incumbent government. They challenged contemporary ideas about literature and contributed significantly to the evolution of the language and idiom used by contemporaneous artists to express their feelings in literature and painting. This movement is characterized by expression of closeness to nature and sometimes by tenets of Gandhianism and Proudhonianism. Although it originated at Patna, Bihar and was initially based in Kolkata, it had participants spread over North Bengal, Tripura and Benares. According to Dr. Shankar Bhattacharya, Dean at Assam University, as well as Aryanil Mukherjee, editor of Kaurab Literary Periodical, the movement influenced Allen Ginsberg as much as it influenced American poetry through the Beat poets who visited Calcutta, Patna and Benares during the 1960–1970s. Arvind Krishna Mehrotra, now a professor and editor, was associated with the Hungry generation movement. Shakti Chattopadhyay, Saileswar Ghosh, Subhas Ghosh left the movement in 1964. More than 100 manifestos were issued during 1961–1965. Malay's poems have been published by Prof P. Lal from his Writers Workshop publication. Howard McCord published Malay Roy Choudhury's controversial poem Prachanda Boidyutik Chhutar i.e., "Stark Electric Jesus from Washington State University" in 1965. The poem has been translated into several languages of the world; into German by Carl Weissner, into Spanish by Margaret Randall, into Urdu by Ameeq Hanfee, into Assamese by Manik Dass, into Gujarati by Nalin Patel, into Hindi by Rajkamal Chaudhary, and into English by Howard McCord. In Italy (Turin) (Milan) (Turin) In the Netherlands Clandestine press in the Netherlands is related to the second World War, which ran from 10 May 1940 until 5 May 1945 in the Netherlands. See the list of 1300 Dutch illegal WW2 newspapers on Dutch Wikipedia See also on Dutch Wikipedia List of places of publication of Dutch illegal WW2 newspapers List of printers and publishers of Dutch illegal WW2 newspapers List of legally continued Dutch WW2 newspapers See also Alternative media Alternative media (U.S. political left) Alternative media (U.S. political right) Clandestine literature List of underground newspapers (by country and state) List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture News agency (alternative) , Italian alternative editor) Jeff Sharlet (Vietnam antiwar activist) , Italian underground activist) , (co-editor, Italian Re Nudo) Further reading Charnigo, Laurie. “Prisoners of Microfilm: Freeing Voices of Dissent in the Underground Newspaper Collection.” Progressive Librarian, no. 40 (2012): 41–90. Leamer, Lawrence. The Paper Revolutionaries. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1972. Lewes, James. Protest and Survive: