documents, the abbreviation used provides information on the lands targeted: or , meaning "imperial (Austria) – royal (Bohemia)", pertains to the Austrian Empire before 1867 and to the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918 , meaning "imperial (Austria) and royal (Hungary)", pertains to the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867–1918 Other uses The ubiquity of this phrase in all administrative matters made it a synonym for the Habsburg administration, sometimes referred to as the " monarchy" in Central European publications through the present. Other languages of the Habsburg Monarchy retained the German abbreviation or used it interchangeably with their own − in Croatian, or in Czech, in Hungarian, in Italian, or in Polish, often hyphenated () in Romanian, in Slovak, in Slovenian. The abbreviation gave rise to the noun Kakania (spelling out the letter K [kah] twice as well as reminiscent of in the Central European languages). It was intended to describe the Habsburg Monarchy as a state of mind, bureaucratic and with a highly stratified formal society. A discussion of Kakania became a highlight of the first volume of Robert Musil's novel The Man Without Qualities (1930). See also Purveyors to the Imperial and Royal Court of Austria-Hungary; The term was also applied to companies supplying the Royal Austrian court. Imperial-Royal () Hackle King-Emperor References Austria-Hungary German words and phrases