were complex and had a high capacity for classification. He used language as a criterion for the classification of human groups. He was the first to discover that the Tutelo language of Virginia belonged to the Siouan family, which was more commonly associated with the Dakotan and Hidatsa languages and tribes located to the west of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River. He was also the first to identify the Cherokee language as a member of the Iroquoian family of languages. By the colonial and federal period, the Cherokee people were primarily located in the southern interior of present-day Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. Most of their members were among the Southeastern tribes forced during Indian Removal of the 1830s to relocate to territory west of the Mississippi River, in what was reserved for a time as Indian Territory (now the state of Oklahoma). Honours Hale never received a doctorate but his research was recognised through his roles in a number of academic societies. In 1872, Hale was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1884, he reorganised the section of anthropology as an independent department of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at its meeting in Montreal that year. He had already performed a like service for the American Association. At the request of the British committee, he undertook the supervision of the anthropological section's work in the Canadian North-west and British Columbia. The reports, which are very elaborate, were published in the Association's Proceedings from 1885 to 1897. While Hale continued as a member of the committee, he was asked to accept the position of vice-president at the Association's meeting in Toronto (1896); he declined due to ill-health. Hale was also a member of the American Folklore Society, serving as its President in 1893. Hale was an honorary fellow of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain, to which he contributed a number of papers. Death Hale died on 29 December 1896 at Clinton, Ontario. In an appreciation of his life, Franz Boas wrote: "Ethnology has lost a man who contributed more to the knowledge of human race than perhaps any student”. Selected publications Hale, Horatio (1846). Ethnography and philology. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea and Blanchard. OCLC 222779990. Hale, Horatio (1881). Hiawatha and the Iroquois confederation: a study in anthropology. OCLC 1957917. Hale, Horatio (1883). "The Tutelo Tribe and Language". Proceedings of the American