developed. Virus isolation Samples For routine isolation of NDV from chickens, turkeys, and other birds, samples are obtained by swabbing the trachea and the cloaca. Cotton swabs can be used. The virus can also be isolated from the lungs, brain, spleen, liver, and kidneys. Handling Prior to shipping, samples should be stored at 4 °C (refrigerator). Samples must be shipped in a padded envelope or box. Samples may be sent by regular mail, but overnight is recommended. Prevention Any animals showing symptoms of Newcastle disease should be isolated immediately. New birds should also be vaccinated before being introduced to a flock. An inactivated viral vaccine is available, as well as various combination vaccines. A thermotolerant vaccine is available for controlling Newcastle disease in underdeveloped countries. Schiappacasse et al 2020 demonstrates successful, complete inactivation of the virus in a space using a nonthermal plasma generator. History of NDV in cancer research Though the oncolytic effect of NDV was documented already in the 1950s, later advances in research into using viruses in cancer therapy came with the advent of reverse genetics technologies. Later on it was Csatary LK and his colleagues to document anti-cancer effects in patients with brain gliomas. One of the main issues using NDV would be the host/patient immune response against the virus itself, which prior to the time of the reverse genetics technology, decreased the potential applicability of NDV as a cancer treatment. there had been several clinical studies into the use of NDV for cancer treatment, but the research quality was low and the outcomes inconclusive. References External links Current status of Newcastle disease worldwide at OIE. WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health Information Database Disease card Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK Newcastle Disease, Iowa State University, Center for Food Security and Public Health Newcastle Disease in Poultry, Merck Veterinary Manual Species Profile—Virulent Newcastle Disease, National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Exotic Newcastle Disease. Poultry diseases Animal viral diseases Biological weapons Virotherapy Biological anti-agriculture weapons