final consonant clusters are common (e.g. asb "horse"). 1 Since many long vowels of Middle Persian did not survive, a number of homophones were created in New Persian. For example, šir and šer, meaning "milk" and "lion", respectively, are now both pronounced šir. In this case, the correct pronunciation has been preserved in Kurdish and Tajiki. Middle Persian cognates in other languages There is a number of Persian loanwords in English, many of which can be traced to Middle Persian. The lexicon of Classical Arabic also contains many borrowings from Middle Persian. In such borrowings Iranian consonants that sound foreign to Arabic, g, č, p, and ž, have been replaced by q/k, j, š, f/b, and s/z. The exact Arabic renderings of the suffixes -ik/-ig and -ak/-ag is often used to deduce the different periods of borrowing. The following is a parallel word list of cognates: Comparison of Middle Persian and Modern Persian names See also Avestan Old Persian New Persian Parthian language Persian language Persian language#History Middle Persian literature References Bibliography MacKenzie, D. N. 1986. A concise Pahlavi dictionary. London: OUP Maggi, Mauro and Paola Orsatti. 2018. From Old to New Persian. In: The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics. P. 7-52 Nyberg, H. S. (1964): A Manual of Pahlavi I – Texts, Alphabets, Index, Paradigms, Notes and an Introduction, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. 1997. On the Middle Persian Imperfect. In Syntaxe des Langues Indoiraniennes anciennes, ed. E. Pirart, AuOrSup 6 (Barcelona), 161–88. Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. 2007. Introduction to Pahlavi. Cambridge, Mass. Skjærvø, Prods Oktor. 2009. Middle West Iranian. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages, 196–278. London & New York: Routledge. Sundermann, Werner. 1989. Mittelpersisch. In: Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Herausgegeben von Rudiger Schmidt. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. P. 138–165. Расторгуева, В. С. 1966. Среднеперсидский язык. Москва: Издательство "Наука" Расторгуева, В. С., Е. К. Молчанова. 1981. Среднеперсидский язык. In: Основы иранского языкознания, т. 2. Москва: Издательство "Наука". P. 6-146 External links Lessons in Pahlavi-Pazend by S.D.Bharuchī and E.S.D.Bharucha (1908) at the Internet Archive – Part 1 and 2 Middle Persian texts on TITUS Scholar Raham Asha's website, including many Middle Persian texts in original and translation An organization promoting the revival of Middle Persian as a literary and spoken language (contains a grammar and lessons) Introduction to Pahlavi by Prods Oktor Skjærvø (archived 2 November 2012) Pahlavica: An online dictionary of Zoroastrian Middle Persian History of the Persian