a small incision in the chest and then through a large artery or the tip of the left ventricle (transapical approach). Fluoroscopy and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) are visual aids used to guide the process. Once the collapsed replacement valve is in place it is expanded, pushing the old valve's leaflets out of the way. Guidelines suggest TAVR for most patients aged 75 years and older, and surgical aortic valve replacement for most younger patients. Ultimately, the choice of treatment is based on many factors. See also Aortic valve repair Artificial heart valve Valvular heart disease Minimally invasive cardiac surgery Pericardial heart valves Open aortic surgery References Sources External links The Society of Thoracic Surgeons – Aortic Valve Aortic Valve Replacement Animation Cardiology Cardiac surgery Implants (medicine) Prosthetics