jungin (middle class), with the lowest class of gungnyeo coming from the cheonmin (vulgar commoners). They could be as young as 4 when entering the palace, and after learning court language and etiquette, they could be elevated to a nain. When they had served the court for more than 15 years, they would eventually be promoted to higher ranks, however they were eligible for the rank of sanggung only after a minimum of 35 years of work. Ladies-in-waiting could become concubines if the king favored them. They would be elevated to the highest rank (senior 5th) and would be known as seungeun sanggung (or 'favored/special court lady'). If they gave birth to a son, they would become members of the royal family, after being promoted to sug-won (junior 4th) and until the 18th century, they could advance as high as becoming queen (the most notable example being Jang Ok-jeong, a concubine of Sukjong of Joseon and mother of Gyeongjong of Joseon). The Netherlands The court of the Duchy of Burgundy, which was situated in the Netherlands in the 15th century, was famous for its elaborate ceremonial court life and became a role model for several other courts of Europe. The Burgundian court model came to be the role model for the Austrian imperial court during the 16th century, when the Burgundian Netherlands and Austria were united through the Habsburg dynasty. In the 16th century, the ladies-in-waiting in the courts of the Habsburg governors of the Netherlands, Margaret of Austria and Mary of Hungary, were composed of one (Court Mistress) or who served as the principal lady-in-waiting; one or , who was second in rank and deputy of the as well as being in charge of the (Maids of Honour), also known as , or , and finally the (Chamber Maids), all with different titles depending on language in the multilingual area of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of the Netherlands was founded in 1815, signifying the organisation of a royal court. In the 19th century, the ladies-in-waiting of the Dutch court were headed by the (Grand Mistress, equivalent to Mistress of the Robes), of second rank were the (married ladies-in-waiting), followed by the third rank (Court Ladies, equivalent to Maids of Honour). Beatrix of the Netherlands had a total of seven . They accompanied the queen and the other female members of the Royal House during visits and receptions at the