to games where draws are frequent. In chess, each fixture in a single-elimination tournament must be played over multiple matches, because draws are common, and because white has an advantage over black. In association football, games ending in a draw may be settled in extra time and eventually by a penalty shootout or by replaying the fixture. Another perceived disadvantage is that most competitors are eliminated after relatively few games. Variations such as the double-elimination tournament allow competitors a single loss while remaining eligible for overall victory. However, losing one game requires the competitor to win more games in order to win the tournament. In a random knockout tournament (single-elimination without any seeding), awarding the second place to the loser of the final is unjustified: any of the competitors knocked out by the tournament winner might have been the second strongest one, but they never got the chance to play against the losing finalist. In general, it is only fair to use a single-elimination tournament to determine first place. To fairly determine lower places requires some form of round-robin in which each player/team gets the opportunity to face every other player/team. Also, if the competitors' performance is variable, that is, it depends on a small, varying factor in addition to the actual strength of the competitors, then not only will it become less likely that the strongest competitor actually wins the tournament, in addition the seeding done by the tournament organizers will play a major part in deciding the winner. As a random factor is always present in a real-world competition, this might easily cause accusations of unfairness. Other tournament systems Variations of the single-elimination tournament include: Double-elimination tournament McIntyre system, a group of tournament formats that combine features of single- and double-elimination tournaments. Varieties of this system include: Page playoff system (four teams) Top five play-offs Top six play-offs McIntyre final eight system Super League play-offs, which formerly used a McIntyre final eight variant AFL final eight system, another variant of the McIntyre final eight, currently used by the Australian Football League Other common tournament types include: Round-robin tournament Swiss-system tournament References Tournament systems ja:トーナメント方式#勝ち残り式トーナメント