on Avian Influenza and Wild Birds on: "H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in poultry and wild birds: Winter of 2021/2022 with focus on mass mortality of wild birds in UK and Israel" summarises the situation up to 24 January 2022 and mentions that "H5N8 HPAI is still responsible for poultry and wild bird cases mainly in Asia, H5N1 has now in effect replaced this subtype in Africa and Eurasia in both poultry and wild birds". 2022–2023 global outbreaks Americas Similar to 2021 reports, outbreaks were noted from gannet colonies in Canada, with thousands of birds dead in June 2022, as well as common eiders and great black-backed gulls. Prior to that there were reports of spread in wild birds in over 30 states in the US, including major mortalities in a double-crested cormorant colony in Barrington, Illinois, the virus also spreading to scavengers including three bald eagles in Georgia. Mass die-offs of both birds and mammals were noted in Peru during the 2022–2023 season. In particular, the Peruvian government reported the deaths of approximately 63,000 birds as well as 716 sea lions, with the WHO noting that mammalian spillovers needed to be "monitored closely". In the United States, the 2022–2023 avian outbreak was the worst since H5N1 was first detected. Ecuador entered into a three-month "animal-health emergency" on 29 November 2022, just days after its first case was reported, whereas Argentina and Uruguay both declared "national sanitary emergencies" on 15 February 2023, after their respective first cases were discovered. Europe The 2022–2023 season was also the worst recorded outbreak in the United Kingdom, with the British government requiring a so-called "poultry lockdown" which required that farmers keep their birds indoors. Meanwhile, an outbreak of H5N1 on a Spanish mink farm led researchers to believe that they had observed the first case of mammal-to-mammal transmission of H5N1. Mammalian infections H5N1 transmission studies in ferrets (2011) Novel, contagious strains of H5N1 were created by Ron Fouchier of the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, who first presented his work to the public at an influenza conference in Malta in September 2011. Three mutations were introduced into the H5N1 virus genome, and the virus was then passed from the noses of infected ferrets to the noses of uninfected ones, which was repeated 10 times. After these 10 passages the H5N1 virus had acquired the ability of transmission between ferrets via aerosols or