1912. The first French resident general in Morocco, Hubert Lyautey, appointed Henri Prost to oversee the urban development of cities under his control. One important colonial policy with long-term consequences was the decision to largely forego development of existing historic cities and to deliberately preserve them as sites of historic heritage, the "medinas". The French administration again built new planned cities outside the old walled cities, where European settlers largely resided with modern Western-style amenities. This was part of a larger "policy of association" adopted by Lyautey which favoured various forms of indirect colonial rule by preserving local institutions and elites, in contrast with other French colonial policies favouring assimilation. The desire to preserve historic cities was also consistent with one of the trends in European ideas about urban planning at the time which argued for the preservation of historic cities in Europe – ideas which Lyautey himself favored. Scholar Janet Abu-Lughod has argued that French urban policies and regulations created a kind of urban "apartheid" between the indigenous Moroccan urban areas – which were forced to remain stagnant in terms of urban development – and the new planned cities which were mainly inhabited by Europeans and expanded to occupy rural lands outside the city which were formerly used by Moroccans. This separation was partly softened by wealthy Moroccans who started moving into the Villes Nouvelles during the colonial period. List of medinas Algeria Casbah of Algiers, a medina named after its fortress Casbah of Dellys Libya Derna Ghadames Gharyan Hun Murzuk Tripoli Waddan Tazirbu Benghazi Morocco Asilah Casablanca Chefchaouen Essaouira Fes el Bali, the first medina of Fes (considered one of the largest car-free urban areas in the world) Fes Jdid, the second medina of Fes Marrakesh Meknes Rabat Salé Tangier Taroudant Taza Tétouan Tunisia Hammamet Kairouan Monastir Sfax Sousse Tozeur Tunis See also Altstadt References External links Map of Tunis medina Carfree Cities: Morocco Arabic architecture Berber architecture Islamic architecture Maghreb Urban planning