cases. BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, Constitutional limits on punitive damages Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants Pearson v. Chung (2005) Strict liability Strict liability torts are brought for injuries resulting from ultrahazardous activities, for which the defendant will be held liable even if there was no negligence on his/her part. Strict liability also applies to some types of product liability claims and to copyright infringement and some trademark cases. Some statutory torts are also strict liability, including many environmental torts. The term "strict liability" refers to the fact that the tortfeasor's liability is not premised on their culpable state of mind (whether they knew or intended to accomplish the wrongful act, or violated a standard of care by doing so,) but, instead, strictly on the conduct itself or its result. Product liability Product liability refers to the liability of manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers for unreasonably dangerous products. Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 24 Cal.2d 453, 150 P.2d 436 (1944) Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories, 26 Cal. 3d 588, 607 P.2d 924 (1980) Federal torts Although federal courts often hear tort cases arising out of common law or state statutes, there are relatively few tort claims that arise exclusively as a result of federal law. The most common federal tort claim is the 42 U.S.C. § 1983 remedy for violation of one's civil rights under color of federal or state law, which can be used to sue for anything from a free speech claim to use of excessive force by the police. Tort claims arising out of injuries occurring on vessels on navigable waters of the United States fall under federal admiralty jurisdiction. See also United States contract law Civil Procedure in the United States Restatement of Torts, Second Tort reform in the United States Privacy laws of the United States References