as series H with Wessex (and in particular Southampton) and series S with Essex. In Denmark, series X has been plausibly associated with the early trading center at Ribe. The chronology of the sceattas is also very hard to unravel. Some of the earliest series use the same designs as the pale gold thrymsas (similar to the continental ; notionally one-third of a pure gold solidus) and, by analogy with coins from the better-understood Frankish material, can be dated to the 680s. It is known that sceattas were minted in the Frisian town of Dorestad (just south of Utrecht in the Netherlands); they were a commonly circulating currency in the Frankish realm until the monetary reform of Pepin the Short instituted at Ver in 755. The thirty or forty years after 680 saw the production and circulation of the "primary series" of sceattas, which were generally of good metal quality and weight They were largely minted in Kent and the Thames Estuary, though a few were produced in Northumbria bearing the name of King Aldfrith The "secondary series", struck from to saw a massive expansion of minting all over southern and eastern England to every major Anglo-Saxon kingdom. One or more types can be attributed with more or less confidence to Wessex, Mercia, Sussex, Essex, Kent, Northumbria, and East Anglia. There was much copying and debasement, and weight could fluctuate considerably There are relatively few hoards from this period with which to construct even a relative chronology, and any new discovery could radically alter current scholarly understanding. The end of the sceattas is especially difficult to pinpoint, and it is likely that there was a period of some decades in the middle of the 8th century when very few if any coins were produced in England. Gallery References Citations Bibliography . . . . External links https://kernunnos.com/porc/index.html http://www.allmetal.karoo.net/Anglo-Saxon_coins.html https://web.archive.org/web/20070205055926/http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/coins/emc/ Anglo-Saxon archaeology Anglo-Saxon art Anglo-Saxon money Archaeological terminology (Germanic) Numismatics Silver coins