East 1009 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroys the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built over the tomb of Jesus in Jerusalem, and then rebuilds it to its current state 1012 Antipope Gregory VI, removed by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 1030 Battle of Stiklestad, considered victory of Christianity over Norwegian paganism 1045 Sigfrid of Sweden, Benedictine evangelist 1046 Council of Sutri: Pope Sylvester III exiled, Pope Gregory VI admits to buying the papacy and resigns, Pope Benedict IX resigns, council appoints Pope Clement II 1054 East–West Schism split between Eastern (Orthodox Christianity) and Western (Roman Catholic) churches formalized 1058–1059 Antipope Benedict X, defeated in war with Pope Nicholas II and Normans 1061–1064 Antipope Honorius II, rival of Pope Alexander II 1065 Westminster Abbey consecrated 1073–1085 Pope Gregory VII: Investiture Controversy with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, proponent of clerical celibacy, opponent of simony, concubinage, Antipope Clement III 1079 Stanislaus of Szczepanów, patron saint of Poland 1080 Hospital of Saint John the Baptist founded in Jerusalem by merchants from Amalfi and Salerno – serves as the foundation for the Knights Hospitaller 1082 Engelberg Abbey of Switzerland built 1093–1109 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, writes Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man), a landmark exploration of the Atonement 1095–1291 10 Crusades, first called by Pope Urban II at Council of Clermont against Islamic Empire, to reconquer the Holy Land for Christendom 1098 Foundation of the reforming monastery of Cîteaux, leads to the growth of the Cistercian order 1101 Antipope Theodoric and Antipope Adalbert deposed by Pope Paschal II 1113 Knights Hospitaller confirmed by Papal bull of Pope Paschal II, listing Blessed Gerard (Gerard Thom) as founder, (a.k.a. Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta) 1118 Knights Templar founded, to defend Holy Land 1123 Catholic First Lateran Council 1124 Conversion of Pomerania – first mission of Otto of Bamberg 1128 Holyrood Abbey in Scotland 1128 Conversion of Pomerania – second mission of Otto of Bamberg 1130 Peter of Bruys burned at the stake 1131 Tintern Abbey founded in Wales 1131–1138 Antipope Anacletus II 1139 Catholic Second Lateran Council 1140? Decretum Gratiani, Catholic Canon law 1142 Peter Abélard, Letters of Abelard and Heloise 1144 The Saint Denis Basilica of Abbot Suger is the first major building in the style of Gothic architecture 1154–1159 Pope Adrian IV, first (and to date