to address issues underlying U.S. education, it's provisions were widely viewed as unsuccessful. States continued to create their own standards while assessing themselves. NCLB also led to the closure of numerous schools labeled "low-performing" or "failing", disproportionately impacting schools that served predominately Black students and rural communities. Provisions of NCLB were changed and replaced under the Race to the Top and Every Child Succeeds Act passed during the Administration of President Barack Obama. See also Criminology Education policy Great Society Health policy Housing policy Medicaid Medicare Social insurance Social Security Administration Social Security (United States) Social theory References Further reading Social Policy & Administration Titmuss, R. M. (1951) Problems of social policy. HM Stationery Office. Dean, H. (2006). Social Policy. Cambridge: Polity Press. . Esping-Andersen, G. (1990) The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ferragina, Emanuele and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, "Welfare Regime Debate: Past, Present, Futures?" Policy & Politics: 39 (2011): 4: 583–611. Comparative politics