of Algerian independence, and 1,809,074 against. On 1 July, the Accords were subject to a second referendum in Algeria, where with 5,975,581 voted for independence and just 16,534 against. De Gaulle pronounced Algeria an independent country on 3 July. The negotiators Outcome of Agreements The historian Alistair Horne comments that most provisions of the agreements were to be overtaken by events.<ref>Alistair Horne, page 521 A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962', '</ref> The wholesale exodus of almost all of the million-strong European community immediately prior to independence made the three year transition clauses a dead letter, while the widespread killings of Muslims who had served as auxiliaries (harkis) with the French Army was in direct contravention of the amnesty provisions of the treaty. See also Fifth French Republic France in the twentieth century References Bibliography Adler, Stephen. International Migration and Dependence. Gower Publishing Company, Ltd. (Hampshire: 1977). Barkaoui, Miloud. "Kennedy and the Cold War imbroglio - the case of Algeria's independence." Arab Studies Quarterly. Spring 1999. Horne, Alistair A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962' Algerian War Contemporary French history 1962 in France Algeria–France relations Treaties of France Treaties of French Algeria Treaties concluded in 1962 Treaties entered into force in 1962 1962 in Algeria Ceasefires