followed up on Mountcastle's discoveries in the somatic sensory cortex with their own studies in vision. A part of the discoveries that resulted in them winning the 1981 Nobel Prize was that there were cortical columns in vision as well, and that the neighboring columns were also related in function in terms of the orientation of lines that evoked the maximal discharge. Hubel and Wiesel followed up on their own studies with work demonstrating the impact of environmental changes on cortical organization, and the sum total of these works resulted in their Nobel Prize. Number of cortical columns There are about 200 million (2×108) cortical minicolumns in the human neocortex with up to about 110 neurons each, and with estimates of 21–26 billion (2.1×1010–2.6×1010) neurons in the neocortex. With 50 to 100 cortical minicolumns per cortical column a human would have 2–4 million (2×106–4×106) cortical columns. There may be more if the columns can overlap, as suggested by Tsunoda et al. Jeff Hawkings claims that there are only 150,000 columns in the human neocortex, based on research made by his company Numenta. There are claims that minicolumns may have as many as 400 principal cells, but it is not clear if that includes glia cells. Some contradicts the previous estimates, claiming the original research is too arbitrary. The authors propose a uniform neocortex, and chose a fixed width and length to calculate the cell numbers. Later research pointed out that the neocortex is indeed not uniform for other species, and studying nine primate species they found that “the number of neurons underneath 1 mm2 of the cerebral cortical surface … varies by three times across species." The neocortex is not uniform across species. The actual number of neurons within a single column is variable, and depends on the cerebral areas and thus the function of the column. See also Cortical minicolumn Ocular dominance column Predictive coding Radial unit hypothesis References External links The Blue Brain Project aims to simulate a cortical column On Intelligence—a popular science book about column function by Jeff Hawkins Summarizes what is known and corrects some misconceptions. Neural circuits