independent "affiliated colleges" (City College, Knox College, St Margaret's College, Salmond College and Selwyn College). Membership of a college is not obligatory for students, and only students in residence count as college members. The colleges manage admission to the college (but not the university) and provide academic tutorials to students. United Kingdom There are a number of British universities with colleges of different types. Some are listed bodies under the Education Reform Act 1988 legally recognised as "Institutions of a University", while others are not; colleges of the University of London are recognised bodies under the 1988 act that have the right to award degrees of the University of London and (in many cases) their own degrees. Some colleges are legally independent of their parent university, while others are not. Collegiate universities with centralised teaching and undergraduate teaching in colleges: University of Oxford (mostly independent colleges; listed bodies) University of Cambridge (independent colleges; listed bodies) Collegiate universities with centralised teaching and residential-only colleges: Durham University (mostly dependent colleges; listed bodies) (with the exception of in-college teaching for ordinands at Cranmer Hall theological college within St John's) University of York (dependent colleges; not listed bodies) University of Lancaster (dependent colleges; not listed bodies) University of Kent (dependent colleges; not listed bodies) Collegiate universities with centralised teaching carried out by the colleges: Roehampton University (dependent colleges; not listed bodies) Collegiate universities where all teaching is carried out in the colleges: University of London (independent colleges; recognised bodies) University of the Arts London (dependent colleges; not listed bodies) University of the Highlands and Islands (independent colleges; listed bodies) Unitary universities with centralised teaching and associated colleges that carry out their own teaching: Queen's University Belfast (two independent colleges; listed bodies) University of South Wales (two dependent colleges including one further education college delivering some higher education courses; listed bodies) University of Wales Trinity Saint David (two dependent further education colleges delivering some higher education courses; listed bodies) United States The US has a wide variety of systems. There are a number of universities with residential colleges, most of which are owned by the central university, which may be referred to as residential colleges or as houses. These do not normally participate in formal teaching, although there are exceptions to this. Most collegiate universities in the US were previously non-collegiate but have established residential colleges in the 20th or 21st century. There were around