patterns in which nerve fibers and neurons are woven together in the brain and spinal cord. From his early days a master of method, he saw at a glance the value of the new Golgi staining method for the investigation of the central nervous system. Kölliker contributed greatly to knowledge of the inner structure of the brain. In 1889, he reproduces the histological preparations of the father of neuroscience Ramón y Cajal and confirmed the theory of neuronism. Honors Kölliker was ennobled by prince regent Luitpold of Bavaria in 1897 and thus permitted to add the predicate "von" to his surname. He was made a member of the learned societies of many countries; in England, which he visited more than once, and where he became well known, the Royal Society made him a fellow in 1860, and in 1897 gave him its highest token of esteem, the Copley medal. A species of lizard, Hyalosaurus koellikeri, is named in his honor. Heterogenesis In 1864 Kölliker revived Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire's theory that evolution proceeds by large steps (saltationism), under the name of heterogenesis. Kölliker was a critic of Darwinism and rejected a universal common ancestor, instead he supported a theory of common descent along separate lines. According to Alexander Vucinich the non-Darwinian evolution theory of Kölliker tied "organic transformism to three general ideas, all contrary to Darwin's view: the multiple origin of living forms, the internal causes of variation, and "sudden leaps" (heterogenesis) in the evolutionary process." Kölliker claimed that heterogenesis functioned according to a general law of evolutionary progress, orthogenesis. Notes References Further reading External links 1817 births 1905 deaths Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Foreign Members of the Royal Society Histologists History of neuroscience Non-Darwinian evolution Recipients of the Copley Medal Swiss biologists Swiss neuroscientists 19th-century Swiss zoologists University of Bonn alumni