instances of infection. The FDA banned this practice, as it promoted the development of fluoroquinolone-resistant populations. A major broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone used in humans is ciprofloxacin.Currently growing resistance of the Campylobacter to fluoroquinolones and macrolides is of a major concern. A different approach, propagated within the EU is that Campylobacter mitigating measures should be undertaken mainly at the primary production level. An update of potential control options was released by EFSA on 30 April 2020. Vaccination, feed, and water additives, discontinued thinning, employing few and well-trained staff, drinkers that allow standing water, addition of disinfectants to drinking water, hygienic anterooms, designated tools per broiler house were listed as most effective in mitigating the risk of Campylobacter in chicken thus reducing the risk of human campylobacteriosis. Prognosis Campylobacteriosis is usually self-limited without any mortality (assuming proper hydration is maintained). However, there are several possible complications. Epidemiology Campylobacter is one of the most common causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis. For instance, an estimated 2 million cases of Campylobacter enteritis occur annually in the U.S., accounting for 5–7% of cases of gastroenteritis. Furthermore, in the United Kingdom during 2000, Campylobacter jejuni was involved in 77.3% in all cases of laboratory confirmed foodborne illness. About 15 of every 100,000 people are diagnosed with campylobacteriosis every year, and with many cases going unreported, up to 0.5% of the general population may unknowingly harbor Campylobacter in their gut. Unfortunately, the true incidence of campylobacteriosis is unknown in most countries, especially developing countries. The reasons are among others underreporting, difficulties with diagnosis and differences in reporting systems in different countries. A large animal reservoir is present as well, with up to 100% of poultry, including chickens, turkeys, and waterfowl, having asymptomatic infections in their intestinal tracts. Infected chicken feces may contain up to 109 bacteria per 25 grams, and due to the animals' close proximity, the bacteria are rapidly spread to other chickens. This vastly exceeds the infectious dose of 1000–10,000 bacteria for humans. In January 2013, the UK's Food Standards Agency warned that two-thirds of all raw chicken bought from UK shops was contaminated with campylobacter, affecting an estimated half a million people annually and killing approximately 100. Outbreak In August–September 2016, 5,200 people fell ill with campylobacteriosis in Hastings, New Zealand after the local water supply in Havelock North tested positive for the pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Four deaths were suspected to be due to the outbreak.