Bees and birds (particularly hummingbirds and hawaiian honeycreepers) are probably the most common pollinators of Campanulaceae. A few confirmed and many probable cases of bat-pollination are known, particularly in the genus Burmeistera. Brighamia and Hippobroma have pale or white flowers with a long-tubed corolla, and are pollinated by hawkmoths. Pollination by lizards has been reported for Musschia aurea and Nesocodon mauritianus. The ovary is usually inferior or, in some species, semi-inferior. Very rarely is it completely superior (e.g. Cyananthus). In Campanumoea javanica, calyx and corolla diverge from the ovary at different levels. Berries are a common fruit-type in Lobelioideae (Burmeistera, Clermontia, Centropogon, Cyanea etc.), whilst rare in Campanuloideae (Canarina being one of few examples). Capsules, with very varying modes of dehiscence, are otherwise the predominating fruit type in the family. Seeds are mostly small (<2 mm) and numerous. Subfamilies and genera The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website divides the family into five subfamilies. Campanuloideae Adenophora - Europe and Asia Asyneuma - S. Europe and Asia Azorina - Azores Berenice - Réunion Campanula - mostly N hemisphere Campanulastrum Small (may be included in Campanula) Canarina - Canary Islands and E Africa Codonopsis - E Asia Craterocapsa - South Africa Cryptocodon - C Asia Cyananthus - E Asia Cyclocodon Griff. ex Hook.f. & Thomson Cylindrocarpa - C Asia Echinocodon - China Edraianthus - SE Europe and W Asia Favratia Feer Feeria - Morocco Githopsis - W N America Gunillaea - Tropical Africa and Madagascar Hanabusaya - Korea Heterochaenia - Réunion Heterocodon - SW N America Himalacodon D.Y.Hong & Qiang Wang (may be included in Codonopsis) Homocodon - China Jasione - Europe and SW Asia Kericodon Cupido Legousia - Europe and N Africa Merciera - South Africa Michauxia - Middle East Microcodon - South Africa Muehlbergella Feer Musschia - Madeira Namacodon - SW Africa Nesocodon - Mauritius Ostrowskia - C Asia Pankycodon D.Y.Hong & X.T.Ma (may be included in Codonopsis) Peracarpa - SE Asia Petromarula - Crete Physoplexis - Alps Phyteuma - Europe and Asia Platycodon - E Asia Prismatocarpus - Southern Africa Pseudocodon D.Y.Hong & H.Sun (may be included in Codonopsis) Rhigiophyllum - South Africa Roella - South Africa Rotanthella Morin (may be included in Campanula) Sachokiella Kolak. Sergia - C Asia Siphocodon - South Africa Theilera - South Africa Theodorovia - C Asia Trachelium - SE Europe, Middle East and C Asia Treichelia - South Africa Triodanis - Americas and S Europe Wahlenbergia