of wings and genitalia; the wing pads become larger after each successive moult. Taxonomy and phylogeny The Gryllotalpidae are a monophyletic group in the order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets). Cladistic analysis of mole cricket morphology in 2015 identified six tribes, of which four were then new: Indioscaptorini (Scapteriscinae), Triamescaptorini, Gryllotalpellini and Neocurtillini (Gryllotalpinae), and two existing tribes, Scapteriscini and Gryllotalpini, are revised. The group name is derived straightforwardly from Latin gryllus, cricket, and talpa, mole. Within the extant subfamilies, genera include: Gryllotalpinae tribe Gryllotalpellini Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 (South America) Gryllotalpella tribe Gryllotalpini Leach, 1815 (World-wide) Gryllotalpa tribe Neocurtillini Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 (Americas) Leptocurtilla Neocurtilla tribe Triamescaptorini Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 (New Zealand) Triamescaptor tribe incertae sedis †genus Pterotriamescaptor †genus Burmagryllotalpa Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian Scapteriscinae tribe Indioscaptorini Cadena-Castañeda, 2015 (Indian Subcontinent) Indioscaptor tribe Scapteriscini Zeuner, 1939 (Americas) Scapteriscus Neoscapteriscus †subfamily Marchandiinae †Archaeogryllotalpoides Martins-Neto 1991 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian †Cratotetraspinus Martins-Neto 1997 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian †Marchandia Perrichot et al. 2002 Charentese amber, France, Cenomanian †Palaeoscapteriscops Martins-Neto 1991 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian Incertae sedis †Tresdigitus rectanguli Xu, Fang & Wang, 2020 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian Mole cricket fossils are rare. A stem group fossil, Cratotetraspinus, is known from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Two specimens of Marchandia magnifica in amber have been found in the Lower Cretaceous of Charente-Maritime in France. They are somewhat more abundant in the Tertiary amber of the Baltic and Dominican regions; impressions are found in Europe and the American Green River Formation. Convergent evolution Mole crickets are not closely related to the "pygmy mole crickets", the Tridactyloidea, which are in the grasshopper suborder Caelifera rather than the cricket suborder Ensifera. The two groups, and indeed their resemblance in form to the mammalian mole family Talpidae with their powerful front limbs, form an example of convergent evolution, both developing adaptations for burrowing. Behavior Adults of most species of mole cricket can fly powerfully, if not with agility, but males do so infrequently. The females typically take wing soon after sunset, and are attracted to areas where males are calling, which they do for about an hour after sunset. This may be to mate, or they may be influenced by the suitability of the habitat for egg-laying, as demonstrated by the number of males present and calling in the vicinity. Life cycle Mole crickets undergo incomplete metamorphosis; when nymphs hatch from eggs, they increasingly resemble the adult form as they grow