positions. He advocated the separation of church and state as conducive to liberty, and he was frequently impugned by reactionaries who accused him of deserting the Church. In his writings he dwelt upon important contributions of historical Christianity, and maintained especially that, in continuing the work of the Caesars, the Catholic Church had been the most potent factor in civilizing the invading barbarians and in organizing the life of the Middle Ages. He confessed that his object was to prove the contrary thesis to Edward Gibbon, and, although the aim of proving theses is perhaps not the ideal approach for a historian, Ozanam no doubt administered a healthful antidote to the prevalent notion, particularly amongst English-speaking peoples, that the Catholic Church had done far more to enslave than to elevate the human mind. His knowledge of medieval literature and his appreciative sympathy with medieval life admirably qualified him for his work, and his scholarly attainments are still highly esteemed. His works were published in eleven volumes (Paris, 1862–1865). They include: (2nd ed., enlarged 1845) Translated by A. C. Glyn as History of Civilization in the Fifth Century (London, 1868) His letters were partly translated into English by A. Coates (London, 1886). Legacy The following were named in his honour: Ozanam House, Ipswich, a heritage-listed house in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia Ozanam House, Sydney, a heritage-listed building in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Ozanam House, Agidingbi, a heritage-listed building in Agidingbi, Lagos, Nigeria Ozanam Hall, Chicago, a residence hall at the Lincoln Park campus of DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois. Prior to 2020, the building was known as Clifton-Fullerton Hall. DePaul University Office of Housing Ozanam Inn, New Orleans, Louisiana, a shelter for the homeless. Ozanam Building, Adamson University, Manila, Philippines Ozanam Charitable Pharmacy, Inc., Mobile, Alabama, a charitable pharmacy for uninsured low income, working poor, disabled adult individuals in need of free life-sustaining medication. References Sources Gérard Cholvy, Frédéric Ozanam, l'Engagement d'un Intellectuel Catholique au XIXe Siècle. Paris: Fayard, 2004. Prix Roland de Jouvenel (). There are French biographies of Ozanam by his brother, C. A. Ozanam (Paris, 1882); Mme E. Humbert (Paris, 1880); C. Huit (Paris, 1882); M. de Lambel (Paris, 1887); L. Curnier (Paris, 1888); and B. Faulquier (Paris, 1903) German biographies by F.X. Karker (Paderborn, 1867) and E. Hardy (Mainz, 1878) Further reading Auge, Thomas E. (1966). Frederic Ozanam and His World. Milwaukee: Bruce. Baunard, Louis (1910). Ozanam