23% and all complications by 40%, higher-quality studies are required to make the meta-analysis more robust. However, checklist use in healthcare has not always met with success and the transferability between settings has been questioned. In the UK, a study on the implementation of a checklist for provision of medical care to elderly patients admitting to hospital found that the checklist highlighted limitations with frailty assessment in acute care and motivated teams to review routine practices, but that work is needed to understand whether and how checklists can be embedded in complex multidisciplinary care. Types Lists of actions for standard procedures, in which details are provided for each step. Lists of actions for standard procedures, in which no or very little detail is provided for each step on the assumption that the operator is entirely familiar with each step, and the checklist is used to ensure that no steps are omitted, or the preferred order is followed Project coordination lists, which specify who is responsible for each part of the project. Troubleshooting checklists, which may have multiple branches for diagnosis, or a series of procedures for responding to an emergency Checklists to increase objectivity in decision-making, to reduce emotional influences. Lists of things to be done over a specified period. Mode of use A checklist may be used to identify the action, after which it is done, then checked off as complete and the next item identified, known as the Read–Do process, or the tasks may be done, and then the checklist consulted to ensure that nothing has been left out, the Do–Confirm process, in which the status of tasks must be remembered until checked off, which may result in more errors. Format Checklists are often presented as lists with small checkboxes down the left hand side of the page. A small tick or checkmark is drawn in the box after the item has been completed. Other formats are also sometimes used. Aviation checklists generally consist of a system and an action divided by a dashed line, and lack a checkbox as they are often read aloud and are usually intended to be reused. Effectiveness of checklists Ranapurwala et al. (2017) found: Characteristics of effective checklists include: Checklists should be simple and convenient to use. Each listed item should be necessary and together they should be sufficient. Checklists focused on the responsibilities of a specific person, or a group who