hoisted in Macau but no longer hoisted in Hong Kong. Day signals are also used as signal symbols in both places. Japan The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is the government agency responsible for gathering and providing results for the public in Japan, that are obtained from data based on daily scientific observation and research into natural phenomena in the fields of meteorology, hydrology, seismology and volcanology, among other related scientific fields. Its headquarters is located in Tokyo. JMA is also designated one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers (RSMC) of the World Meteorological Organization. It has the responsibility for weather forecasting, tropical cyclone naming and distribution of warnings for tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific region. Philippines The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) releases tropical cyclone warnings in the form of Tropical Cyclone Wind Signals (TCWS, or "wind signals"). Within this warning system, an area having a wind signal may be under: TCWS #1 - Tropical cyclone winds of 39–61 km/h are prevailing or expected within the next 36 hours. TCWS #2 - Tropical cyclone winds of 62–88 km/h are prevailing or expected within the next 24 hours. TCWS #3 - Tropical cyclone winds of 89–117 km/h are prevailing or expected within the next 18 hours. TCWS #4 - Tropical cyclone winds of 118–184 km/h are prevailing or expected within 12 hours. TCWS #5 - Tropical cyclone winds of 185 km/h or greater are prevailing or expected within 12 hours. These wind signals are hoisted when an area (in the Philippines only) is about to be directly affected by tropical cyclone winds. Wind signals for specific areas can be escalated to higher signal levels (and the lead times shortened consequently) as a tropical cyclone gains strength and/or gets closer to the areas about to be affected. De-escalation and/or lifting of wind signals are implemented once a tropical cyclone weakens and/or gets farther away from the affected areas. The lead time is also only valid for the first issuance. South Pacific basin The Australian Bureau of Meteorology will issue a cyclone watch for a specified part of Australia, when a tropical cyclone is expected to cause gale-force winds in excess of within 24–48 hours and subsequently make landfall. A cyclone warning is subsequently issued for a specified part of Australia when a tropical cyclone, is expected to cause or is causing gale-force winds in excess of within 24