Indigenous Evangelical Church in the Philippines. Behind the founding of the IEMELIF, nationalist and subsequent independence movements. Filipinos wanted full autonomy, including in the realm of religion, as the 333 years of Spanish rule were marked by the Catholic Church's control over both temporal and spiritual affairs. His vision and motivation was faith in God's providence, and belief that the Filipino was capable of erecting a self-sustaining, autonomous, and self-propagating evangelical church. In 1903, he was assigned to be a pastor at Knox Memorial Church becoming the first Filipino Protestant pastor. Zamora took up law at the University of Santo Tomas where he honed his skills in debate and oration, then entered a seminary in Shanghai. Many speakers at the 1910 World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh emphasized indigenization of churches raised up by mission work, including the lone native Chinese attendee, Cheng Jingyi, who later became the general secretary of the National Christian Council of China and the first moderator of the Church of Christ in China. John Wesley Haley (1878–1951), Free Methodist Church in Canada missionary to South Africa 1902–1909, 1917–1934, and Ruanda-Urundi 1934–1946. Haley left South Africa after several decades of ministry disillusioned with traditional mission practice and initiated new ministry in Burundi following the indigenous mission approach, involving Burundian converts in the leadership, decision-making process "from the beginning". He felt a special kinship with the work of Nevius and Allen, despite limited understanding from his mission board. Melvin Hodges (1909–1988), an Assemblies of God missionary to Nicaragua, again popularized the idea in the 1950s with his book, On the Mission Field: The Indigenous Church. He defined the indigenous church as "a native church ... which shares the life of the country in which it is planted and finds itself ready to govern itself, support itself, and reproduce itself." Hodges believed that foreign money creates dependence and establishes paternalistic patterns within mission movements, leading to an unhealthy, anemic church. His experience as a missionary no doubt influenced his presentation of the three-self principle. He emphasized the need for flexibility and tailoring the principles to fit the need of the local believers. In his book Transforming Mission, David Bosch (1929–1992), a Dutch Reformed Afrikaner missiologist, echoed Paul G. Hiebert's suggestion that a fourth "self" needed to be added to the Venn–Anderson framework: "self-theologizing". Though much self-theologizing had already taken place in mission churches, much of it has been left