after a vowel is . Also, е has two values: word-initially and after a vowel, it is pronounced , but after a consonant, it is . is rare in Yaghnobi and is only in Tajik or Russian loans, the only example for is , a Russian loanword. Russian letters Ц ц, Щ щ, Ы ы and Ь ь, which can be used in Tajik loans from Russian, are not used in Yaghnobi. They are written as they are pronounced by the Yaghnobi speakers, not as they are written originally in Russian: aeroplane is in Russian, written in Tajik and pronounced in Russian and in Tajik. In Yaghnobi, it is written as and follows the Yaghnobi pronunciation or . The word concert is borrowed from Russian in the form ). Compare with Tajik . According to Sayfiddīn Mīrzozoda, the distinction between sounds and needs to be established. For , в is used, but for , another letter should be adopted. W w would be the best choice. For , Хw хw should be used. Mīrzozoda uses w in some texts, but it is inconsistent. In his later works (e. g. the textbook Йағнобӣ зивок from 2007), Mīrzozoda does not use the letters я, ю, and ё, replacing them by йа, йу, and йо. Phonology Yaghnobi includes 9 monophthongs (3 short, 6 long), 8 diphthongs, and 27 consonants. Vowels The diphthongs in Yaghnobi are . only appears in native words in the western dialects, eastern dialects have in its place, except in loanwords. The monophthongs have these allophonic variants: : : : : : : : : : was the result of compensatory lengthening (). In recent loans from Tajik and/or Uzbek can also appear, but its pronunciation usually merges to . is only recognised by some authorities. It seems that it is an allophone of , originating from historical stressed *ū, but historical *ō, changed in Yaghnobi to ū, remains unchanged. It seems that is unstable, and it is not recorded in all varieties of Yaghnobi. It is often realised as , as well as . By summary: *ū́ (under stress) > ū/ūy/uy/ʏ or ū, *ō > ū ( "goat"; , ). Before a nasal, can change to , e.g. "Tajikistan", "name". is considered as a long vowel, however before , its pronunciation is somewhat shorter, and is realised as a half-short (or even short) vowel. Etymologically, the "short" e before