Werner Hegemann (June 15, 1881, Mannheim – April 12, 1936, New York City) was an internationally known city planner, architecture critic, and author. A leading German intellectual during the Weimar Republic, his criticism of Hitler and the Nazi party forced him to leave Germany with his family in 1933. He died in New York City in 1936. Biography Hegemann was the son of Ottmar Hegemann (1839-1900), a manufacturer in Mannheim, and Elise Caroline Friedrich Vorster (1846-1911), daughter of Julius Vorster, a founder of Chemische Fabrik Kalk in Cologne. He graduated from Gymnasium Schloss Plön in 1901. Hegemann began college studies in Berlin, studied art history and economics in Paris, economics at the University of Pennsylvania and in Strasbourg, and completed his doctorate in economics at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1908. In 1905 he married Alice Hesse (1882-1976) in Berlin. The couple had one child, Ellis, in 1906. After obtaining his Ph.D in 1908, Hegemann went to the United States (with his first wife and child). In the U.S. he worked as a Philadelphia housing inspector before working with the Boston 1915 Movement, a five-year plan to develop and improve the Boston area. Back in Berlin the following year Hegemann was General Secretary of the 1910 Universal City Planning Exhibition held in Berlin in May and June. The exhibition aroused great interest and was reprised in refocused form in Düsseldorf; Hegemann wrote an article about it for a general audience and a two-volume official book. These city planning exhibitions were the first of their kind: Hegemann was in the right place at the right time to play a formative role in the early development of city planning as a profession. In 1912 Hegemann accepted an invitation from Frederic C. Howe, Director of the People's Institute in New York, to give lectures on city planning in over 20 American cities. He impressed his American hosts by attaching more importance to city infrastructure and organization than to appearance. In his lectures he debated the opportunities and dangers of urban development and advised against imitating European models. When his tour ended in California, he bought a motorcar and toured the west coast up to Seattle. The municipalities of Oakland and Berkeley then engaged him to prepare a comprehensive planning report, published in 1915 as the "Report on a City Plan for the Municipalities of Oakland & Berkeley." Hegemann's report developed a hierarchy