Hong Hi was directly involved with). This comprehensive work contains 15 volumes with volumes 8 to 15 dedicated to the 24 patterns and containing descriptions of the pattern movements as well as pictures showing possible applications of some of the movements. There is also the book entitled "The Korean Art of Self Defense" (the 1999 edition, the latest used by ITF under Chang Ung), also known as the Condensed Encyclopedia, written by General Choi Hong Hi. This is a single condensed encyclopedia of approximately 770 pages with a section dedicated to the 24 original patterns. There are also three fundamental exercises, named Saju Jirugi (Four Direction Punch), Saju Makgi (Four Direction Block) and Saju Tulgi (Four Direction Thrust). Saju Jirugi and Saju Makgi are basic defence exercises taught to beginners of the martial art. Saju Tulgi is less well known and is generally taught to 2nd Kup students just prior to Hwa-Rang. Saju Tulgi is not presented in the Condensed Encyclopedia but is present in the 15 Volume Encyclopedia (see: Volume 10, page 122). The 24 Patterns in Taekwon-Do ITF are: The retired pattern in Taekwon-Do ITF is Kodang (고당) (39 Movements) Woo-Nam (우남) (42 Movements) Sparring The International Taekwon-Do Federation's sparring rules are similar to the WT's rules, but differ in several aspects. Hand attacks to the head are allowed. The scoring system (by ITF chaired by Prof. Ri Yong Son, based in Vienna) is: 1 point for punch to the head and body 2 point for kick to the body 3 point for kick to the head point for: Punch to the body or head 2 points for: Kick to the body 3 points for: Kick to the head points for: Mid-air kick (180°) directed to high section, Mid-air kick (360° or more) to mid-section 5 points for: Mid-air kick (360° or more) to high section The competition area is typically a 10×10 meter square in international championships. Circular rings are also used, although generally not under competitive circumstances. Competitors do not wear the hogu (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment, as well as head guards). This scoring system varies between the different ITF organisations. A continuous point system is utilized in ITF competition, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. Full-force blows are not allowed, and knockouts result in a disqualification of the attacker; although these rules