(Hao) masters have uniquely made this concept their central focus. It took some time for Li's terminology to be adopted, however. The first two generations both called the internal aspects of Commencing and Lazily Bind the Cloak by the terms "qǐ chéng zhuǎn hē", with "zhuǎn" (, ) meaning "to turn", "to change direction", or "to circle about". This is evidence of the origins of Wu (Hao) style with a family of the literati social class, as "qǐ chéng zhuǎn hē" is also the structure of classical Chinese essays required for the imperial examinations, as well as classical poetry. In modern times it has spread across East Asia as the structure of narratives such as screenplays, and is known in Japanese as "Kishōtenketsu" (). But when Li Yiyu's student Hao Weizhen began spreading the art to the broader public, he refined his teaching for practical application and for consistency with his master's teachings by replacing "zhuǎn" with "kāi". Since then most masters have used the term "kai he", and in fact at times the entire style has been called "Kai He tai chi ch'üan". However others, including Wu Wenhan of the Li Shengduan lineage, preserved the old terms in their teachings. The unique focus on "zhuan he" / "kai he" in Wu (Hao) practice sets reveals their origin with the Wu/Li family of gentry scholars who cultivated this art among themselves while leading their community through difficult times, and is also a central example of the important contributions of Hao Weizhen. Notes References Bibliography Chen, Gu'an (, 1985), (Taiji Staff), (Henan Science and Technology Publishing House), Chen, Gu'an (, 1988), (Wu Style Taijiquan New Frame), , (Henan Science and Technology Publishing House), Davis, Barbara (2004), The Taijiquan Classics, Blue Snake Books, Dong, Alex & Saltman, David (2017), Grand Master, Hudson River, Du, Yimin (, 1988), ( (Taiji Yin Wind Palm), ( (Huashan Literature and Art Publishing House), Hao, Shaoru, with 1963 introduction by Gu Liuxin (; 1963, reprinted 1984, Simplified character edition), ( (Wu Style Taijiquan), ( (People's Sports Publishing), UBC (PRC Unified Book Number) 7015•1190, Hao, Shaoru, with 1991 introduction by Hao Yinru (; Simplified character edition, 1999), (Wu Style Taijiquan), (People's Sports Publishing), ; (; (Traditional character edition, 2006), (Wu Style Taijiquan), (Dah Jaan Publishing Inc.), Kirkpatrick, Andy, and Xu, Zhichang (2012), Chinese Rhetoric and Writing: An Introduction for Language Teachers, The WAC Clearinghouse; Parlor Press, PDF |