are called formae substantiales or formae nativae; they are the essences of things, and in themselves have no relation to the accidents of things. Things are temporal, the ideas perpetual, God eternal. The pure form of existence, that by which God is God, must be distinguished from the three persons who are God by participation in this form. The form or essence is one, the persons or substances three. This distinction clearly goes against the church's tenet of divine simplicity. It was this distinction between Deitas or Divinitas and Deus that led to the condemnation of Gilbert's doctrine. References Further reading F.C. Copleston, A History of Medieval Philosophy (New York: Harper and Row, 1972). L.M. de Rijk, Semantics and metaphysics in Gilbert of Poitiers. A chapter of twelfth century Platonism Vivarium, 26, 1988, pp. 73–113 and 27, 1989, pp. 1–35 (Contains the English translation of some passages of the Commentaries on Boethius). T. Gross-Diaz, The Psalms Commentary of Gilbert of Poitiers, Leiden: Brill, 1996. E. Jeauneau, Rethinking The School of Chartres, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009. J. Jolivet and A. de Libera (eds.), Gilbert de Poitiers et ses contemporains, Naples, Bibliopolis, 1987. O. Lewry, The Liber sex principiourm, a supposedly Porretanean work. A study in ascription. In: Jean Jolivet, and Alain de Libera (eds. ), Gilbert de Poitiers et ses contemporains.Aux origines de la "Logica Modernorum"., Naples: Bibliopolis, 1987, pp. 251–278. J. Marenbon "Gilbert of Poitiers", J.J.E. Gracia and T.B. Noone (eds.), A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages, Malden MA: Blackwell, 2003. J. Marenbon, Early Medieval Philosophy, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983. A. Berthaud, Gilbert de la Porrée, évêque de Poitiers, et sa philosophie 1070–1154 (Poitiers, 1892). N.M. Häring, "The Case of Gilbert de la Porrée, Bishop of Poitiers, 1142–1154," Medieval Studies 13 (1951), pp. 1–40. External links Compendium logicae Porretanum Christopher J. Martin The Compendium Logicae Porretanum: A Survey of Philosophical Logic from the School of Gilbert of Poitiers Lauge Nielsen, On the Doctrine of Logic and Language of Gilbert Porreta and his Followers Scholastic philosophers Catholic philosophers Latin commentators on Aristotle 12th-century French writers Bishops of Poitiers 1154 deaths Year of birth uncertain 12th-century philosophers 12th-century French philosophers 12th-century Latin writers