in the course syllabus. Topic 1 – Learners and teachers, and the teaching and learning context Topic 1 has six syllabus content points: 1.1 Cultural, linguistic and education backgrounds 1.2 Motivations for learning English as an adult 1.3 Learning and teaching styles 1.4 Contexts for learning and teaching English 1.5 Varieties of English 1.6 Multilingualism and the role of first languages. Topic 1 is assessed through teaching practice (planning and teaching) and a written assignment focused on the learner and learning contexts: ‘Focus on the learner’. Topic 2 – Language analysis and awareness Topic 2 has seven syllabus content points: 2.1 Basic concepts and terminology used in English language teaching to discuss language form and use 2.2 Grammar – grammatical frameworks: rules and conventions relating to words, sentences paragraphs and texts 2.3 Lexis – word formation, meaning and use in context; 2.4 Phonology – the formation and description of English phonemes and the feature of connected speech 2.5 The practical significance of similarities and differences between languages 2.6 Reference materials for language awareness 2.7 Key strategies and approaches for developing learners’ language knowledge. Topic 2 is assessed through teaching practice (planning and teaching) and a written assignment focused on an aspect of the English language system: ‘Language related tasks’. Topic 3 – Language skills: reading, listening, speaking and writing Topic 3 has five syllabus content points: 3.1 Reading (basic concepts and terminology, purposes, decoding meaning and potential barriers); 3.2 Listening (basic concepts and terminology, purposes, features, potential barriers) 3.3 Speaking (basic concepts and terminology, features, language functions, paralinguistic features, phonemic systems) 3.4 Writing (basic concepts and terminology, sub-skills and features, stages of teaching writing, beginner literacy, English spelling and punctuation) 3.5 Teaching (key strategies and approaches for developing learners’ receptive and productive skills). Topic 3 is assessed through teaching practice (planning and teaching) and a written assignment focused on an aspect of language skills: ‘Language skills related tasks’ . Topic 4 – Planning and resources for different teaching contexts Topic 4 has five syllabus content points 4.1 Principles of planning for effective teaching of adult learners of English 4.2 Lesson planning for effective teaching of adult learners of English 4.3 Evaluation and lesson planning 4.4 The selection, adaption and evaluation of materials and resources in planning (including computer and other technology based resources) 4.5 Knowledge of commercially produced resources and non-published materials and classroom resources for teaching English to adults.