of the three-self principles among those of Korean descent beginning from 1874. John Livingstone Nevius (1829–1893) served as a Presbyterian missionary to the Shandong province in China and later in Korea in the late 1800s. After questioning the methods of western missionaries of his time, he wrote a book published in 1886, The Planting and Development of Missionary Churches, which called for discarding old-style missions and the adoption of his new plan to foster independent, self-supporting local churches. He criticized the missionaries' practice of paying national workers out of mission funds, believing the healthy local church should be able to support its own local workers. Hudson Taylor (1832–1905) was a Protestant missionary from England to China and founder of the China Inland Mission. He became disillusioned with other Protestant missionaries in China that lived in compounds and employed indigenous people as servants. Taylor subsequently learned local dialects, adopted local dress, and went up and down rivers in China preaching. He sought to distance himself from any paternal organizations or denominations in favour of "faith missions" which relied on the support of nationals and individuals. He also sought to train indigenous leaders to lead churches and mission stations in China, rather than have them run by foreigners. Dixon Edward Hoste (1861–1946) succeeded Hudson Taylor as director of the China Inland Mission. Hoste is credited with making the Chinese churches apply the three-self principle of self-government, self-support, and self-propagation. This threefold motto was later adopted by the Three-Self Patriotic Movement after missionaries were expelled from China. Twentieth century Roland Allen (1868–1947) also attempted to apply indigenous church principles to the missions of his day. After serving as an Anglican missionary in China from 1895 to 1903, he returned to England and spent 40 years writing about missions principles. Two of his books, Missionary Methods: St. Paul's or Ours? (1912) and The Spontaneous Expansion of the Church: And Causes that Hinder It, are still in print. Alice Luce (1873–1955), first an Anglican missionary in India, and subsequently an Assemblies of God missionary among Hispanics along the US–Mexico border, was influenced by Allen's theory of missions and in 1921 she wrote a series of articles, "Paul's Missionary Methods", for the Pentecostal Evangel. Due to her advocacy, indigenous church principles became normative for Assemblies of God missions during the early part of the 20th century. Nicolás Zamora (1875–1914) founded on 28 February 1909 the first