In mathematics, Dedekind sums are certain sums of products of a sawtooth function, and are given by a function D of three integer variables. Dedekind introduced them to express the functional equation of the Dedekind eta function. They have subsequently been much studied in number theory, and have occurred in some problems of topology. Dedekind sums have a large number of functional equations; this article lists only a small fraction of these. Dedekind sums were introduced by Richard Dedekind in a commentary on fragment XXVIII of Bernhard Riemann's collected papers. Definition Define the sawtooth function as We then let be defined by the terms on the right being the Dedekind sums. For the case a = 1, one often writes s(b, c) = D(1, b; c). Simple formulae Note that D is symmetric in a and b, and hence and that, by the oddness of (( )), D(−a, b; c) = −D(a, b; c), D(a, b; −c) = D(a, b; c). By the periodicity of D in its first two arguments, the third argument being the length of the period for both, D(a, b; c) = D(a+kc, b+lc; c), for all integers k,l. If d is a positive integer, then D(ad, bd; cd) = dD(a, b; c), D(ad, bd; c) = D(a, b; c), if (d, c) = 1, D(ad, b; cd) = D(a, b; c), if (d, b) = 1. There is a proof for the last equality making use of Furthermore, az = 1 (mod c) implies D(a, b; c) = D(1, bz; c). Alternative forms If b and c are coprime, we may write s(b, c) as where the sum extends over the c-th roots of unity other than 1, i.e. over all such that and . If b, c > 0 are coprime, then Reciprocity law If b and c are coprime positive integers then Rewriting this as it follows that the number 6c s(b,c) is an integer. If k = (3, c) then and A relation that is prominent in the theory of the Dedekind eta function is the following. Let q = 3, 5, 7 or 13 and let n = 24/(q − 1). Then given integers a, b, c, d with ad − bc = 1 (thus belonging to the modular group), with c chosen so that c = kq for some integer k > 0, define Then nδ is an even integer.