯ/st (e.g. talwist < talwizṯ 'gold coin') ẓ + ṯ = ṣṯ/ṣt (e.g. tayạạẓiṣt < tayạạẓiẓṯ 'hare') j + ṯ = cṯ/ct (e.g. taɛejjact < taɛejjajṯ 'dust') ɣ + ṯ = xṯ/xt (e.g. tmazixt < tmaziɣt 'Berber language') ɛ + ṯ = ḥṯ/ḥt (e.g. tqubeḥt < tqubeɛṯ 'little bird') There are also other assimilations. ḏ + ṯ = tt (e.g. tabritt < tabriḏṯ 'path') d + ṯ = tt (e.g. a t-tawi < a d-ṯawi 'she will bring here') ḍ + ṯ = ṭṭ (e.g. tyaẓiṭṭ < tyaẓiḍṯ 'hen') m + ṯ = nt (e.g. taxxant < taxxamṯ 'small room') ř + ṯ = č (e.g. tameǧač < tameǧařṯ 'egg') Spirantized consonants become stops after the consonant 'n', this occurs between words as well. qqimen da < qqimen ḏa 'they sit here' tilifun tameqqṛant < tilifun ṯameqqṛant 'the big phone' Sound shifts Letter ř In the history of Western and Central Riffian /l/ has become /r/ in a lot of words, this sound shift has affected other consonants as well. in other dialects corresponds to 'ř' (//) in Riffian (e.g. ul > uř 'heart') The geminate equivalent, () in other dialects corresponds to 'ǧ' (//) in Riffian (e.g. yelli > yeǧi 'my daughter'). It is underlyingly řř. in other dialects corresponds to 'č' () in Riffian (e.g. weltma > wečma 'my sister'). It is underlyingly řt. These sound shifts do not occur in the easternmost Riffian dialects of Icebdanen and Iznasen and the westernmost dialects. Postvocalic r Postvocalic preceding a consonantal coda is dropped, as in taddart > taddaat 'house/home'. Thus in tamara 'hard work/misery' the is conserved because it precedes a vowel. These sound shifts do not occur in the easternmost Riffian dialects of Icebdanen and Iznasen and the westernmost dialects beyond Ayt Waayaɣeř. Zenati sound shifts Additionally, the initial masculine a- prefix is dropped in certain words, e.g., afus 'hand' becomes fus, and afiɣaṛ 'snake' becomes fiɣạạ. This change, characteristic of Zenati Berber varieties,