of the runaways withdrew into the surrounding forests, where they remained at large. One of Guillermo's deputies, Ubaldo the Englishman, whose christened name was Jose Eduardo de la Luz Perera, was initially born a slave in London, sold to a ship captain, and took a number of trips before eventually being granted his freedom. He was one of a number of free black people who joined the community of Ocoyta. In 1772, he was captured by the Spanish authorities. There were many cumbes in the interior of what later became Venezuela. In 1810, when the War of Independence began, many members of these cumbes fought on the side of the rebels, and abandoned their villages. See also Slave catcher Slave rebellion Afro-Latin American: Latin Americans of significant or mainly African ancestry. Black Seminoles: Indians associated with the Seminole people in Florida and Oklahoma. Bushinengues: in French Guiana, meaning people of the forest, descendants of slaves who escaped enslavement and established independent communities in the forest. Gaspar Yanga: an African known for being the leader of a maroon colony of slaves in New Spain. Saramaka: one of six Maroon peoples in the Republic of Suriname and one of the Maroon peoples in French Guiana. Jamaican Maroons: one of the few countries where Maroon communities still exist. Quilombo a 1985 film about Quilombo dos Palmares, a fugitive community of escaped slaves and others, in colonial Brazil. References Sources Literature History of the Maroons Russell Banks (1980), The Book of Jamaica. Campbell, Mavis Christine (1988), The Maroons of Jamaica, 1655–1796: a history of resistance, collaboration & betrayal, Granby, Mass.: Bergin & Garvey. Corzo, Gabino La Rosa (2003), Runaway Slave Settlements in Cuba: Resistance and Repression (translated by Mary Todd), Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Dallas, R. C. The History of the Maroons, from Their Origin to the Establishment of Their Chief Tribe at Sierra Leone. 2 vols. London: Longman. 1803. De Granada, Germán (1970), Cimarronismo, palenques y Hablas "Criollas" en Hispanoamérica Instituto Caro y Cuero, Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia, OCLC 37821053 (in Spanish) Diouf, Sylviane A. (2014), Slavery's Exiles: The Story of the American Maroons, New York: NYU Press, Honychurch, Lennox (1995), The Dominica Story, London: Macmillan. (Includes extensive chapters on the Maroons of Dominica) Hoogbergen, Wim S. M. Brill (1997), The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname, Academic Publishers. Learning, Hugo Prosper (1995), Hidden Americans: Maroons of Virginia and the