Planctomycetota that are anammox-capable form the order Brocadiales. The cells of anammox bacteria are often coccoid with a diameter of about 0.8 μm, and are suggested to contain three compartments, each surrounded by a membrane. The outer membrane encloses the cell and the protoplasm and the innermost membrane surrounds the anammoxosome, the central structure of anammox bacteria. The anammoxosome membrane is largely composed of unusual ladderane-based lipids. Life history and reproduction Growth Planctomycetota species grow slowly, when compared to other bacteria, often forming rosette structures of 3-5 cells. The species P. limnophila is suggested to be relatively fast growing, with a doubling time of roughly 6-14 days. In contrast, some other Planctomycetota have doubling times of around 30 days. Their high abundance in many ecosystems is surprising, given their slow growth rates. Lifecycle Planctomycetota often perform a lifestyle switch between both a sessile stalked stage and a free-swimming stage. Members of the species P. limnophila perform a lifestyle switch that is often associated with cell division. The sessile mother cell produces a free-swimming daughter cell. The daughter cell must then attach to a surface before starting the cycle over again. However, not all of the Planctomycetota have a motile stage, and the lifestyle switch observed in many species may not be common among all Planctomycetota. Reproduction The current understanding of bacterial cell division is based on model organisms such as Escherichia coli. The dominant form of reproduction observed in almost all bacteria is cell division by binary fission, which involves the synthesis of both peptidoglycans and proteins known as FtsZ. In contrast, many bacteria in the Planctomycetota divide by budding. FtsZ proteins are suggested to be similar in structure to that of tubulin, the protein present in eukaryotes, and is essential for septal formation during cell division. The lack of FtsZ proteins is often lethal. Peptidoglycan also play a considerable role in cell division by binary fission. Planctomycetota is one of the only known phyla whose members lack FtsZ proteins. Bacteria in the Chlamydiales, also a member of the PVC superphylum, also lack FtsZ. Although bacteria in the Planctomycetota lack FtsZ, two distinct modes of cell division have been observed. Most Planctomycetota divide by binary fission, mainly species of the class Phycisphaerae. In contrast, species of the class Planctomycetia divide by budding. The mechanisms involved in budding have been described extensively for yeast cells. However, bacterial budding observed in Planctomycetota