ant nest. The butterfly must crawl out of the ant nest before it can expand its wings. Several evolutionary adaptations enable these associations, including small glands on the skin of the caterpillars called "pore cupola organs". Caterpillars of many species have a gland on the seventh abdominal segment that produces honeydew and is called the "dorsal nectary gland" (also called "Newcomer's gland"). An eversible organ called the "tentacular organ" is present on the eighth abdominal segment and this is cylindrical and topped with a ring of spikes and emits chemical signals which are believed to help in communicating with ants. Subfamilies Many taxonomists only include the Lycaeninae, Theclinae, Polyommatinae, Poritiinae, Miletinae, and Curetinae under the Lycaenidae. The Aphnaeinae, which used to be a tribe (Aphnaeini) within the Theclinae, were recently given subfamily rank too. Curetinae – sunbeams (Oriental or Palaearctic). Selected species: Curetis thetis – Indian sunbeam Miletinae – harvesters (mostly African, or Oriental, one Nearctic), probably all feed on aphids or their secretions. Selected species: Liphyra brassolis – moth butterfly (largest lycaenid) Poritiinae (Oriental and Afrotropical) Aphnaeinae (Afrotropical and Oriental) Theclinae – hairstreaks (usually tailed) and elfins (not tailed) (global). Selected species: Arhopala – oakblues Atlides halesus – great purple hairstreak Eumaeus atala – Atala Satyrium pruni – black hairstreak Lycaeninae – coppers (Holarctic). Selected species: Iophanus pyrrhias – Guatemalan copper Lycaena boldenarum – boulder copper Lycaena epixanthe – bog copper Lycaena rauparaha – Rauparaha's copper Lycaena dispar – large copper Lycaena phlaeas – small copper Lycaena heteronea – blue copper Polyommatinae – blues (global). Selected species: Celastrina ladon – spring azure Chilades – jewel blues Cupido comyntas – eastern tailed-blue Cupido minimus – small blue Cyaniris semiargus – mazarine blue Euphilotes battoides allyni – El Segundo blue Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana – Sand Mountain blue Glaucopsyche lygdamus – silvery blue Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis – Palos Verdes blue Glaucopsyche xerces (extinct) – Xerces blue Icaricia icarioides fenderi – Fender's blue Phengaris arion – large blue Polyommatus icarus – common blue Pseudozizeeria maha – pale grass blue Plebejus argus – silver-studded blue Talicada nyseus – red Pierrot Some older classifications used to include other subfamilies such as Liphyrinae (now Liphyrini, a tribe within Miletinae), Lipteninae (now Liptenini, a tribe within Poritiinae), or Riodininae (now a separate family: Riodinidae). The fossil genus Lithodryas is usually (but not unequivocally) placed here; Lithopsyche is sometimes placed here, but sometimes in the Riodininae. See also