the Weimar Republic and politically close to the DNVP and other conservative parties. The Stahlhelm organized an employment service for its unemployed working-class members and a housing program. In 1931, it formed part of the Harzburg Front. In 1934 it was integrated into the SA and in 1935 dissolved. Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund (German Nationalist Protection and Defiance Federation) Sturmabteilung (SA) (storm troop), affiliated to the Nazi Party. Its leadership was purged by Hitler in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934. One SA section (originally called Stosstrupp) was created as Hitler's personal body guard and would develop into the Schutzstaffel (SS). Kampfbund (Battle League) was an umbrella group involving NSDAP paramilitary groups, Freikorps Oberland and Bund Reichskriegsflagge (Imperial war flag League) It was created on 30 September 1923 and disbanded after the failed Beer Hall Putsch. Jungdeutscher Orden, led by Artur Mahraun. He distanced his group from the Nazis because his group was fundamentally hostile to political parties. In 1930, its political arm merged with the DDP to form the DStP. Centrists Eiserne Front (Iron Front) was established in 1931 against the Harzburg Front. It was banned in 1933. Left-wing Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold (Imperial Banner Black-Red-Gold), devoted to the defense of the Weimar Republic, politically close to the socialist SPD. It was part of the Iron Front meant to counter the right-wing Harzburg Front. In 1933 the organisation was banned. Roter Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters' League), affiliated with the KPD. It was banned in 1929. Antifaschistische Junge Garde (Young Antifascist Guard), banned in 1933, founded by the KPD. Kampfbund gegen den Faschismus (Fighting League against Fascism), affiliated with the KPD, also banned in 1933. Antifaschistische Aktion, affiliated with the KPD, also banned in 1933. Rote Ruhrarmee (Ruhr Red Army) was active during 1920. Schwarze Scharen (Black Band), affiliated with the FAUD. It was banned in 1933. Similar organisations also existed in the Republic of Austria, most notably the Schutzbund and the Heimwehr. See also Glossary of the Weimar Republic Weimar political parties Oskar von Hutier Organisation Consul References Notes Bibliography Further reading Waite, Robert G. L. (1952) Vanguard of Nazism: The Free Corps Movement in Postwar Germany 1918-1923, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Military wings of political parties Reichswehr