others it is not approved as an anti-obesity medication. Metformin limits the amount of glucose that is produced by the liver as well as increases muscle consumption of glucose. It also helps in increasing the body's response to insulin. Tesofensine (NS2330) is a serotonin–noradrenaline–dopamine reuptake inhibitor from the phenyltropane family of medications, which as of 2009, was being developed for the treatment of obesity. Tesofensine was originally developed by a Danish biotechnology company, NeuroSearch, who transferred the rights to Saniona in 2014. Tesofensine has been evaluated in Phase 1 and Phase 2 human clinical studies with the aim of investigating treatment potential with regards to obesity. Amylin/pramlinatide Pramlintide, originally developed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals, now owned by AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, is an injectable analogue of amylin (secreted by the Beta cells of the pancreas in a fixed ratio when insulin is released and activated) an approved for treating diabetes type 1 and 2. It is in testing for treating obesity in non-diabetics. Nutraceuticals, herbal and alternative medicine Dietary supplements, foodstuffs, or programs for weight loss are heavily promoted through advertisements in print, on television, and on the internet. The US Food and Drug Administration recommends caution with use of these products, since many of the claims of safety and effectiveness are unsubstantiated, and many of the studies purporting to demonstrate their effectiveness are funded by the manufactures and suffer a high degree of bias. Individuals with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, and some athletes, try to control body weight with diet pills, laxatives, or diuretic medications, although the latter two generally have no impact on body fat and only cause short-lived weight-loss through dehydration. Both diuretics and laxatives can cause electrolyte abnormalities which may cause cognitive, heart, and muscle problems, and can be fatal. Canadian clinical practice 2006 guidelines state that there is insufficient evidence to recommend in favor of or against using herbal medicine, dietary supplements or homeopathy against obesity. Some botanical supplements include high dosages of compounds found in plants with stimulant effects including yohimbine and higenamine. Quality control Many products marketed as botanical weight loss supplements actually contain unapproved stimulants including analogues of amphetamine, methamphetamine and ephedra. Caffeine, coffeine and green tea Caffeine, coffeine and green tea can suppress appetite and decrease caloric intake (food consumption). It can also cause beneficial changes in fat metabolism. According to a review, habitual intake of 3 to 4 cups of coffee appears