hypothesis. J. P. Mallory's 1989 In Search of the Indo-Europeans and 1997 Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture gives an overview of this. Purely linguistic research was bolstered by attempts to reconstruct the culture and mythology of the Proto-Indo-Europeans by scholars such as Georges Dumézil, as well as by archaeology (e. g. Marija Gimbutas, Colin Renfrew) and genetics (e. g. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza). These speculations about the realia of Proto-Indo-European culture are however not part of the field of comparative linguistics, but rather a sister-discipline. Criticism Marxists such as Bruce Lincoln (himself an Indo-Europeanist) have criticized aspects of Indo-European studies believed to be overly reactionary. In the 1980s, Georges Dumézil and Indo-European studies in general came under fire from historian Arnaldo Momigliano, who accused Indo-European studies of being created by fascists bent on combating "Judeo-Christian" society. Momigliano was himself a veteran member of the National Fascist Party, but was not open about this. Edgar C. Polomé, an Indo-Europeanist and co-editor of Mankind Quarterly, described Momigliano and Lincoln's criticism as "unfair and vicious", and connected criticism of Indo-European studies with Marxism and political correctness. More recently, the Swedish Marxist historian Stefan Arvidsson has followed up on Momigliano's criticism of Indo-European studies. Arvidsson considers Indo-European studies to be a pseudoscientific field, and has described Indo-European mythology as "the most sinister mythology of modern times". In his works, Arvidsson has sought to expose what he considers to be fascist political sympathies of Indo-Europeanists, and suggested that such an exposure may result in the abolition ("Ragnarök") of the concept of Indo-European mythology. List of Indo-European scholars (historical; see below for contemporary IE studies) Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829) Jakob Grimm (1785–1863) Rasmus Rask (1787–1832) Franz Bopp (1791–1867) August Friedrich Pott (1802–1887) Theodor Benfey (1809–1881) Hermann Grassmann (1809–1877) Otto von Böhtlingk (1815–1904) Rudolf von Raumer (1815–1876) Georg Curtius (1820–1885) August Schleicher (1821–1868) Max Müller (1823–1900) William Dwight Whitney (1827–1894) August Fick (1833–1916) August Leskien (1840–1916) Franz Kielhorn (1840–1908) Wilhelm Scherer (1841–1886) Berthold Delbrück (1842–1922) Vilhelm Thomsen (1842–1927) Johannes Schmidt (1843–1901) Ernst Windisch (1844–1918) K. A. Verner (1846–1896) Hermann Osthoff (1846–1909) Karl Brugmann (1849–1919) Hermann Möller (1850–1923) Jakob Wackernagel (1853–1938) Otto Schrader (1855–1919) Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) Wilhelm August Streitberg (1864–1925) Hermann Hirt (1865–1936) Antoine Meillet (1866–1936) Holger Pedersen (1867–1953) Alois Walde (1869–1924) Eduard Schwyzer (1874–1943) Ferdinand Sommer (1875–1962) Bedřich Hrozný (1879–1952) Franklin Edgerton (1885–1963) Julius Pokorny (1887–1970) Manu Leumann (1889–1977) Milan Budimir (1891–1975) Jerzy Kuryłowicz (1895–1978) Roman Jakobson (1896–1982)