Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad ibn Sam (), also Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori, also Ghūri () (1144 – March 15, 1206), commonly known as Muhammad of Ghor, also Ghūr, or Muhammad Ghori, also Ghūri, was a ruler from the Ghurid dynasty based in the present-day Afghanistan who ruled from 1173 to 1206. Under the diarchy of Muhammad and his elder sibling Ghiyasuddin Ghori, the Ghurids reached the pinnacle of their territorial expansion. Muhammad of Ghor extended the Ghurid dominions eastwards and laid the foundation of Muslim rule in the Indian Subcontinent, which lasted after him for nearly half a millennium under the evolving Muslim dynasties. During his early military career as a prince and governor of the southern tract of the Ghurid Empire, Muhammad subjugated the Oghuz tribe after multiple raids and captured Ghazna where he was crowned by Ghiyasuddin Ghori, who was ruling from his capital Firozkoh since 1163. Muhammad crossed the Indus River in 1175, approaching it through Gomal Pass and captured Multan and Uch from the Qarmatīa rulers within a year. Afterwards, Muhammad to outflank the Ghaznawids and open an alternative route to the Gangetic Plain, entered into mainland India in 1178, through the lower Sindh, where the exhausted and starving forces of Muhammad after the long march through the Thar were routed near Mount Abu by a coalition of Rajput chiefs led by Mularaja II, which forced him to change his route for future inroads into India. Hence, Muhammad pressed upon the Ghaznawids, and uprooted them by 1186, conquering the upper Indus Plain along with most of the Punjab. After consolidating his hold in northwest, Muhammad of Ghor, penetrated into northern India through the Khyber Pass, the traditional route of entry for invading armies into northern India In 1191, the Ghurid forces were routed and Muhammad himself got wounded in the engagement with the Rajput Confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan in Tarain, about 70 miles north of Delhi. However, in 1192, Muhammad returned with a vast army of Turkish mounted archers and secured a decisive victory in the return engagement on the same battleground and executed Prithviraj shortly afterwards. He limited his presence in India afterwards, deputing the political and military operations in the region to a handful of elite slave commanders who swiftly raided local Indian kingdoms and extended the Ghurid influence as far east as the Ganges delta in Bengal and regions to the north in