the death of Senator Morris Sheppard. Dies finished a distant fourth, losing to the sitting Governor, Pappy O'Daniel who narrowly beat Congressman Lyndon B. Johnson in Johnson's first run for the Senate. Dies was a critic of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, having found 280 salaried CIO organizers within its ranks funded by the Soviet-backed Communist Party of the USA. Dies retired from the House in 1944 (or 1945) after the CIO began a voter registration drive in his district and found a candidate to oppose him. Dies supported the anti-Roosevelt Texas Regulars in the 1944 presidential election. Dies was reelected to the House in 1952 in an at-large seat when Texas received another seat through reapportionment. In 1957, he ran for the Senate again in a special election to finish the term of Price Daniel, who left the Senate to become governor of Texas. Dies finished with 30 percent of the vote, second to Ralph Yarborough, who led with 38 percent. Republican Thad Hutcheson, a Houston lawyer, finished third with 23 percent. No runoff was then required in Texas special elections, though Dies and Hutcheson collectively held 53 percent of the vote. Yarborough hence took the Senate seat, which he held until January 3, 1971. Dies was a signatory to the 1956 Southern Manifesto that opposed the desegregation of public schools ordered by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education. Dies retired again from the House in January 1959, from 1953 to 1959, "he held no important positions." Dies returned to Texas to practice law. Death and legacy In 1920, Dies married Myrtle McAdams and had three sons: Robert, Jack, and Martin Jr., who became a Texas state senator and Secretary of State of Texas. Dies died November 14, 1972, of an apparent heart attack at the age of 72. See also List of George Washington University alumni List of presidents pro tempore of the Texas Senate List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee List of United States representatives from Texas List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 72nd Congress by seniority List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 74th Congress by seniority List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 75th Congress by seniority List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 76th Congress by seniority