standard. East German Duden (Leipzig) In 1954, the first published Duden appeared in Mannheim, the western counterpart to the traditional Duden printing city of Leipzig. The first East German Duden appeared in Leipzig in 1951 but was largely ignored as illegitimate by West Germany. The printing continued in both Mannheim and Leipzig until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The differences between the two versions of Duden printed during this period appear in the number of entries (). As the printing of the two Dudens began, in 1954 and 1951, the number of included was roughly the same. As the split between the printers versions continued, the East German Duden slowly began diminishing the number of in its volume while the West German Duden printed in Mannheim increased the number of . The major differences between the two Dudens are seen in the lexical entries. The East German Duden included various loan words from Russian, particularly in the area of politics, such as and . Also new to the East German Duden were words stemming from Soviet agricultural and industrial organization and practices. Of note, there are a few semantic changes recorded in the East German Duden that evolved from contact with Russian. The East German Duden records the nominalization of German words by adding the suffix , borrowed from the Russian language suffix. Furthermore, additional words were recorded due to increasing the number of adverbs and adjectives negated with the prefix , such as ("un-serious") and ("un-concrete", "irreal"). The few lexical and semantic items recorded in the East German Duden migrated from because the printing press in Leipzig did not publish the multiple volume Duden which has become the current standard. Reform Duden On the cover of the Duden, 25th Edition, Volume 1, these words are printed in red letters: . This translates as: "The comprehensive standard reference based on the current official rules." The "current official rules" are the result of the German orthography reform of 1996. Volumes – The German Orthography (Spelling Dictionary) – The Dictionary of Style – The Pictorial Dictionary – The Grammar – The Dictionary of Foreign Words – The Pronouncing Dictionary – The Etymological Dictionary – The Synonym-Dictionary (Thesaurus) – Correct and Good German (Guide to usage) – The Meaning-Dictionary (Definitions) – Figures of Speech – Quotations and Sayings References Literature Betz, Werner. [Modified language of the world: semantics, politics and