function room. The former Manningham Methodist Church off Carlisle Road was converted into the Sangeet Cinema opening in 1970 which showed Asian films. The former church building was very large and also housed numerous Asian businesses. The Naz was a smaller cinema created at the rear of the building which was only used occasionally. The Sangeet closed in 1980, and a series of fires struck the building in the 1980s, after which the whole building was demolished. Deprivation Manningham was the location of the Manningham riot (June 1995) and the Bradford Riots (July 2001). In April 1994, The Independent newspaper reported that unemployment in Manningham stood at 40% (around four times the national average at the time), and that a large number of known drug users and alcoholics lived there. Geography The area usually termed "Manningham" tends to be that bordered by Manningham Lane to the east, Thornton Road (B6145) to the south-west, and Oak Lane to the north. However, this is historically inaccurate as it also encompasses places such as White Abbey, Black Abbey, or Longlands in addition to the historic Manningham. The use of those place names has persisted with the creation of administrative units such as the Manningham Ward. Streets Manningham Lane, part of the A650, stretches from Hamm Strasse to Lister Park (also known as Manningham Park) where it becomes Keighley Road. It is a busy road in terms of both traffic and commerce, lined with shops and businesses for practically its entire length. White Abbey Road - which becomes Whetley Hill at the junction with Whetley Lane and Carlisle Road - part of the B6144, is similarly active, with several large clothing outlets and jewellery shops. Lumb Lane, running parallel to and between Manningham Lane and White Abbey Road, is the home to many independent shops, mainly catering to the local South Asian community. There are also several pubs and South Asian restaurants. Recent actions by the Bradford Council and local community groups have helped in starting to improve the area. Districts White Abbey White Abbey is a historic district on the north-western edge of Bradford city centre. Its boundaries are roughly the equivalent of White Abbey Road to the west and south, Lumb Lane to the east and Carlisle Road to the north. Like many of the older districts of inner-city Bradford, White Abbey was once a vibrant and highly populated neighbourhood. Today the