playing instructions. The confusion was mainly due to the similarity of names (in Moray, Scotland, the game of Warning! was primarily known by the name of Johnny Rover). Parallels, on the other hand, exist with Bar the Door, a game that was described in 1901 by Robert Craig Maclagan in The Games & Diversions of Argyleshire. The missing link In the second half of the 1930s, the game rules started to change. A variation, representing the missing link between the original Red Rover and the team game, was published in 1945 in the United States by Neva Leona Boyd in the Handbook of Games. The game combines the rules of the traditional pastime, such as calling and tagging players individually by a catcher placed in the center of the playground, with those of the team game, which comes into being when the increasing number of players caught in the middle forms a chain by grasping each other's hand. The chain must be broken by the remaining players. These rules were very similar to those in the German game of Chinese Wall. Years before, in 1938, rules for Red Rover had already been adopted from Chinese Wall, e. g. the marking of a narrow field in the center of the playground, which the catcher is not allowed to leave. By the end of the decade, the transformation process of the game was fully completed. In March 1949, Warren E. Roberts of the Indiana University Folklore Institute explained that two versions of Red Rover exist. In his article Children's Games and Game Rhymes Roberts tried to delineate the particularities between the traditional Red Rover and the combat game of the same name and phrase. Since the beginning of the 1950s, Red Rover has been described primarily as a team game. It remained unclear why the playing rules had been modified over time. Red Rover as a team game Early descriptions Germany The later combat version of Red Rover is of German or Chinese origin. An early description of the game appeared in 1862 in the German education handbook Merkbüchlein für Turner (memorandum book for sportsmen) by Eduard Angerstein under the name Kettenreißen (literally chain breaking or chain bursting). Alternative names are Kettensprengen and Kettenbrechen. The same team game was described in 1884 – entitled Der König schickt Soldaten aus (the king sends out soldiers) – in the sixth edition of Spiele zur