developed by Masouleh et al., 2009 but as with other crop HTMAS systems has proven difficult to customize, costly (both directly and for the equipment), and inflexible. Other molecular breeding tools have produced results, producing blast resistant cultivars. Xu et al., 2014 uses a DNA microarray to substantially advance understanding of hybrid vigor in rice, Takagi et al., 2013 uses QTL sequencing to elucidate seedling vigor, and Yano et al., 2016 performs a GWAS by WGS to investigate various agronomic traits. (Because the correspondence between genotype and phenotype is more easily understood in rice, translation of results from rice to other non-models may require more work. For example grain size and grain weight in wheat were elucidated in this way by Valluru et al., 2014.) Affymetrix offers a 44 thousand pot microarray, a 50 thousand, and a one million, and Illumina has a six thousand and a 50 thousand, all of which have performed well and are commonly used. Rice is one of the earliest uses and validation models for the semi-thermal asymmetric reverse PCR (STARP) method developed in Long et al., 2016. The putative homolog for spindle and kinetochore-associated protein 1 is localized to by Hanisch et al., 2006. Resistance to Magnaporthe grisea is provided by various resistance genes including , , and . O. sativa has a large number of insect resistance genes specifically for the Brown planthopper. 15 R genes among these have been cloned and characterized including Tamura et al., 2014's discovery of Guo et al., 2018's discovery of , Zhao et al., 2016's discovery of , Du et al., 2009's discovery of , and Ji et al., 2016's discovery of . In total 641 copy number variations are known, the combination of results of Ma and Bennetzen 2004 and Yu et al., 2011. Exome capture often reveals new single nucleotide polymorphisms in rice, due to its large genome and high degree of DNA repetition. There have been two major results of this type, Saintenac et al., 2011 and Henry et al., 2014. Both abscisic acid and salicylic acid are employed by O. sativa in its regulation of its own immune responses. Jiang et al., 2010 finds SA broadly upregulates and ABA broadly downregulates immunity to Magnaporthe grisea, and success depends on the balance between their levels. Breeding A triple introgression of resistance genes against Magnaporthe grisea—and actual field resistance—have been demonstrated by Khan et al.,