Humanism and Its Aspirations (subtitled Humanist Manifesto III, a successor to the Humanist Manifesto of 1933) is the most recent of the Humanist Manifestos, published in 2003 by the American Humanist Association (AHA). The newest one is much shorter, listing six primary beliefs, which echo themes from its predecessors: Knowledge of the world is derived by observation, experimentation, and rational analysis. (See empiricism.) Humans are an integral part of nature, the result of unguided evolutionary change. Ethical values are derived from human need and interest as tested by experience. (See ethical naturalism.) Life's fulfillment emerges from individual participation in the service of humane ideals. Humans are social by nature and find meaning in relationships. Working to benefit society maximizes individual happiness. It has been used as source material for secular and atheist ethics. Signatories The following academics and other prominent persons were signatories to the document, who signed the statement "We who sign Humanism and Its Aspirations declare ourselves in general agreement with its substance": Notable signatories Philip Appleman (poet and distinguished professor emeritus of English, Indiana University) Khoren Arisian (senior leader, New York Society for Ethical Culture) Bill Baird (reproductive rights pioneer) Frank Berger (pharmacologist, developer of anti-anxiety drugs) Howard Box (minister emeritus, Oak Ridge Unitarian Universalist Church, Tennessee) Lester R. Brown (founder and president, Earth Policy Institute) August E. Brunsman IV (executive director, Secular Student Alliance) Rob Buitenweg (vice president, International Humanist and Ethical Union) Vern Bullough (sexologist and former co-president of the International Humanist and Ethical Union) David Bumbaugh (professor, Meadville Lombard Theological School) Matthew Cherry (executive director, Institute for Humanist Studies) Joseph Chuman (visiting professor of religion, Columbia University, and leader, Ethical Culture Society of Bergen County, New Jersey) Curt Collier (leader, Riverdale-Yonkers Society for Ethical Culture, New York) Fred Cook (retired executive committee member, International Humanist and Ethical Union) Carl Coon (former U.S. Ambassador to Nepal) Richard Dawkins Charles Debrovner (president, NACH/The Humanist Institute) Arthur Dobrin (professor of humanities, Hofstra University and leader emeritus Ethical Humanist Society of Long Island, New York) Margaret Downey (president, Freethought Society of Greater Philadelphia) Sonja Eggerickx (vice president, Unie Vrijzinnige Verenigingen, Belgium, and vice president International Humanist and Ethical Union) Riane Eisler (president, Center for Partnership Studies) Albert Ellis (creator of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy and founder of the Albert Ellis Institute) Edward L. Ericson (leader emeritus, Ethical Culture) Roy P. Fairfield (co-founder, Union Graduate School) Antony Flew (philosopher)