the exception of the Germans. Forty burghers considered guilty of sedition were executed as well; the besiegers having run out of ammunition, many of them were drowned in the Spaarne river. While most citizens were allowed to leave, 1500 of the city’s defenders were either beheaded or tied back-to-back in a pair and thrown into the river. Governor Ripperda and his lieutenant were beheaded. Don Fadrique thanked God for his victory in the Sint-Bavokerk. The city would have to host a Spanish garrison. Aftermath Although ultimately the city could not be kept for the Prince of Orange, the siege showed other cities that the Spanish army was not invincible. This idea, and the great losses suffered by the Spanish army (maybe 10,000 men), helped the cities of Leiden and Alkmaar in their sieges. The latter city would later defeat the Spanish army, a major breakthrough in the Dutch Revolt. In the Sint-Bavo church the following words can still be read: In dees grote nood, in ons uutereste ellent Gaven wij de stadt op door hongers verbant Niet dat hij se in creegh met stormender hant. In this great need, in our uttermost misery, we gave up the city, forced by hunger, not that he took her by storm. The Army of Flanders was subsequently plagued by serious mutinies. Literature and film Some Dutch cities celebrate their victory over the Spanish with a yearly celebration of independence, such as Alkmaar since 8 October 1573 and Leiden since 2–3 October 1574. Haarlem did not win on 13 July 1573, however, and this has made independence celebrations somewhat problematic. The siege of Haarlem has been made into 3 plays; most notably by Juliana de Lannoy in 1770. The 2014 Dutch film Kenau depicts the siege, enhancing the legendary acts of the women defending the city. References Works cited General references Geschiedenis en beschrijving van Haarlem, van de vroegste tijden tot op onze dagen, F. Allan, J. J. van Brederode, Haarlem 1874 Deugd boven geweld: een geschiedenis van Haarlem, 1245-1995, G.F. van der Ree-Scholtens (red), Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum 1995 () External links Haarlem Shuffle - The Siege of Haarlem History of Haarlem Sieges of the Eighty Years' War Sieges involving England Sieges involving Spain Battles in North Holland 1572 in Europe 1573 in Europe Conflicts in 1572 Conflicts in 1573 1572 in the Habsburg Netherlands 1573 in the Habsburg Netherlands Massacres in the Netherlands