a derivative of a normal hexene. This also solved the structure of mannitol, which was unknown until then. Controversy The three studies that initially found that high-dose mannitol was effective in cases of severe head injury were the subject of an investigation published in 2007. Although several authors are listed with Dr. Julio Cruz, it is unclear whether the authors had knowledge of how the patients were recruited. Further, the Federal University of São Paulo, which Cruz gave as his affiliation, has never employed him. As a result of doubt surrounding Cruz's work, an updated version of the Cochrane review excludes all studies by Julio Cruz, leaving only four studies. Due to differences in selection of control groups, a conclusion about the clinical use of mannitol could not be reached. Compendial status British Pharmacopoeia Japanese Pharmacopoeia United States Pharmacopeia See also -mannitol oxidase E number Mannitol dehydrogenase Mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome) Mannitol-1-phosphatase Mannitol 2-dehydrogenase Mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP+) Mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase References External links E-number additives Excipients Glycerols Nephrotoxins Osmotic diuretics Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate Sugar alcohols Sugar substitutes World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances World Health Organization essential medicines