language. Words with the digraph ei in German may in Esperanto have either ej (corresponding to the spelling) or aj (corresponding to the pronunciation). This pattern is not random, but reflects ei and ī in Old High German, a distinction preserved in Yiddish: hejmo 'home' (German Heim, Yiddish הײם hejm), fajfi 'whistle' (German pfeifen, Yiddish פֿײַפֿן fajfn). Zamenhof never admitted to a Yiddish influence in Esperanto, presumably to avoid arousing antisemitic prejudice. Many of the Latinate roots were given an Italianesque appearance, corresponding to the use of Italian as a model for Esperanto pronunciation, but in form are closer to French, such as ĉemizo 'shirt' (French chemise [ʃəmiz], Italian camicia [kamit͡ʃa]) and ĉevalo 'horse' (French cheval [ʃəval] , Italian cavallo [kavallo]). Since Zamenhof's day, a large amount of Latinate vocabulary has been added to the language. In 1987, Mattos calculated that 84% of basic vocabulary was Latinate, 14% Germanic, and 2% Slavic and Greek. Latin and Greek Only a few roots were taken directly from the classical languages: Latin: sed (but), tamen (however), post (after), kvankam (although), kvazaŭ (as though), dum (during), nek (nor), aŭ (or), hodiaŭ (today), abio (fir), ardeo (heron), iri (to go—though this form survives in the French future), prujno (frost), the adverbial suffix -e, and perhaps the inherent vowels of the past and present tenses, -i- and -a-. Many lexical affixes are common to several languages and thus may not have clear sources, but some such as -inda (worthy of), -ulo (a person), -um- (undefined), and -op- (a number together) may be Latin. Classical Greek: kaj (and, from καί kai), pri (about, from περί perí), the plural suffix -j, the accusative case suffix -n, the inceptive prefix ek-, the suffix -ido (offspring), and perhaps the jussive mood suffix -u (if not Hebrew). As in the examples of ardeo 'heron' and abio 'fir', the names of most plants and animals are based on their binomial nomenclature, and so many are Latin or Greek as well. Slavic and Lithuanian Surprisingly few roots appear to have come from other modern European languages, even those Zamenhof was most familiar with. What follows is a fairly comprehensive list of such roots that do not also occur in principal languages: Russian: (to flounder, from ), gladi (to iron, from гладить gladit'), kartavi (to pronounce a guttural R, from кapтaвить kartavit'), deĵori (to be on duty, from дежурить dezhyrit'), kolbaso (a sausage, from