(PHEV) to reduce petroleum consumption. One idea is to calculate and compensate all emissions on behalf of your drivers according to the Kyoto protocol, e.g. via reforestation schemes. The world's first certified carbon neutral carsharing service is Respiro carsharing in Madrid and is also done by Australian p2p car sharing platform Car Next Door. The most important technological innovation to affect the carsharing market is self-driving cars. It is expected that most self-driving vehicles won't be owned by individuals, but will rather be shared. Some companies, like Ernst & Young, have also started to use blockchain technology to record ownership, usage of shared vehicles and insurance information. In July 2018, Volkswagen announced its intention to launch an all-electric car-sharing service by 2019. In August 2018, the carsharing startup Getaround rose $300 million from Softbank. According to Moscow's authority, the number of carsharing journeys in the city averaged 30,000 a day between January and September 2018. Global development and comparison in urban regions Car-sharing is growing in urban regions as more people around the world adopt it. The world's top cities for car-sharing in 2018 were Tokyo (Japan) with 19.8K vehicles, Moscow (Russia) with 16.5K vehicles, Beijing (China) with 15.4K vehicles, Shanghai (China) with 13.9K vehicles, Guangzhou (China) with 4.2K vehicles. Types of carsharing Generally, carsharing programs fall into one of four sharing models: round-trip, one-way, peer-to-peer, or fractional. Round-trip carsharing Members begin and end their trip at the same location, often paying by the hour, mile, or both. One-way/free-floating carsharing One-way carsharing enables users to begin and end their trip at different locations through free floating zones or station-based models with designated parking locations. As of 2017, free-floating carsharing is available in 55 cities and 20 countries worldwide, with 40,000 vehicles and serving 5.6 million users, with Europe and North America representing the majority of the market. In Europe, free floating services took up more than 65 percent in carsharing membership. The service is expected to reach 14.3 million users with more than 100,000 vehicles by the end of 2022. By conventional companies In corporate car sharing, the company shares the vehicles and allows multiple employees (rather than just one) to make use of a company car, at times when they actually need it. The vehicles are made available from a corporate car sharing pool, and shared for a fixed or flexible period of time. One shared car could replace