The early timeline of Nazism begins with its origins and continues until Hitler's rise to power. 19th century influences 1841: German economist Friedrich List publishes Das Nationale System der Politischen Ökonomie (National System of Political Economy), espousing settlement farming and agricultural expansion eastwards along with economic industrialization manipulated by the state, and the establishment of a German-dominated European economic sphere as part of the solution to Germany's economic woes (predecessor ideas to Nazi imperialism). 1856: French aristocrat and author Arthur de Gobineau publishes his An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races in which he divides the human species into three races, black, white, and yellow; arguing therein that racial distinctions form a clear and natural genetic barrier of sorts. Gobineau wrote that racial mixing would lead to chaos. While not an anti-Semite, his work is often characterized as philosemitic (since he wrote positively about the Jews), but it is still considered an early manifestation of scientific racism. Historian Joachim C. Fest, in his biography of Hitler, claims that Arthur de Gobineau's negative views on race mixing influenced Hitler and thereby, the ideology of Nazism. 1888: German jurist and international law reformer, Franz von Liszt argues that criminal characteristics are innate as opposed to being determined by a person's social environment and coins the term, Kriminalbiologie (Criminal Biology), a theory that would later influence Nazi anthropologists and racial hygiene proponents in their justification for sterilization and euthanasia. World War I 1914 28 July: World War I breaks out. 2 August: Adolf Hitler receives permission to enlist; joins the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment in Munich 30 October: Adolf Hitler is transferred to regimental staff as a runner. 1 November: Adolf Hitler is promoted to Gefreiter, the equivalent of a senior private or corporal. 1916 Eugenicist Madison Grant publishes, The Passing of the Great Race which promotes the genetic supremacy of the Nordic race while warning of its racial decline, a treatise quickly embraced by members of the German racial hygiene movement. 1917 September: Pan-Germanic Deutsche Vaterlandspartei (German Fatherland Party) emerges under the leadership of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and Wolfgang Kapp, the party's co-founders. The infamous “stab-in-the-back myth” used by right-wing organizations as a political platform allegedly originated with this party. 1918 March: Anton Drexler founded a branch of Freien Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden (Free Workers' Committee for a good Peace) league in Munich. 17 July: Adolf Hitler