In this way, the transfer of acetyl-CoA that is from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm produces a molecule of NADH. The overall reaction, which is spontaneous, may be summarized as: HCO3– + ATP + acetyl-CoA → ADP + Pi + malonyl-CoA Amino acid synthesis Six essential amino acids and three nonessential are synthesized from oxaloacetate and pyruvate. Aspartate and alanine are formed from oxaloacetate and pyruvate, respectively, by transamination from glutamate. Asparagine is synthesized by amidation of aspartate, with glutamine donating the NH4. These are nonessential amino acids, and their simple biosynthetic pathways occur in all organisms. Methionine, threonine, lysine, isoleucine, valine, and leucine are essential amino acids in humans and most vertebrates. Their biosynthetic pathways in bacteria are complex and interconnected. Oxalate biosynthesis Oxaloacetate produces oxalate by hydrolysis. oxaloacetate + H2O oxalate + acetate This process is catalyzed by the enzyme oxaloacetase. This enzyme is seen in plants, but is not known in the animal kingdom. Interactive pathway map See also Dioxosuccinic acid Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation Citric acid cycle References Citric acid cycle compounds Dicarboxylic acids Alpha-keto acids Beta-keto acids