palisade structure, which Dubs believed referred to the testudo formation and a defensive tactic that was unique to the Romans. To date, no artifacts that might confirm a Roman presence, such as coins or weaponry, have been discovered in Zhelaizhai, and Dubs' theories have not been accepted by the vast majority of historians. Rob Gifford, commenting on the theory, described it as one of many "rural myths". Alfred Duggan used the possible fate of the Roman prisoners as the kernel of his novel Winter Quarters, which suggested that they were employed as frontier guards on the eastern border of the Parthian Empire. Notes References Sources Further reading A.D.H. Bivar, "The Campaign of Carrhae", in The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge University Press, 1983) vol. 3, pp. 48–56, limited preview online. Martin Sicker, "Carrhae", in The Pre-Islamic Middle East (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000), pp. 149–51 online. Philip Sidnell, Warhorse: Cavalry in Ancient Warfare (Continuum, 2006), pp. 237–42, detailed discussion of the battle from a cavalry perspective, limited preview online. External links The only two ancient records of the battle: Plutarch's Life of Crassus, 23–27 (Online) Cassius Dio's Roman History, 40:21–24 (Online) Other related sites: Battle of Carrhae at Livius.org Battle of Carrhae at HistoryNet Battle of Carrhae, 53 BC at Gates of Nineveh 1st century BC in Iran 1st century BC in the Roman Republic 1st century BC 1st-century BC battles Carrhae 53 BC Carrhae Carrhae Carrhae History of Şanlıurfa Province Harran