were converted into Class 171s for their new operator Southern. As a result of the electrification of the Edinburgh to Glasgow Queen Street line in 2018 and the conversion of ScotRail Express services to Aberdeen and Inverness to HSTs in 20182019, the Class 170s are being displaced from ScotRail Express routes. Additionally, electrification of most of the Glasgow Queen Street (High Level) commuter lines and of the Edinburgh to Dunblane route will see Class 170s displaced from these services once the Class 385 EMU fleet is fully operational. Some of the surplus Class 170s will be cascaded to other Abellio ScotRail services replacing older Class 156 and 158 units, but 16 units were transferred to Arriva Rail North (170453–170461 and 170472–170478). The first four of these units moved to Northern in March 2018, followed by a further four in August 2018. Northern Trains Arriva Rail North began operating the Class 170 in 2018, with a total of 16 three-car units due from Abellio ScotRail by the end of the year. All 16 units had transferred to Northern by January 2019, and can now be seen operating services between Sheffield and Scarborough via Hull and have diagrams around the Harrogate Loop. The units are maintained at Neville Hill TMD and Botanic Gardens TMD as well as light maintenance at Sheffield. On 1 March 2020, these units transferred to new operator Northern Trains. East Midlands Railway From 23 March 2020, East Midlands Railway received its first two Class 170 units in the form of three-car 170416 and 170417, when they moved from Abellio ScotRail. The former was seen in EMR livery on 30 April 2020. In June 2020, unit 170416 began operating driver training runs between Leicester and Newark Castle. Unit 170417, named The Key Worker, was the first unit to enter service, doing so on 2 November 2020 on the Robin Hood line, as part of EMR’s soft launch of the class. Alongside units 170418–170420 (also from ScotRail), EMR plans to become the largest operator of the Class 170, with a further 23 units due from West Midlands Trains and 12 from Transport for Wales Rail. The 170s will replace units of classes 153, 156 and 158. In September 2022, three Class 171s, having been reformed to three-car formations and renumbered to 170422–170424, transferred from Southern to East Midlands Railway. They were then renumbered to 170/9s before entering service in order