masons introduced the new Gothic architecture. Around 1191 Wells Cathedral and Lincoln Cathedral brought in the English Gothic style, and Norman became increasingly a modest style of provincial building. Ecclesiastical architecture Oxford Castle 1074: church tower doubles as a place of refuge St John's Chapel (c. 1078), Tower of London Durham Cathedral (from 1093) was the first to employ a ribbed vault system with pointed arches Winchester Cathedral (from 1079) Ely Cathedral (1083–1109) Peterborough Cathedral (from 1118) Kilpeck Church, Herefordshire St Nicholas Church, Pyrford, Surrey (c. 1140) Southwell Minster St Mary the Virgin, Iffley, Oxfordshire (1170) St Swithun's in Nately Scures, Hampshire (1175), an example of a Norman single-cell apsidal church. Norwich Cathedral (1096–1145) St Edward's Church (eleventh century) St Botolph's Priory, Colchester St John's Abbey, Colchester Tewkesbury Abbey (c.1102) Church of St Peter and St Paul, Trottiscliffe, Kent St Peter's Church, Tickencote, Rutland – Norman chancel Dunstable Priory Bibliography Sedding, Edmund H. (1909) Norman Architecture in Cornwall: a handbook to old ecclesiastical architecture. With over 160 plates. London: Ward & Co. Military architecture White Tower (Tower of London) Rochester Castle Norwich Castle Colchester Castle, the largest Norman castle built and the first stone Keep in England Hedingham Castle, Essex Carrickfergus Castle, the best preserved Norman castle on the island of Ireland. Though it was heavily renovated, the keep, land walls and gatehouse are reasonably intact. Domestic architecture Jew's House, Lincoln Boothby Pagnell Manor, Lincolnshire Oakham Castle, Rutland Moyse's Hall Museum, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk (c.1180) Scotland Scotland also came under early Norman influence with Norman nobles at the court of King Macbeth around 1050. His successor Máel Coluim III overthrew him with English and Norman assistance, and his queen, Margaret, encouraged the church. The Benedictine order founded a monastery at Dunfermline. Her sixth and youngest son, who became King David, built St. Margaret's Chapel at the start of the 12th century. Ecclesiastical architecture Dunfermline Abbey, Dunfermline (founded about 1070 by St Margaret) St Andrew Cathedral (from about 1070) St. Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle (early 12th century) Dalmeny parish church (from about 1130) St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall (from about 1137) Jedburgh Abbey, Jedburgh (founded about 1138 by David I) St Athernase Church, Leuchars (12th century) Kirkliston Parish Church, Edinburgh (late 12th century) Ireland The Normans first landed in Ireland in 1169. Within five years earthwork castles were springing up, and in a further five, work was beginning on some of