nawlai; KKY yuthai (other dialects nuwanu, nuwa; nuwal, KulY nuwalai)) za 'thing, object, matter, etc.' This word has a fuller stem form, zapu-, which appears in certain forms: instrumental zapun; genitive zapu; proprietive-plural zapul. In the locative forms both stems (za- and zapu-) appear: specific locative zanu, zapunu, etc. gœiga 'sun, day'; bireg/bereg 'shelf'. The stems of these words have different forms to the nominative-accusative: gœiga — stem: gœigœyi-, gœigi-; bireg/bereg — stem: bœreigi-, biregi- dœgam, KLK dœgaamu 'side, direction, point of compass, aspect'. This word has two stem forms, in free variation: dœgamu-, daguma- Demonstratives The language has a closed class of demonstrative morphemes with special morphological characteristics: Prefixes pi-, pe- 'there in the distance in a specific position' kai- 'there in the distance in a non-specific position' Stems ka-, kawu-/kawa- (non-specific), í- (specific) 'here, this' se-, si-, sewu-/sewa- 'there, that (not too far away)' -gu, KKY -gui, -mulu (KKY -ngùl in combined forms) 'down there' -ka, -karai/-kadai 'up there' (variant forms of the one underlying stem) -ngapa 'there beyond', 'there on the other side' -pai, -pa, -paipa 'ahead there, up close there' (variant forms of the one underlying stem -pai), MY -kupai, KY also -kudhai -pun[i], -puwa 'off from there, back from there, back over there, back there' (possibly variant forms of the one underlying stem) The Kauřařaigau Ya forms recorded are the same as in the modern dialects, with the exception of ka-/kařu- 'non-specific here, this', se-/si-/seřu- 'there, that', kařa- 'non-specific yonder', modern dialects kai-, %ka- and -puwai 'ahead there', modern dialects -pai/-pa. These demonstratives can take masculine, feminine and non-singular morphology (as such are pronominal) as well as case forms. Í- 'here, this' and se/si- 'there, that (not too far away)' take the gender/number morphemes as suffixes, and the other demonstratives take them as prefixes. Note that ka- 'non-specifically here' and kai- 'there in the distance in a non-specific position' cannot appear with the gender/number morphemes, these latter being specific. Í- and se/si- also take an article forming affix -bi to become demonstrative articles (e.g. KLY senuubi kaazi, KKY senaubi kaz 'that boy', KLY senaabi kaazi, KKY senabi kaz 'that girl', KLY sepalab kaazi, KKY sepalbi kaz 'those two children', sethabi kœzil 'those children'); kedha 'like this/that, thus' can also take this suffix (e.g. kedhabi puy 'such a tree'). Pronouns The personal pronouns are three-way nominative-ergative-accusative in declension. Note that the third person pronouns are also