and RI merge into Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL) 2003: The Segni Pact is re-organised as Pact of Liberal Democrats (PLD). 2007: DL is merged with the social-democratic Democrats of the Left (DS) to form the Democratic Party (PD). 2007: A group of DL splinters form the Liberal Democrats (LD). 2008: Liberals within the PD form Liberal PD, a liberal faction. 2009: A group of PD splinters form Alliance for Italy (ApI). 2012: Leading members of ApI form the Democratic Centre (CD). 2019: Liberal splinters from the PD form Action (Az) and Italy Alive (IV). 2020: Action joins forces with More Europe and the Italian Republican Party. 2022: Action and IV join forces. MRE, Italian Radicals and Volt join PD's Democratic and Progressive Italy alliance. Minor liberal, social-liberal and libertarian parties 2012: A group of intellectuals, led by Oscar Giannino, form the libertarian-oriented Act to Stop the Decline (FiD), originally "Stop the Decline". 2013: Civic Choice (SC) is launched as an electoral list in support of Mario Monti, the incumbent non-partisan Prime Minister, to contest the 2013 general election. The list includes members from Future Italy (IF), a liberal think tank, and is part of the With Monti for Italy coalition. After the election, SC becomes a full-fledged party, while FiD finds a new leader in Michele Boldrin. Splinters from FiD, led by Giannino, form the Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy (ALI). 2014: SC, FiD, ALI, CD, the PRI, the new PLI, The Liberals and other minor parties contest the 2014 European Parliament election within a list named European Choice, in support of the ALDE Party candidate for President of the European Commission, Guy Verhofstadt. 2015: Unique Italy (IU), including former members of IF, SC and the PdL, is formed. A splinter group from Lega Nord forms Act! (F!). Several SC's liberals join the PD. 2016: IU is dissolved. SC, which has suffered the split of the Civics and Innovators (CI), forms a federative pact with the ALA. 2018: Volt Italia (Volt) was formed. Liberal leaders Before 1861: Alessandro Manzoni, Carlo Cattaneo Historical Right / Liberal Conservatives: Massimo d'Azeglio, Camillo Benso di Cavour, Bettino Ricasoli, Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora, Luigi Federico Menabrea, Giovanni Lanza, Marco Minghetti, Antonio Starabba di Rudinì, Luigi Pelloux, Sidney Sonnino, Luigi Luzzatti Historical Left / Democrats: Urbano Rattazzi, Benedetto Cairoli, Agostino Depretis, Francesco Crispi, Giovanni Giolitti, Giuseppe Saracco, Alessandro Fortis Historical Radical Party: Agostino