rest of the service, stayed to hammer at the doors and throw stones at the windows. More serious rioting in the streets (and in other cities) followed, and the provost and magistrates were besieged in the City Chambers, to the extent that it became necessary to negotiate with the Edinburgh mob. At the suggestion of the Lord Advocate, Thomas Hope, it appointed a committee known as the Tables to negotiate with the Privy Council. Characteristically, Charles turned down the Tables' demands for withdrawal of the Anglican liturgy and more riots ensued with talk of civil war. This led to widespread signing of the National Covenant in February 1638, with its defiance of any attempt to introduce innovations like the prayer book that had not first been subject to the scrutiny of Parliament and the general assembly of the church. In November of the same year, the bishops and archbishops were formally expelled from the Church of Scotland, which was then established on a full Presbyterian basis. Charles reacted by launching the Bishops' Wars, thus beginning the Wars of Three Kingdoms. In the aftermath of the riots definitive evidence is hard to come by, and some doubt if Geddes started the fight or if she even existed, but she remains a part of Edinburgh tradition and has long had a memorial in St Giles. The sculpture that was added recently shows a three-legged cuttie-stool rather than a folding stool. Lord Barrett of Newburgh wrote of the riot on 29 August 1637, "I hear they were by the women beaten out of the church with their little stools (which it seems their custom is to sit upon)." Around 1787, Robert Burns named his mare after Geddes and wrote amusingly of this faithful horse. Commemoration In 1886 a plaque was erected to Geddes's memory in St Giles' Cathedral. It was paid for by the philanthropist Robert Halliday Gunning. See also Bishops' Wars Book of Common Order Prayer Book Rebellion in the West of England Religion in the United Kingdom References Citations Sources Scotland, A Concise History, Fitzroy Maclean, Thames and Hudson 1991, The Lion in the North, John Prebble, Penguin Books 1973 External links ElectricScotland.com The Churches of Edinburgh Jenny Geddes Overview of Jenny Geddes Robert Burns Country: The Burns Encyclopedia: Geddes, Jenny How Jenny Geddes caused a Civil War @ Ward's Book of Days 1637 in Europe 1637 riots 1600s births 1660s