but succeeded in establishing a durable national style. By the end of the 16th century, artists such as Karel van Mander and Hendrik Goltzius collected in Haarlem in a brief but intense phase of Northern Mannerism that also spread to Flanders. References Bibliography Further reading Snyder, James. Northern Renaissance Art, 1985, Harry N. Abrams, Snyder, James, Introduction to The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 5, The Renaissance in the North, 1987, online External links . . . 17th century in Europe European art Renaissance art Cultural history of Europe