City rights are a feature of the medieval history of the Low Countries. A liege lord, usually a count, duke or similar member of the high nobility, granted to a town or village he owned certain town privileges that places without city rights did not have. In Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, a town, often proudly, calls itself a city if it obtained a complete package of city rights at some point in its history. Its current population is not relevant, so there are some very small cities. The smallest is Staverden in the Netherlands, with 40 inhabitants. In Belgium, Durbuy is the smallest city, whilst the smallest in Luxembourg is Vianden. Overview When forced by financial problems, feudal landlords offered for sale privileges to settlements from around 1000. The total package of these comprises town privileges. Such sales raised (non-recurrent) revenue for the feudal lords, in exchange for the loss of power. Over time, the landlords sold more and more privileges. This resulted in a shift of power within the counties and duchies in the Low Countries from the aristocracy to the bourgeoisie, starting in Flanders. Some of these cities even developed into city-states. The growing economic and military power concentrating in the cities led to a very powerful class of well-to-do merchants and traders. Common City rights Privileges Defensive walls (the right to erect a defence wall around an inhabited area) Market right (the right to hold markets and receive income from them) Staple right (the right to store and exclusively trade particular goods, often only granted to a few cities) Toll right (the right to charge tolls) Mint right (the right to mint city coinage) Taxation (the right to levy taxes) Weighing (the right to organize official weighing: cargo, livestock, produce, building material, trading goods etc.) Freedoms Personal freedom (citizens had a relative degree of personal freedom in comparison to citizens of rural areas: they were not subject to the liege lord and had freedom of mobility) – Hence the old saying "Stadslucht maakt vrij" ('City air makes free'). Governance Self-governance (Well-to-do citizens could sometimes elect local government officials) Judiciary and law-making (Within its boundaries the city could have a great degree of autonomy) Rights granted to the cities of present-day Belgium Grants of city rights, alphabetically. Rights granted to the cities of present-day Luxembourg Modern era Note several of the following were first granted city rights