tres, claves, bongos, marímbula or botija, and maracas. The tres plays the typical Cuban ostinato figure known as guajeo. The rhythmic pattern of the following generic guajeo is used in many different songs. Note that the first measure consists of all offbeats. The figure can begin in the first measure, or the second measure, depending upon the structure of the song. Later on, the double bass replaced the marímbula and bongos and a trumpet were added, giving rise to sextetos and septetos. See also Music of Cuba Dance in Cuba References Bibliography Argeliers, Leon. "Notes toward a Panorama of Popular and Folk Music." Essays on Cuban Music: North American and Cuban Perspectives. Ed. Peter Manuel. Maryland: University Press of America, 1991. 1–23. Print. Benitez-Rojo, Antonio. "Music and Nation." Cuba: Idea of a Nation Displaced. Ed. Andrea O’Reilly Herrera. New York: State University of New York Press, 2007. 328–340. Print. Leymarie, Isabelle. Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz. New York, Continuum Publishing, 2002. Print. Loza, Steven. "Poncho Sanchez, Latin Jazz, and the Cuban Son: A Stylistic and Social Analysis." Situating Salsa. Ed. Lise Waxer. New York: Routledge, 2002. 201–215. Print. Manuel, Peter, with Kenneth Bilby and Michael Largey. Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae. 2nd edition. Temple University Press, 2006. . Moore, Robin. "Salsa and Socialism: Dance Music in Cuba, 1959–99." Situating Salsa. Ed. Lise Waxer. New York: Routledge, 2002. 51–74. Print. Moore, Robin. "Afrocubanismo and Son." The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Ed. Chomsky, Carr, and Smorkaloff. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004. 192–200. Print. Peñalosa, David. The Clave Matrix; Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins. Redway, CA: Bembe Inc., 2009. . Perna, Vincenzo. Timba: The Sound of the Cuban Crisis. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2005. Print. Rodríguez Ruidíaz, Armando: The origin of Cuban music. Myths and facts: https://www.academia.edu/8041795/The_origin_of_Cuban_music._Myths_and_Facts, p. 89 Thomas, Susan. "Cosmopolitan, International, Transnational: Locating Cuban Music." Cuba Transnational. Ed. Damian J. Fernandez. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005. 104–120. Print. External links Llopis, Frank. La música bailable cubana (in Spanish) Cuban son complex More about the traditional evolution of Cuban son Cuban styles of music