List of British Jews is a list of prominent Jews from the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. Although the first Jews may have arrived on the island of Great Britain with the Romans, it was not until the Norman Conquest of William the Conqueror in 1066 that organised Jewish communities first appeared in England. These existed until 1290 when the Jewish population of England was expelled by King Edward I of England. There was never a corresponding expulsion from Scotland. The eminent scholar David Daiches states in his autobiographical Two Worlds: A Scottish born Jewish Childhood that there are grounds for saying that Scotland is the only Immigrant country with no history of state persecution of Jews. Jews were re-admitted to England and Wales in 1656 by Oliver Cromwell. Slightly more than 200 years later, in 1858 they were emancipated, that is, accepted as full citizens. In the late 19th century, there was mass Jewish immigration to England from Russia due to Russian domestic policy. In the 1930s, the country accepted many refugees from Nazism. The Jewish population peaked at 450,000, but has since declined due to low birth-rate, intermarriage and emigration, mainly of the younger generation to Israel. According to the 2001 census, the current population is around 295,000, most of whom live in London. Academic figures Scientists See List of British Jewish scientists, which includes economists. Historians David Abulafia, professor of history, University of Cambridge Geoffrey Alderman, historian Richard David Barnett, museum curator and archaeologist Norman Cohn, historian Isaac Deutscher, historian Geoffrey Rudolph Elton, historian Samuel Finer Sir Moses I. Finley, historian and sociologist Sir Martin Gilbert, historian Martin Goodman Philip Guedalla, biographer Eric Hobsbawm, historian and Communist theoretician Jonathan Israel, historian Joseph Jacobs, editor of the Jewish Encyclopedia Lisa Jardine, historian Tony Judt, Director of the Erich Maria Remarque Institute at New York University Elie Kedourie, historian and political scientist Otto Kurz, historian Bernard Lewis, historian David Malcolm Lewis, professor of history, University of Oxford Hyam Maccoby, professor of history Sir Philip Magnus, 1st Baronet, educationalist and politician Sir Philip Magnus-Allcroft, 2nd Baronet, biographer Shula Marks, expert on African history Arnaldo Momigliano, professor of history, University College London Lewis Bernstein Namier, historian (converted to Anglicanism) Sir Francis Palgrave (born Cohen) (1768–1861), historian Ilan Pappé Israeli born New Historian, author of The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine and professor at The University of Exeter Sir Michael Postan, historian