use as a protection against spells (pp. 339, 414). While common vervain is not native to North America, it has been introduced there and for example the Pawnee have adopted it as an entheogen enhancer and in oneiromancy (dream divination), much as Calea zacatechichi is used in Mexico. An indeterminate vervain is among the plants on the eighth panel of the New World Tapestry (Expedition to Cape Cod). In the Victorian language of flowers, verbena held the dual meaning of enchantment and sensibility. Species The following species are accepted: (See also Aloysia, Glandularia and Junellia for species formerly placed here.) Verbena alata Otto ex Sweet Verbena alejandrana (B.L.Turner) Christenh. & Byng Verbena × allenii Moldenke Verbena amoena Paxton Verbena andalgalensis Moldenke Verbena angustilobata (Moldenke) Christenh. & Byng Verbena araucana Phil. Verbena aristigera S.Moore Verbena atacamensis Reiche Verbena aurantiaca Speg. Verbena bajacalifornica Moldenke Verbena balansae Briq. Verbena barbata Graham Verbena berteroi (Meisn.) Schauer Verbena × bingenensis Moldenke Verbena bipinnatifida Schauer Verbena × blanchardii Moldenke Verbena bonariensis L. – purpletop vervain, clustertop vervain, tall verbena, pretty verbena, South American vervain Verbena brachyrhynchos (G.L.Nesom & Vorobik) Christenh. & Byng Verbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr. – prostrate vervain, large-bracted vervain Verbena brasiliensis Vell. – Brazilian verbena, Brazilian vervain Verbena cabrerae Moldenke Verbena californica Moldenke – California vervain, Red Hills vervain Verbena calinfera G.L.Nesom Verbena canadensis (L.) Britton Verbena canescens Kunth – gray vervain Verbena caniuensis Moldenke Verbena carnea Medik. Verbena carolina L. Verbena catharinae Moldenke Verbena cheitmaniana Moldenke Verbena chiricahensis (Umber) Moldenke Verbena × clemensiorum Moldenke Verbena cloverae Moldenke Verbena corymbosa Ruiz & Pav. Verbena cuneifolia Ruiz & Pav. Verbena dalloniana Quézel Verbena × deamii Moldenke Verbena delicatula Mart. & Zucc. Verbena delticola Small ex Perry Verbena demissa Moldenke Verbena dissecta Willd. ex Spreng. Verbena dusenii Moldenke Verbena ehrenbergiana Schauer Verbena elegans Kunth Verbena × engelmannii Moldenke Verbena ephedroides Cham. Verbena falcata G.L.Nesom Verbena filicaulis Schauer Verbena flava Gillies & Hook. Verbena glabrata Kunth Verbena gooddingii Briq. Verbena × goodmanii Moldenke Verbena goyazensis Moldenke Verbena gracilescens (Cham.) Herter Verbena gracilis Desf. Verbena grisea B.L.Rob. & Greenm. Verbena guaibensis (P.Peralta & V.Thode) Christenh. & Byng Verbena guaranitica (Tronc.) Moldenke Verbena gynobasis Wedd. Verbena halei Small – Texas vervain Verbena hassleriana Briq. Verbena hastata L. – swamp verbena, blue vervain Verbena hatschbachii Moldenke Verbena herteri Moldenke Verbena hirta Spreng. Verbena hispida Ruiz & Pav. Verbena humifusa Cham. Verbena × illicita Moldenke Verbena incompta P.W.Michael