main elements of Jewish experience through the ages to be 'suffering and spiritual scholarship', while later Jewish scholarly works like Salo W. Baron's 1937 A Social and Religious History of the Jews, opposed the view of Jewish history as being 'all darkness and no light' and sought to restore balance, by writing a social history. Baron strove to integrate the religious dimension of Jewish history into a full picture of Jewish life and to integrate the history of Jews into the wider history of the eras and societies in which they lived. Baron brought very distinctive views to his scholarship. He inveighed against what he termed the "lachrymose conception of Jewish history," sometimes identified with Heinrich Graetz. In a 1975 interview Baron said: "Suffering is part of the destiny [of the Jews], but so is repeated joy as well as ultimate redemption." According to Arthur Hertzberg, Baron was writing social history, insisting that spiritual creativity and the political situation were all borne by a living society and its changing forms. Bibliography Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart: 11 vols. (History of the Jews; 11853–75), impr. and ext. ed., Leipzig: Leiner, 21900, reprint of the edition of last hand (1900): Berlin: arani, 1998, . Notes References Encyclopaedia Judaica (2007, 2nd ed.) entry on "Graetz, Heinrich," by Shmuel Ettinger and Marcus Pyka Bibliography: Rippner, in the third edition of the first volume of Graetz's Geschichte; I. Abrahams, "H. Graetz, the Jewish Historian," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 4 (Jan. 1892), pp. 165–203. Ph. Bloch, in the Index volume of the English translation of Graetz's work, History of the Jews Philadelphia, 1898; M. Wiener, Zur Würdigung des verfahrens G. . ., in Ben Chananja, 1863, Nos. 22, 23. S. W. Baron, History and Jewish Historians, 1964. Jeffrey C. Blutinger, Writing for the Masses: Heinrich Graetz, the Popularization of Jewish History, and the Reception of National Judaism. Ph.D. diss. (UCLA, 2003). Marcus Pyka, Jüdische Identität bei Heinrich Graetz (Göttingen 2008) (Jüdische Religion, Geschichte und Kultur (JRGK), 5). George Y. Kohler: Heinrich Graetz and the Kabbalah, in: Kabbalah - Journal for the Study of Jewish Mystical Texts, vol. 40, 2018, p. 107-130. External links Complete German text (all 11 volumes) of the History of the Jews, including a biography of Graetz Who Was Heinrich Graetz? by Dr. Henry Abramson 1817 births 1891 deaths 19th-century German male writers 19th-century German Jews