designer of the Serge modular synthesizers, discussed his early experiments in the 1950s, with the transistor radio, in which he found sensitive circuit points in those simple electronic devices and brought them out to "body contacts" on the plastic chassis. Prior to Mark's and Reed's experiments other pioneers also explored the body-contact idea, one of the earliest being Thaddeus Cahill (1897) whose telharmonium, it is reported, was also touch-sensitive. Since 1984, Swiss duo Voice Crack created music by manipulating common electronic devices in a practice they termed "cracked everyday electronics". See also Atari Punk Console Chiptunes Data bending Electronic art music Glitch (music) Glitching Kraakdoos (CrackleBox) MIDIbox MOS Technology SID Music Tech Fest NIME No-Fi Noise music List of music software References Further reading External links oddmusic.com's circuit bending section - Gallery of some of Reed Ghazala's work, facts, history, tutorial, benders guide, tools of the trade and more Q. R. Ghazala's How-To Ghazala's official website tutorial GetLoFi a circuit bending blog with a lot of circuit bending tips and resources Interview on Circuit Bending with Igor Amokian Part I Electronics and society Electronic musical instruments DIY culture Underground culture