of stress. The intensity of this stressor increases as an agent approaches the source of the stress. An example would be a fire or a dynamic object such as an assailant. It can be modeled by the following formula: where is the intensity of the positional stressor, is the position of the agent and is the position of the stressor. Alternatively, stressors that generate high stress over a large area (such as a fire) can be modeled using a Gaussian distribution with standard deviation : Interpersonal stressors are stressors as a result of crowding by nearby agents. It can be modeled by the following formula: where is the intensity of the interpersonal stressor, is the current number of neighbors within a unit space and is the preferred number of neighbors within a unit space for that particular agent. The perceived stress follows Steven's Law and is modeled by the formula: where is the perceived stress for a stress level , is a scale factor, and is an exponent depending on the stressor type. An agent's stress response can be found with the following formula: where is the stress response capped at a maximum value of and is the maximum rate at which an agent's stress response can change. Examples of notable crowd AI simulation can be seen in New Line Cinema's The Lord of the Rings films, where AI armies of thousands of characters battle each other. This crowd simulation was done using Weta Digital's Massive software. Sociology Crowd simulation can also refer to simulations based on group dynamics, crowd psychology, and even social etiquette. In this case, the focus is on the behavior of the crowd, not necessarily on the visual realism of the simulation. Crowds have been studied as a scientific interest since the end of the 19th century. A lot of research has focused on the collective social behavior of people at social gatherings, assemblies, protests, rebellions, concerts, sporting events and religious ceremonies. Gaining insight into natural human behavior under varying types of stressful situations will allow better models to be created which can be used to develop crowd controlling strategies, often in public safety planning. Emergency response teams such as policemen, the National Guard, military and even volunteers must undergo some type of crowd control training. Using researched principles of human behavior in crowds can give disaster training designers more elements to incorporate to create realistic