test's methodology - which consisted almost entirely in multiple-choice questions -, the institution quit the partnership and organized its own "vestibular", named "Concurso de Acesso aos Cursos de Graduação" (Undergraduate Courses Admission Exam). The test was solely based on open-ended responses, and its elaborate questions eventually led it to be considered one of Brazil's toughest and most demanding higher education admission exams. Since 2012, the university responded favorably to the utilization of the "Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio" (High School National Exam, or ENEM; a yearly nationwide exam managed by the Ministry of Education) for student admission. The exam's importance grew to the point that, in 2011, the UFRJ extinguished its "Concurso de Acesso" and made the ENEM its single admission exam; candidates' selection was delegated to the "Sistema de Seleção Unificada" (Unified Selection System, or SiSU; also under the Ministry of Education's rule). UFRJ quickly became one of the most coveted institutions in the system: as of the second semester of 2012, it received 103 829 applications, the highest of any other university in SiSU. The institution also adheres to affirmative action policies since 2010: currently, 30% of all vacancies are reserved by some form of affirmative action measure; the most common basis for selection under this system is through socioeconomic standards, favoring students with public schooling backgrounds and whose families earn less than one and a half minimum wage (R$1 086/month, or roughly US$15/day, as of January, 2014). Notable alumni Given its academic excellence, the UFRJ was home to some of the countries brightest minds in all fields of knowledge. What follows is a list of some of them: Anthropologists: Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, and Gilberto Velho Architect: Oscar Niemeyer Artists: Ary Barroso, Vinícius de Moraes, Mário Lago, Ângela Leal, and Ivan Lins Billionaires: André Esteves, Carlos Alberto Sicupira Chemist: Otto Gottlieb Doctors: Vital Brazil, Carlos Chagas, Osvaldo Cruz, Carlos Chagas Filho, Herman Lent, and Mauricio Rocha e Silva Economists: Carlos Lessa, Joaquim Levy, Jose A. Scheinkman, and Mário Henrique Simonsen Educator: Anísio Teixeira Engineers: Luiz Bevilacqua, Maurício Botelho, Fernando Lobo Carneiro, Mauricio Carrasco , Benjamin Constant, Heródoto Bento de Mello, Aïda Espinola, Maria das Graças Foster, Giulio Massarani, Tércio Pacitti e Paulo de Frontin, Francisco Pereira Passos, Luiz Pinguelli Rosa, and Belkis Valdman Entrepreneur: Maurício Botelho, and Fabio Coelho Historians: Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, Francisco Falcon, and José Honório Rodrigues Journalists: Fátima Bernardes, and Ali Kamel Mathematicians: