criteria for the Internet Protocol (cf. IEN 111) Pournelle's iron law of bureaucracy: "In any bureaucracy, the people devoted to the benefit of the bureaucracy itself always get in control and those dedicated to the goals the bureaucracy is supposed to accomplish have less and less influence, and sometimes are eliminated entirely." Premack's principle: More probable behaviors will reinforce less probable behaviors. Named for David Premack (1925–2015) Price's law (Price's square root law) indicates that the square root of the number of all authors contribute half the publications in a given subject. Putt's law: Technology is dominated by two types of people: those who understand what they do not manage and those who manage what they do not understand. Putt's corollary: Every technical hierarchy, in time, develops a competence inversion. Pythagorean theorem fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle, that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the square of the other two sides added together. R–S Ramsey problem, the principle in economics that lower price elasticity of demand is optimally associated with greater markups or greater taxation. Raoult's law, in chemistry: that the vapor pressure of mixed liquids is dependent on the vapor pressures of the individual liquids and the molar fraction of each present in solution. Rayleigh–Jeans law: attempts to describe the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths from a black body at a given temperature through classical arguments. Named after John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh) and James Jeans. Reed's law: the utility of large networks, particularly social networks, can scale exponentially with the size of the network. Asserted by David P. Reed. Reilly's law of retail gravitation: People generally patronize the largest mall in the area. Rent's rule: In computing logic, the relationship between the number of external signal connections to a logic block (i.e., the number of "pins") with the number of logic gates in the logic block. Named for IBM employee E. F. Rent. Ribot's law: In amnesia, more recent memories are most affected. Ricco's law: In human vision, the product of contrast and area is a constant for small targets below the resolution limit. Roemer's law: A hospital bed built is a bed filled. Rosenthal effect, also known as the Pygmalion effect: Higher expectations lead to an increase in performance, or low expectations lead to a decrease in performance. Named after Robert Rosenthal. Rothbard's law: