studies of individual character. Of his larger heads, his life-size self-portrait is probably the most striking example. Goltzius brought to an unprecedented level the use of the "swelling line", where the burin is manipulated to make lines thicker or thinner to create a tonal effect from a distance. He also was a pioneer of "dot and lozenge" technique, where dots are placed in the middle of lozenge shaped spaces created by cross-hatching to further refine tonal shading. Hollstein credits 388 prints to him, with a further 574 by other printmakers after his designs. In his command of the burin, Goltzius is said to rival Dürer. He made engravings of Bartholomeus Spranger's paintings, thus increasing the fame of the latter – and his own. Goltzius began painting at the age of forty-two; some of his paintings can be found in Vienna. He also executed a few chiaroscuro woodcuts. He was the stepfather of engraver Jacob Matham. He died, aged 58, in Haarlem. Public collections Most major print rooms will have a group of Goltzius's many engravings. Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam Rijksmuseum Amsterdam Blanton Museum of Art, Austin University of Michigan Museum of Art, Ann Arbor The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City Philadelphia Museum of Art British Museum, London Los Angeles County Museum of Art Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco Gallery Notes Citations References Further reading (see index). External links 1558 births 1617 deaths Dutch engravers Dutch Golden Age painters Dutch male painters Dutch Mannerist painters People from the Duchy of Cleves Artists from Haarlem Renaissance engravers Emigrants from the Holy Roman Empire to the Dutch Republic 16th-century engravers 17th-century engravers