has a Naval Hospital of Puerto Williams, the Martin Gusinde Anthropological Museum, the Guardiamarina Zañartu Airport and a university campus and it is a naval base of the Chilean Navy. Settlements of more than 1,000 inhabitants south of 45°S This is a list of all settlements south of the 45th parallel south with over 1,000 permanent inhabitants. Southernmost settlements outside Antarctica This list of settlements excludes research stations in Antarctica and its surrounding islands. The former Argentine base Corbeta Uruguay (59°28′ S) in South Sandwich Islands was the southernmost settlement outside Antarctica from 1976–1982. Settlements on the Antarctic continent There are many research stations in Antarctica, both permanent and summer only. Many of the stations are staffed all year. McMurdo Station is the largest with an average population of 1200. A total of 30 countries (as of October 2006), all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, operate seasonal (summer) or year-round research stations on the continent and on its surrounding islands. In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each austral summer to support specific one off projects. The full list is available at: Research stations in Antarctica. See also Extreme points of Earth List of southernmost items Northernmost cities and towns Northernmost settlements References Extreme points of Earth Geography of the Southern Ocean Geography of Antarctica Southernmost Bibliography L. Ivanov and N. Ivanova. Southernmost city. In: The World of Antarctica. Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 126-130.