of goals. Spencer's evolutionary approach has been characterized as an extension of Adam Smith's "invisible hand" explanation of economic order; his extensive work on sympathy (in psychology as well as the foundation of ethics, particularly in The Data of Ethics) explicitly carried on Smith's approach in The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Spencer is frequently characterized as a leading Social Darwinist. Some literature: Social Statics, 1851 Principles of Ethics, 1879, 1892 The Man versus the State, 1884 Essays, Scientific, Political and Speculative, 1892 İbrahim Şinasi İbrahim Şinasi (Ottoman Empire, 1826–1871), author, journalist, translator, and newspaper editor. He was the innovator of several fields: he wrote one of the earliest examples of an Ottoman play, he encouraged the trend of translating poetry from French into Turkish, he simplified the script used for writing the Ottoman Turkish language, and he was one of the first of the Ottoman writers to write specifically for the broader public. Şinasi used his newspapers, Tercüman-ı Ahvâl and Tasvir-i Efkâr, to promote the proliferation of European Enlightenment ideals during the Tanzimat period, and he made the education of the literate Ottoman public his personal vocation. Though many of Şinasi's projects were incomplete at the time of his death, "he was at the forefront of a number of fields and put his stamp on the development of each field so long as it contained unsolved problems." Şinasi, influenced by Enlightenment thought, saw freedom of expression as a fundamental right and used journalism in order to engage, communicate with, and educate the public. By speaking directly to the public about government affairs, Şinasi declared that state actions were not solely the interest of the government. Works: Tercüme-i Manzume (1859, translation of poems from the French of La Fontaine, Lamartine, Gilbert, and Racine) Şair Evlenmesi (1859, the first Ottoman play, "The Wedding of a Poet") Durub-i Emsal-i Osmaniye (1863, the first book of Turkish proverbs) Müntahabat-ı Eş'ar (1863, collection of poems) Thomas Hill Green Thomas Hill Green (United Kingdom, 1836–1882) Auberon Herbert Auberon Herbert (United Kingdom, 1838–1906) Carl Menger Carl Menger (Austria, 1840–1921) Some literature: Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre (Principles of Economics), 1871 Untersuchungen über die Methode der Sozialwissenschaften und der Politischen Ökonomie insbesondere (Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences: with special reference to economics), 1883 Irrthumer des Historismus in der deutschen Nationalokonomie (The Errors of Historicism in German Economics), 1884 Zur Theorie des Kapitals (The Theory of Capital), 1888