justice. In his writings, he states: These virtues, according to Philo, serve as guiding principles for a virtuous and fulfilling life. Roman philosophy The Roman philosopher and statesman Cicero (106–43 BC), like Plato, limits the list to four virtues: Cicero discusses these further in De Officiis (I, V and following). The Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius discusses these in Book V:12 of Meditations and views them as the "goods" that a person should identify in one's own mind, as opposed to "wealth or things which conduce to luxury or prestige". In the Bible The cardinal virtues are listed in the deuterocanonical book Wisdom of Solomon, which in 8:7 reads: They are also found in other non-canonical scriptures like 4 Maccabees 1:18–19, which relates: In the New Testament Wisdom, usually Sophia, rather than prudence, is discussed extensively in all parts of the New Testament. It is a major topic of 1 Corinthians 2, where the author discusses how divine teaching and power are greater than worldly wisdom. Justice (, ) is taught extensively in the gospels, where most translators give it as "righteousness". Plato's word for Fortitude () is not present in the New Testament, but the virtues of steadfastness (, ) and patient endurance (, ) are highly praised. Temperance (, ), usually translated "sobriety," is present in the New Testament, along with self-control (, ). In Christian tradition Catholic moral theology drew from both the Wisdom of Solomon and the Fourth Book of Maccabees in developing its thought on the virtues. Ambrose () used the expression "cardinal virtues": Augustine of Hippo, discussing the morals of the church, described them: In relation to the theological virtues The "cardinal" virtues are not the same as the three theological virtues: Faith, Hope, and Charity (Love), named in 1 Corinthians 13. Because of this reference, a group of seven attributes is sometimes listed by adding the four cardinal virtues (prudence, temperance, fortitude, justice) and three theological virtues (faith, hope, charity). Together, they compose what is known as the seven virtues. While the first four date back to Greek philosophers and were applicable to all people seeking to live moral lives, the theological virtues appear to be specific to Christians as written by Paul in the New Testament. Efforts to relate the cardinal and theological virtues differ. Augustine sees faith as coming under justice. Beginning with a wry comment about the moral mischief of pagan