a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928) There may have been a Volapük influence as well, or the two languages may have shared a common influence from earlier languages. In Volapük, the vowels are present a-, future o-, past perfect i-, as well as imperfect ä- ; Esperanto retained a distinction between preterite -is and imperfect -es until 1887, the year the modern form of the language was published. Jespersen didn't parse all of the morphology. The ablaut for the five languages is as follows: {|class=wikitable ! !Faiguet (1765) !Rudelle (1858) !Volapük (1880) !Courtonne (1884) !Esperanto (1887) |- !present | -a | -a | -a- | -a- ! -a- |- !future | -y | -o | o- | -o- ! -o- |- !past/preterite | -i | -i | i- | (i) ! -i- |- !imperfect | -e | -e | | -e- ! old -e- |- !conditional | | -ju | | -u- ! -u- |- !subjunctive | | -u | | -ə- ! -u |} The infinitive suffix -i may derive from Latin deponent verbs, such as loqui (to speak). With elements like these that are only one or two letters long, it is difficult to know whether resemblances are due to the forms being related, or just coincidence. For example, it is speculated that the jussive -u is from the Hebrew imperative -û, but it could also be from the Greek [u] imperative of deponent verbs such as dekhou (receive!); or perhaps it was inspired by [u] being found in both Hebrew and Greek. Similarly, adverbial -e is found in Latin and Italian (bene) as well as in Russian (after a palatalized consonant); the participle bases -t- and -nt- are found in Latin, Italian, Greek, and German; and the pronominal base -i is found in Italian (-mi, -ti, -vi, -si, -gli for Esperanto mi, ci, vi, si, li) and English (me, we, he, she). There are other parallels with prior constructed languages, such as ili 'they', the numerals un du tri and the feminine suffix -in, which are identical to Jean Pirro's Universalglot of 1868, but it's difficult to tell if there is a connection or if