women fylgja could also be considered a dís, a ghost or goddess that is attached to fate. Gabriel Turville-Petre cites multiple instances where an evil wizard or sorcerer's fylgja is a fox, because the image is sly and hiding something, or an enemy's fylgja is a wolf. In The Story of Howard the Halt , the character Atli has a dream about eighteen wolves running towards him with a vixen as their leader. As it turns out, the dream presages that Atli will be attacked by an army with a sorcerer at the front. Both Andy Orchard and Rudolf Simek note parallels between the concept of the female guardian hamingja—a personification of a family's or individual's fortune—and the fylgja. An example of such an occurrence would be in Gisli Surrson's Saga where the main character, Gisli, is visited by two beautiful women, one who is trying to bring good fortune and one that is trying to edge him towards violence. These two women could represent the women ancestors of Gisli's family ties, such as the ties between his wife Aud and his sister Thordis, relating to the idea of the Hamingja and Dís. See also Anima and animus Augoeides Daemon Dís Familiar spirit Fetch (folklore) Luonto Norns Totem Valkyrie Vörðr References Sources Kellog, Robert (Introduction); Smiley, Jane (Introduction) (2001) The Sagas of Icelanders (Penguin Group) Orchard, Andy (1997) Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend (Cassell) Simek, Rudolf translated by Angela Hall (2007) Dictionary of Northern Mythology. (D.S. Brewer) Pulsiano, Phillip (1993) Supernatural Beings in Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia (Taylor & Francis) Mundal, Else; translated by Hedin Brønner (1974) Fylgjemotiva i norrfin litteratur (Universitetsforlaget, Oslo) Further reading Turville-Petre, G. (1958) Dreams in Icelandic Traditions (Folklore Enterprises; pp. 93–11) Andrén, Anders; Jennbert, Kristina; Raudvere, Catharina (2006) Old Norse religion in long-term perspectives (Chicago: Nordic Academic Press; pp. 137–138) The Story of Howard the Halt (Icelandic Saga Database) Jochens, Jenny (1996) Old Norse Images of Women (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania) Connor Finn; The Secret of Snow. (Fictional novel involving fylgja) William Friesen, 'Fylgjur in Icelandic Saga', Scandinavian Studies, 87 (2015), 255-80, . Zuzana Stankovitsová, 'Following up on Female fylgjur: A Re-examination of the Concept of Female fylgjur in Old Icelandic Literature', in Paranormal Encounters in Iceland 1150-1400, ed. by Miriam Mayburd and Ármann Jakobsson (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020), pp. 245-62 (cf. Zuzana Stankovitsová, '“Eru þetta mannafylgjur”: A Re-Examination of fylgjurin Old Norse Literature'