Siemens MS41.0 DME with a Lucas 10AS alarm in place of the Drive Away Protection system (EWS) used on BMWs. To compensate for lower torque output in the low range of the power band compared to the V8 and diesel engines, engineers fitted the 2.8i with a 1.667:1 gear ratio LT230 transfer box. This allowed power to be more readily available and made the vehicle particularly well suited for traversing a wide range of difficult terrain such as sand dunes. The high gear ratio also helped the 2.8i sprint from 0–100 km/h in 9.3 seconds, making it the fastest production Defender ever made. To make the vehicle ready for production, prototypes were subjected to extensive testing. According to Land Rover South Africa, "The development of the Defender 2.8 i engine included high speed testing, off roading, wading, high impact durability, trailer towing, hot and cold climate testing, high altitude and sea level tests as well as intensive component testing, both in South Africa and in the United Kingdom. No less than six vehicles underwent more than 500 000 km [sic] of on and off road testing." The new BMW M52 Defender performed better than the V8 Defender it replaced in nearly every test. The first Defender 2.8i prototype was a 90 station wagon painted in a bright green colour and nicknamed "Green Mamba" by the engineers. Land Rover UK also sent three North American specification 1995 Defender 90 soft top models to South Africa to receive the BMW M52 engine in place of the 3.9-litre V8 for development purposes. One of those remained in South Africa and the other two were sent back to the UK for additional tests. There were some major changes made to the 2.8i for the 2000 model year. It received a variety of updates including new instrumentation with new gauges with improved illumination and switches, an updated chassis, and new electrical systems similar to the Td5. It also received an updated cooling system with an aluminium radiator to help solve overheating issues experienced with the older brass radiator, and an updated fuel system consisting of nylon fuel lines in favour of steel lines that have a tendency to rust, as well as a new fuel tank, pump, and filter with quick-connect fittings. BMW South Africa created wiring diagrams for the Defender 2.8i. The document splits diagrams into two categories as Pre MY99 and MY99. Pre