localization often may be classified as subtypes of fractures, such as a Holstein-Lewis fracture being a subtype of a humerus fracture. Most typical examples in an orthopaedic classification given in the previous section cannot be classified appropriately into any specific part of an anatomical classification, however, as they may apply to multiple anatomical fracture sites. Skull fracture Basilar skull fracture Blowout fracture – a fracture of the walls or floor of the orbit Mandibular fracture Nasal fracture Le Fort fracture of skull – facial fractures involving the maxillary bone and surrounding structures in a usually bilateral and either horizontal, pyramidal, or transverse way. Spinal fracture Cervical fracture Fracture of C1, including Jefferson fracture Fracture of C2, including Hangman's fracture Flexion teardrop fracture – a fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of a cervical vertebral Clay-shoveler fracture – fracture through the spinous process of a vertebra occurring at any of the lower cervical or upper thoracic vertebrae Burst fracture – in which a vertebra breaks from a high-energy axial load Compression fracture – a collapse of a vertebra, often in the form of wedge fractures due to larger compression anteriorly Chance fracture – compression injury to the anterior portion of a vertebral body with concomitant distraction injury to posterior elements Holdsworth fracture – an unstable fracture dislocation of the thoraco lumbar junction of the spine Rib fracture Sternal fracture Shoulder fracture Clavicle fracture Scapular fracture Arm fracture Humerus fracture (fracture of upper arm) Supracondylar fracture Holstein-Lewis fracture – a fracture of the distal third of the humerus resulting in entrapment of the radial nerve Forearm fracture Ulnar fracture Monteggia fracture – a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with the dislocation of the head of the radius Hume fracture – a fracture of the olecranon with an associated anterior dislocation of the radial head Radius fracture Essex-Lopresti fracture – a fracture of the radial head with concomitant dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint with disruption of the interosseous membrane Distal radius fracture Galeazzi fracture – a fracture of the radius with dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint Colles' fracture – a distal fracture of the radius with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand Smith's fracture – a distal fracture of the radius with volar (ventral) displacement of the wrist and hand Barton's fracture – an intra-articular fracture of the distal radius with dislocation of the radiocarpal joint Hand