Tbilisi. In the late 1860s he was in Afghanistan until he was expelled and returned to India. He went to Istanbul and was again expelled in 1871, when he proceeded to Cairo, where his circle of disciples was similar to Blavatsky's Brotherhood of Luxor. Afghani was forced to leave Egypt and settled in Hyderabad, India, in 1879, the year the Theosophical Society's founders arrived in Bombay. He then left India and spent a short time in Egypt before arriving in Paris in 1884. The following year he proceeded to London, and then on to Russia where he collaborated with Blavatsky's publisher, Mikhail Katkov. Works "Sayyid Jamāl-ad-Dīn al-Afghānī:", Continued the statement in the history of Afghans Egypt, original in Arabic: تتمة البيان في تاريخ الأفغان Tatimmat al-bayan fi tarikh al-Afghan, 1901 (Mesr, 1318 Islamic lunar year (calendar) Sayyid Jamāl-ad-Dīn al-Afghānī: Brochure about Naturalism or materialism, original in Dari language: رساله نیچریه (Ressalah e Natscheria) translator of Muhammad Abduh in Arabic. See also Tobacco Protest Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i Mustafa Sabri Notes . Some western academics point out that the term "Pan-Islamism" never existed before al-Afghani. The Arabic term Ummah, which is found in the Quran, however was historically used to denote the Muslim nation altogether, surpassing race, ethnicity etc. and this term has been used in a political sense by classical Islamic scholars e.g. such as al-Mawardi in Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, where he discusses the contract of Imamate of the Ummah, "prescribed to succeed Prophethood" in protection of the religion and of managing the affairs of the world. References Further reading Bashiri, Iraj, Bashiri Working Papers on Central Asia and Iran, 2000. External links Jamal-al-Din Afghani, a comprehensive article in Encyclopædia Iranica. Nahda 1838 births 1897 deaths Iranian activists Muslim activists People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution Iranian emigrants to the Ottoman Empire Hashemite people Iranian expatriates in Afghanistan Indian independence activists Iranian Muslim activists Egyptian Freemasons Iranian Freemasons Muslim socialists