Bertil Ohlin Bertil Ohlin (Sweden, 1899–1979) Some literature: Interregional and International Trade, 1933 Friedrich Hayek Friedrich Hayek (Austria/United Kingdom/United States/Germany, 1899–1992) In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law, with as little arbitrary intervention as possible. Also a Nobel Prize winner in economics and predicter of the Great Depression like fellow Austrian School economist and mentor Ludwig von Mises. Some literature: The Road to Serfdom, 1944 The Constitution of Liberty, 1960 Law, Legislation and Liberty, in three volumes, 1973, 1976 and 1979 Karl Popper Karl Raimund Popper (Austria/United Kingdom, 1902–1994) developed the idea of the open society, characterized by respect for a wide variety of opinions and behaviors and a preference for audacious but piecemeal political reform over either conservative stasis or revolutionary utopianism. In his view, all simplistic and grandiose theories of history and society shared a common feature he called historicism, which he traces back to Plato, while the open society mirrors the methodological fallibilism pioneered by Popper in his earlier works on philosophy of science. Some literature: The Open Society and Its Enemies, 1945 The Poverty of Historicism, 1961 Alan Paton Alan Paton (South Africa, 1903–1988) contributed with his book Cry, The beloved country to a clear anti-apartheid stand of South African liberalism. His party, the Liberal Party of South Africa was banned by the apartheid government. Some literature: Cry, The Beloved Country, 1948 Ah, but Your Land is Beautiful, 1983 Ayn Rand Ayn Rand (United States, 1905–1982) was a radical and influential moral and political philosopher. Her advocacy of strong self-interest in ethics was influenced, she claimed, by the thinkers Aristotle, Aquinas, and Locke. Her advocacy of pure laissez-faire capitalism was influenced by the classical liberal economists Mises and Hayek. Some literature: The Virtue of Selfishness, 1963 Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal, 1966 Raymond Aron Raymond Aron (France, 1905–1983) Some literature: Essais sur les libertés, 1965 Démocratie et totalitarisme, 1965 Donald Barkly Molteno Donald Barkly Molteno (South Africa, 1908–1972), known as Dilizintaba ("He who removes mountains"), was a constitutional lawyer and a parliamentarian but above all, an academic. His work on constitutional law centered on civil rights and his fierce opposition to the segregationalist policies of Apartheid. John Kenneth Galbraith John Kenneth Galbraith (Canadian-born economist who worked in the United States, 1908–2006) Some literature: The Affluent Society, 1958 The Liberal Hour, 1960 Isaiah Berlin Isaiah Berlin (Latvia/United Kingdom,