Jewish religious position and bitterly accuses him of mistaking a number of poor reasons for one good one. He criticizes Gabirol for being repetitive, wrong-headed and unconvincing. Occasional traces of ibn Gabriol's thought are found in some of the Kabbalistic literature of the 13th century. Later references to ibn Gabirol, such as those of Elijah Chabillo, Isaac Abarbanel, Judah Abarbanel, Moses Almosnino, and Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, are based on an acquaintance with the scholastic philosophy, especially the works of Aquinas. The 13th-century a Jewish philosopher Berechiah ha-Nakdan drew upon Gabirol's works in his encyclopedic philosophical text Sefer Haḥibbur (, , lit. "The Book of Compilation"). Influence on Scholasticism For over six centuries, the Christian world regarded Fons Vitæ as the work of a Christian philosopher or Arabic Muslim philosopher, and it became a cornerstone and bone of contention in many theologically charged debates between Franciscans and Dominicans. The Aristotelian Dominicans led by St. Albertus Magnus and St. Thomas Aquinas opposed the teachings of Fons Vitæ; the Platonist Franciscans led by Duns Scotus supported its teachings, and led to its acceptance in Christian philosophy, influencing later philosophers such as the 16th-century Dominican friar Giordano Bruno. Other early supporters of Gabirol's philosophy include the following: Dominicus Gundissalinus, who translated the Fons Vitæ into Latin and incorporated its ideas into his own teaching. William of Auvergne, who refers to the work of Gabirol under the title Fons Sapientiæ. He speaks of Gabirol as a Christian and praises him as "unicus omnium philosophantium nobilissimus." Alexander of Hales and his disciple Bonaventura, who accept the teaching of Gabirol that spiritual substances consist of matter and form. William of Lamarre The main points at issue between Gabirol and Aquinas were as follows: the universality of matter, Aquinas holding that spiritual substances are immaterial; the plurality of forms in a physical entity, which Aquinas denied; the power of activity of physical beings, which Gabirol affirmed. Aquinas held that Gabirol made the mistake of transferring to real existence the theoretical combination of genus and species, and that he thus came to the erroneous conclusion that in reality all things are constituted of matter and form as genus and species respectively. Ethics The Improvement of the Moral Qualities The Improvement of the Moral Qualities, originally written in Arabic under the title Islah al-Khlaq (), and later translated by Ibn Tibbon as (, ) is an ethical treatise that has