addition, the patient should ideally be free of pain, paraesthesia, able to chew and taste and be pleased with the esthetics. The rates of complications vary by implant use and prosthetic type and are listed below: Single crown implants (5-year) Implant survival: 96.8 percent Crown survival: metal-ceramic: 95.4 percent; all-ceramic: 91.2 percent; cumulative rate of ceramic or acrylic veneer fracture: 4.5 percent Peri-implantitis: 9.7 percent up to 40 percent Peri-implant mucositis: 50 percent Implant fracture: 0.14 percent Screw or abutment loosening: 12.7 percent Screw or abutment fracture: 0.35 percent Fixed complete dentures Progressive vertical bone loss, but still in function (Peri-implantitis): 8.5 percent Failure after the first year 5 percent at five years, 7 percent at ten years Incidence of veneer fracture at: 5-year: 13.5 to 30.6 percent, 10-year: 51.9 percent (32.3 to 75.5 percent with a confidence interval at 95 percent) 15-year: 66.6 percent (44.3 to 86.4 percent with a confidence interval at 95 percent) 10-year incidence of framework fracture: 6 percent (2.6 to 9.3 percent with a confidence interval at 95 percent) 10-year incidence of esthetic deficiency: 6.1 percent (2.4 to 9.7 percent with a confidence interval at 95 percent) prosthetic screw loosening: 5 percent over five years to 15 percent over ten years The most common complication being fracture or wear of the tooth structure, especially beyond ten years with fixed dental prostheses made of metal-ceramic having significantly higher ten-year survival compared those made of gold-acrylic. Removable dentures (overdentures) Loosening of removable denture retention: 33 percent Dentures needing to be relined or having a retentive clip fracture : 16 to 19 percent History There is archeological evidence that humans have attempted to replace missing teeth with root form implants for thousands of years. Remains from ancient China (dating 4000 years ago) have carved bamboo pegs, tapped into the bone, to replace lost teeth, and 2000-year-old remains from ancient Egypt have similarly shaped pegs made of precious metals. Some Egyptian mummies were found to have transplanted human teeth, and in other instances, teeth made of ivory. Etruscans produced the first pontics using single gold bands as early as 630 BC and perhaps earlier. Wilson Popenoe and his wife in 1931, at a site in Honduras dating back to 600 AD, found the lower mandible of a young Mayan woman, with three missing incisors replaced by pieces of sea shells, shaped to resemble teeth. Bone growth around two of