approved by the IAU in 1973. See also Coordinate system Gauss–Helmert model Geodesics on an ellipsoid Helmert's equation Helmert transformation (in geodesy) Helmert–Wolf blocking National survey Terrestrial gravity field References Works cited General references Walther Fischer "Helmert, Friedrich Robert" Dictionary of Scientific Biography volume 7, pp. 239–241, New York: Scribners 1973. O. B. Sheynin (1995). "Helmert's work in the theory of errors". Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 49, 73–104. Die Genauigkeit der Formel von Peters zur Berechnung des wahrscheinlichen Fehlers director Beobachtungen gleicher Genauigkeit, Astron. Nach., 88, (1876), 192–218 An extract from the paper is translated and annotated in H. A. David & A. W. F. Edwards (eds.) Annotated Readings in the History of Statistics, New York: Springer 2001. External links Royal Society citation 1908 (very succinct) There is an obituary at MNRAS 78 (1918) 256 There is a photograph of Helmert at Helmert on the Portraits of Statisticians page and three more at Helmert See also memorial stone The first edition of Helmert's textbook on least squares is available at the GDZ site Die Ausgleichsrechnung nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate (Adjustment Computations by the Method of Least Squares) A partial scan of Die mathematischen und physikalischen Theorieen der höheren Geodäsie (Part I) is available on the site Friedrich Robert Helmert (1841–1917) English translations (by the Aeronautical Chart and Information Center, St. Louis) of Parts I and II of Die mathematischen und physikalischen Theorieen der höheren Geodäsie are available at doi:10.5281/zenodo.32050 doi:10.5281/zenodo.32051 There is an account of Helmert's work on the theory of errors in section 10.6 of Oscar Sheynin Theory of Probability: A Historical Essay For eponymous terms in statistics see Earliest known uses of some of the words of mathematics: A for the Abbe–Helmert criterion and Earliest known uses of some of the words of mathematics: H for the Helmert transformation. 1843 births 1917 deaths German statisticians German geodesists People from the Kingdom of Saxony Leipzig University alumni Academic staff of RWTH Aachen University Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Foreign Members of the Royal Society