programme will convene expertise across the CGIAR system, and will partner with research and practitioner organisations around the world. Within the consortium research program, the research focus is organised into five components with the clear objective of enhancing the management and use of forests, agroforestry and tree genetic resources across the landscape from forests to farms. Component 1: Smallholder production systems and markets Component 1 focuses on the needs of smallholder producers, with an emphasis on enhancing the productivity of trees on farms (e.g. through domestication of wild species) and improving access for smallholders to markets for forest and tree products. Research themes Enhancing management and production systems for smallholders (food security and nutrition) Increasing income generation and market integration for smallholders Improving policies and institutions to enhance social assets to secure rights in forest- and tree-dependent communities Component 2: Management and conservation of forest and tree resources Component 2 focuses on the needs of forest managers at the level of the forest management unit, with an emphasis on improved technical and governance approaches to conserving forest ecosystems and the genetic resources they contain. Research themes Understanding threats to tree species and formulating genetic conservation strategies Conserving and characterising high-quality germplasm of tree crops and their wild relatives Developing improved silvicultural, monitoring and management practices for multiple use Developing tools and methods to resolve conflicts over distribution of benefits and resource rights Component 3: Environmental services and landscape management Component 3 focuses on the needs of landscape-level planners and stakeholders, with an emphasis on mechanisms (such as payments for environmental services or PES) for capturing the value of environmental services and for negotiating trade-offs among competing conservation and development objectives. Research themes Understanding drivers of forest transition Understanding the consequences of forest transition for environmental services and livelihoods Component 4: Climate change adaptation and mitigation Component 4 focuses on the needs of policymakers and land managers seeking to build forests, trees and agroforestry into climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. Research themes Harnessing forests, trees and agroforestry for climate change mitigation Enhancing climate change adaptation Understanding synergies between climate change mitigation and adaptation Component 5: Impacts of trade and investment on forests and people Component 5 focuses on the needs of policymakers and land managers seeking to ensure that the effects of globalised trade and investment flows are beneficial to forests and the communities that depend on forests for their