May 1791. Anne Louise Germaine de Staël Anne Louise Germaine de Staël (France, 1766–1817) Some literature: De l'influence des passions sur le bonheur des individus et des nations, 1796 Des circonstances actuelles qui peuvent terminer la Révolution et des principes qui doivent fonder la république en France, 1798 Considérations sur les principaux événements de la révolution française, 1813 Appel aux souverains réunis à Paris pour en obtenir l'abolition de la traite des nègres, 1814 Benjamin Constant Benjamin Constant (France, 1767–1830) Regarded by some as one of the fathers of modern liberalism, he was initially a republican during the French Revolution, but utterly rejected The Jacobins as an instance of the tyranny of the majority. Some literature: De l'esprit de conquête et l'usurpation (On the spirit of conquest and on usurpation), 1814 Principes de Politique (Principles of Politics), 1815 "The Liberty of Ancients Compared with that of Moderns," 1819 Jean-Baptiste Say Jean-Baptiste Say (France, 1767–1832) Some literature: Traité d'économie politique (Treatise on Political Economy), 1803. Wilhelm von Humboldt Wilhelm von Humboldt (Germany, 1767–1835) Some literature: Ideen zu einem Versuch, die Grenzen der Wirksamkeit des Staats zu bestimmen (On the Limits of State Action), 1792. Adam Czartoryski Adam Czartoryski (Poland-Lithuania 1770–1867) was a statesman, and international politician. He began as a foreign minister to the Russian Tsar Alexander I and built an anti-Napoleon coalition. He became a leader of the Polish government in exile, and an enemy of Russian Tsar Nicholas I. In exile he was an activist on the Polish Question across Europe, and stimulated early Balkan independence. Some literature: Essai sur la diplomatie (Marseilles, 1830); Life of J. U. Niemcewicz (Paris, 1860); Alexander I. et Czartoryski: correspondence ... et conversations (1801–1823) Memoirs of Czartoryski, with documents relating to his negotiations with Pitt, and conversations with Palmerston in 1832 David Ricardo David Ricardo (United Kingdom, 1772–1823) James Mill James Mill (United Kingdom, 1773–1836) Some literature: Elements of Political Economy, 1821 Antoine-Elisée Cherbuliez Antoine-Elisée Cherbuliez (Switzerland, 1797–1869) Frédéric Bastiat Frédéric Bastiat (France, 1801–1850) Claude Frédéric Bastiat was a French classical liberal theorist, political economist, and member of the French assembly. Some literature: La Loi (The Law), 1849 Harmonies économiques (Economic Harmonies), 1850 Ce qu'on voit et ce qu'on ne voit pas (What is Seen and What is Not Seen), 1850 Rifa'a al-Tahtawi Rifa'a al-Tahtawi (Egypt, 1801–1873) Rifa'a al-Tahtawi (also spelt Tahtawy) was an Egyptian writer, teacher, translator, Egyptologist, renaissance intellectual and one