of ATP energy production, but rather an excessive rise in body temperature due to the heat produced during uncoupling. Accordingly, DNP overdose will cause fatal hyperthermia, with body temperature rising to as high as shortly before death. Case reports have shown that an acute administration of 10–20 milligrams per kilogram of body weight in humans can be lethal. The lowest published fatal ingested dose is 4.3 mg/kg. In the three separate publicly published medical management cases, a single dose of few tablets from an online retailer (tablet dose unknown) has proven fatal. The United Kingdom's Food Standards Agency identifies DNP as "an industrial chemical known to have serious short-term and long-term effects, which can be extremely dangerous to human health" and advises "consumers not to take any product containing DNP at any level. This chemical is not suitable for human consumption." Since February 2017 DNP has been included in Australia SUSMP Schedule 10, "Substances of such a danger to health as to warrant prohibition of sale, supply and use" From December 2018 DNP has been classified as an "illegal poisonous substance" in Russia. From 1st October 2023 DNP will be included in the United Kingdom Control of Explosives Precursors and Poisons Regulations 2023 as a regulated poison. Chemical hazards A dust explosion is possible with DNP in powder or granular form in the presence of air. DNP may explosively decompose when submitted to shock, friction or concussion, and may explode upon heating. DNP forms explosive salts with strong bases as well as ammonia, and emits toxic fumes of nitrogen dioxide when heated to decomposition. DNP's explosive strength is 81% that of TNT, based on the Trauzl lead block test. DNP was the cause of the 1916 Rainham Chemical Factory explosion which left 7 dead and 69 injured. DNP is listed on the Homeland Security Anti-Terrorism Chemicals of Interest list. Synthesis DNP is produced by hydrolysis of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Another route of DNP synthesis is by nitration of phenol with nitric acid. History and society DNP was widely used in explosive mixtures around the world. Examples include Shellite in the UK, Tridite in the US, Tridita in Spain, MDPC/DD in France, MABT/MBT in Italy, and DNP in the Soviet Union. During World War I, 36 munition factory workers in France and 27 in the US lost their lives through DNP poisoning. 2,4-dinitrophenol was widely used by Red Army soldiers to make them