Chinese calligraphy (書法/书法, 法書/法书, shūfǎ or fǎshū, literally 'way/method/law of writing) is the writing of Chinese characters as an art form, combining purely visual art and interpretation of the literary meaning. This type of expression has been widely practiced in China and has been generally held in high esteem across East Asia. Calligraphy is considered one of the four most-sought skills and hobbies of ancient Chinese literati, along with playing stringed musical instruments, the board game "Go", and painting. There are some general standardizations of the various styles of calligraphy in this tradition. Chinese calligraphy and ink and wash painting are closely related: they are accomplished using similar tools and techniques, and have a long history of shared artistry. Distinguishing features of Chinese painting and calligraphy include an emphasis on motion charged with dynamic life. According to Stanley-Baker, "Calligraphy is sheer life experienced through energy in motion that is registered as traces on silk or paper, with time and rhythm in shifting space its main ingredients." Calligraphy has also led to the development of many forms of art in China, including seal carving, ornate paperweights, and inkstones. Characteristics In China, calligraphy is referred to as shūfǎ or fǎshū (書法/书法, 法書/法书), literally 'way/method/law of writing'; shodō () in Japan ('way/principle of writing'); and seoye (서예; 書藝) in Korea ('skill/criterion of writing');thư pháp (書法) in Vietnam ('handwriting art'). Chinese calligraphy appreciated more or only for its aesthetic quality has a long tradition, and is today regarded as one of the arts (Chinese 藝術/艺术 , a relatively recent word in Chinese) in the countries where it is practised. Chinese calligraphy focuses not only on methods of writing but also on cultivating one's character (人品) and taught as a pursuit (－書法; , rules of writing Han characters). Chinese calligraphy used to be popular in China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and Hong Kong. In Taiwan, students were requested to write Chinese calligraphy starting from primary school all the way to junior high school on a weekly basis at least to the year 1980. As young generations are "typing" more often than "writing", when PC, tablets and mobile phones became the major communication channels, Chinese calligraphy became purely art. Chinese script styles Oracle bone script Oracle bone script was an early form of Chinese characters written on animals' bones. Written on oracle bones – animal bones or turtle plastrons – it is the earliest known form