greatest impact of the Fenian raids was in the developing a sense of Canadian nationalism and leading the provinces into Confederation. This was seen as necessary for survival and self-defence; the raids showed Canadians that safety lay in unity and were an important factor in creating the modern nation-state of Canada. The Fenian raids caused an increased anti-American sentiments in Canada and the Maritimes because of the U.S. government's perceived tolerance of the Fenians when they were meeting openly and preparing for the raids. An estimated casualty figure for the Fenian Raids into Canada 1866, including deaths from disease while on service in both Canada West (Ontario) and Canada East (Quebec), was calculated by the Militia Department in 1868 as 31 dead and 103 wounded or struck by disease (including a female civilian accidentally shot by the militia.) Memory Several memorials were erected throughout Canada, commemorating those who volunteered with the Canadian militia fought during the raids. These monuments include the Canadian Volunteers Monument in Queen's Park, Toronto, and the Battle of Eccles Hill Monument in Frelighsburg, Quebec. In June 2006 Ontario's heritage agency dedicated a plaque at Ridgeway on the commemoration of the 140th anniversary of the battle. Many members of today's Canadian army regiment, The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, return to the Ridgeway battle site each year on the weekend closest to the June 2 anniversary for a bicycle tour of the battle sites. See also Fenian dynamite campaign Fenian Rising List of conflicts in Canada List of Irish uprisings List of wars involving Canada Notes References Further reading Beatty, Stephen. Fenian raid 1866 with Lieut.-Col. J. Stoughton Dennis at Fort Erie, June 2. c1910. (St. Catharines, Ont. : Star Journal). Brock University Library Digital Repository Cathaoir, Brendan Ó. "The Fenian raids on Canada: a postscript to Irish involvement in the American Civil War." Studia Hibernica 41 (2015): 109–132. online Cumberland, Barlow. The Fenian Raid of 1866 and Events on the Frontier Ottawa : Printed for the Royal Society of Canada, 1911. Brock University Library Digital Repository Dallsion, Robert L. Turning back the Fenians: New Brunswick's Last Colonial Campaign Goose Lane Edition. 2006. Fenian Brotherhood. National Congress. Proceedings of the National Congress of the Fenian Brotherhood, January 1866. Philadelphia : James Gibbons, Printers, 1863- . Brock University Library Digital Repository Groceman, Robert M. "Patriot War and the Fenian Raids: Case Studies in Border Security on the US