used as definite articles, e.g. Nuidh garkœzin nan yipkaz imadhin 'The man saw the woman'. Dual pronouns The dual and plural pronouns are nominative-accusative, the accusative being the same in form as the genitive, except in KKY, where the accusative is unmarked. Ngawal 'who ' is constructed from nga 'who' plus the clitic -wal 'both (dual conjunction)'. Plural pronouns Ngaya 'who many' is constructed from nga 'who' plus the clitic -ya 'and others (plural conjunction)'. Personal names and familiar kinship terms Familiar kinship terms are the equivalent of English kin terms such as Dad and Mum, while non-familiar terms are the equivalent of Father and Mother; these latter are treated as common nouns in the language. Kauřařaigau Ya nominal morphology The earliest grammatical records of the language are those of the mid-1800s Kauřařaigau Ya dialect. This dialect is identical to the modern dialects, apart from having more archaic forms of some endings and suffixes as well as stem forms. Nominal suffixes and endings Common Nominals Nominative-Accusative: unmarked Ergative-Instrumental: -n,-na,-nu,-Cu; demonstratives unmarked Genitive: monosyllable stems: -ngu, multisyllables -u Dative-Allative: -pa ~ -pari Ablative-Causative: nouns, pronouns -nguzi, verbal nouns -lai, adverbs/demonstratives -zi Specific Locative: monosyllabic stem nouns -lai~-dai~-thai~-ai~-řai~-rai, multisyllabic stem nouns -nulai~-nule~-nuli~-nul, adverbs -lai~-l(a) , demonstratives -ři Non-Specific Locative: -ya, adverbs/demonstratives -ki~-kidha Proprietive/Plural: monosyllabic stem nouns -lai~-dai~-thai~-ai~-řai~-rai, multisyllabic stem nouns, adverbs -lai (>-le~-li), -rai (> -re~-ri), -řai (> -ře~-ři) Privative: -gi Imitative-Similative: -dha Resultative: -ziProper Nominals No early writer recorded declined feminine forms, apart from the genitive. Ray (1907:20-21) implies (by default) that the OKY paradigm is basically the same as that of OKLY. Nominative-Ergative-Instrumental: unmarked Accusative-Genitive: masculine -ni, feminine -na-, dual-plural pronoun -ni~-mùni Dative-Allative: masculine -nipa[ri] , feminine ?-napa[ri], dual-plural pronoun -nipa[ri]~-mùnipa(ri) Ablative-Causative: masculine -ninguzi ~-nunguzi, feminine ?-nanguzi, dual-plural pronoun -ninguzi~-nunguzi~-mùninguzi~-mùnunguzi Locative: masculine -niya, feminine ? -naya, dual-plural pronoun -niya~-mùniya Imitative-Similative: -dha, dual-plural pronoun -dha~-mùdha Kauřařaigau Ya Pronouns Brierly (B), MacGillivray (M) and Ray (R) recorded the following forms of the singular pronouns of OKY: Nominative 1st — Brierly gni, ngi; Macgillivray ngai; Ray ngai 2nd — Macgillivray ngi; Ray ngi 3rd masculine — Macgillivray nue; Ray nui 3rd feminine — Macgillivray na, nga; Ray na 'who' — Brierly gua; Macgillivray nga; Ray nga 'what' — Macgillivray []mi; Ray mi- Accusative 1st — Brierly ana; Macgillivray ana; Ray ngana 2nd — Brierly gin; MacGillivray ngi; Ray nginö, ngin 3rd masculine — Brierly nooano; MacGillivray nudu; Ray nuinö, nuin 3rd feminine —