in the forward direction. High energy For high energy photons it is useful to distinguish between small and large angle scattering. For large angles, where , the scatter ratio is large and showing that the (large angle) differential cross section is inversely proportional to the photon energy. The differential cross section has a constant peak in the forward direction: independent of . From the large angle analysis it follows that this peak can only extend to about . The forward peak is thus confined to a small solid angle of approximately , and we may conclude that the total small angle cross section decreases with . Total cross section The differential cross section may be integrated to find the total cross section. In the low energy limit there is no energy dependence and we recover the Thomson cross section (~66.5 fm2): History The Klein–Nishina formula was derived in 1928 by Oskar Klein and Yoshio Nishina, and was one of the first results obtained from the study of quantum electrodynamics. Consideration of relativistic and quantum mechanical effects allowed development of an accurate equation for the scattering of radiation from a target electron. Before this derivation, the electron cross section had been classically derived by the British physicist and discoverer of the electron, J.J. Thomson. However, scattering experiments showed significant deviations from the results predicted by the Thomson cross section. Further scattering experiments agreed perfectly with the predictions of the Klein–Nishina formula. See also Synchrotron radiation Yoshio Nishina Oskar Klein References Further reading Quantum electrodynamics Scattering