of the early adapters to Islamic Modernism. In 1831, Tahtawi was part of the statewide effort to modernize the Egyptian infrastructure and education. Three of his published volumes were works of political and moral philosophy. They introduced his Egyptian audience to Enlightenment ideas such as secular authority and political rights and liberty; his ideas regarding how a modern civilized society ought to be and what constituted by extension a civilized or "good Egyptian"; and his ideas on public interest and public good. Tahtawi's work was the first effort in what became an Egyptian renaissance (nahda) that flourished in the years between 1860 and 1940. Works: A Paris Profile, written during Tahtawi's stay in France. The methodology of Egyptians minds with regard to the marvels of modern literature, published in 1869 crystallizing Tahtawi's opinions on modernization. The honest guide for education of girls and boys, published in 1873 and reflecting the main precepts of Tahtawi's educational thoughts. Tawfik al-Galil insights into Egypt's and Ismail descendants' history, the first part of the History Encyclopedia published in 1868 and tracing the history of ancient Egypt till the dawn of Islam. A thorough summary of the biography of Mohammed published after Tahtawi's death, recording a comprehensive account of the life of Prophet Mohammed and the political, legal and administrative foundations of the first Islamic state. Towards a simpler Arabic grammar, published in 1869. Grammatical sentences, published in 1863. Egyptian patriotic lyrics, written in praise of Khedive Said and published in 1855. The luminous stars in the moonlit nights of al-Aziz, a collection of congratulatory writings to some princes, published in 1872. Johan Rudolf Thorbecke The Dutch statesman Johan Rudolf Thorbecke (Netherlands, 1798–1872) was the main theorist of Dutch liberalism in the nineteenth century, outlining a more democratic alternative to the absolute monarchy, the constitutional monarchy. The constitution of 1848 was mainly his work. His main theoretical article specifically labeled as 'liberal' was 'Over het hedendaagsche staatsburgerschap' (On Modern Citizenship) from 1844. He became prime minister in 1849, thus starting numerous fundamental reforms in Dutch politics. Harriet Martineau Harriet Martineau (United Kingdom, 1802–1876) Some literature: Illustrations of Political Economy, 1832–1834 Theory and Practice of Society in America, 1837 The Martyr Age of the United States, 1839 Ralph Waldo Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson (United States, 1803–1882) was an American philosopher who argued that the basic principles of government were mutable, and that government is required only