of the quoted models suggest that computational and phenomenal events, at least at some point in the sequence of events, parallel each other in some way. The difficulty remains in identifying what that way might be. Merker's analysis suggests that either (1) both computational and phenomenal aspects of binding are determined by convergence of signals on neuronal dendritic trees, or (2) that our intuitive ideas about the need for "binding" in a "holding together" sense in both computational and phenomenal contexts are misconceived. We may be looking for something extra that is not needed. Merker, for instance, argues that the homotopic connectivity of sensory pathways does the necessary work. Cognitive Science and Binding In modern connectionism cognitive neuroarchitectures are developed (e.g. “Oscillatory Networks”, “Integrated Connectionist/Symbolic (ICS) Cognitive Architecture”, “Holographic Reduced Representations (HRRs)”, “Neural Engineering Framework (NEF)”) that solve the binding problem by means of integrative synchronization mechanisms (e.g. the (phase-)synchronized “Binding-by-synchrony (BBS)” mechanism) (1) in perceptual cognition ("low-level cognition"): This is the neurocognitive performance of how an object or event that is perceived (e.g., a visual object) is dynamically "bound together" from its properties (e.g., shape, contour, texture, color, direction of motion) as a mental representation, i.e., can be experienced in the mind as a unified "Gestalt" in terms of Gestalt psychology ("feature binding", feature linking"), (2) and in language cognition ("high-level cognition"): This is the neurocognitive performance of how a linguistic unit (e.g. a sentence) is generated by relating semantic concepts and syntactic roles to each other in a dynamic way so that one can generate systematic and compositional symbol structures and propositions that are experienced as complex mental representations in the mind ("variable binding"). See also Frame problem Hard problem of consciousness Philosophy of perception Symbol grounding Neural coding Artificial Intelligence Vertiginous question References Further reading Philosophy of mind Attention Cognition Cognitive science Memory Perception Unsolved problems in neuroscience