existentialism 1855 Samuel Simon Schmucker begins attempt to replace the Augsburg Confession with the Definite Platform in the General Synod, leading to schism in 1866 1858 Bernadette Soubirous receives the first of 18 apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes in Lourdes, France. 1859 Ashbel Green Simonton, missionary, arrives in Brazil and founds Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil, the oldest Brazilian Protestant denomination 1863 Seventh-day Adventist Church officially formed 19 years after the Great Disappointment 1865 Methodist preacher William Booth founds the Salvation Army, vowing to bring the gospel into the streets to the most desperate and needy 1866 General Council (Lutheran) formed by ten Lutheran synods in the United States 1869–1870 Catholic First Vatican Council asserts doctrine of Papal Infallibility (rejected by Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland) 1870 Italy declares war on the Papal States; Italian Army enters Rome; Papal States cease to exist 1871 Pontmain, France is saved from advancing German troops with the appearing of Our Lady of Hope 1871–1878 German Kulturkampf against Roman Catholicism 1872 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America organized 1876 Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany) founded 1878 First translation of the New Testament into Batak by Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen 1879 Knock, Ireland is location of apparition of Our Lady, Queen of Ireland 1879 Church of Christ, Scientist founded in Boston by Mary Baker Eddy 1881–1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, uses Greek based on Septuagint (B) and (S), Hebrew Masoretic Text used in OT, follows Greek order of words, greater accuracy than AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never disputed 1884 Charles Taze Russell founds Bible Student movement 1885–1887 Uganda Martyrs 1885 Baltimore Catechism published 1886 Moody Bible Institute founded 1886 Onesimos Nesib begins translation of the entire Bible into the Oromo language 1886 Johann Flierl, missionary, arrives in New Guinea 1891 Albert Maclaren and Copland King, Anglican missionaries, arrive in New Guinea 1893 Heresy trial of Luther Alexander Gotwald 1894 The Kingdom of God is Within You, by Leo Tolstoy, start of Christian anarchism 1897 Christian flag conceived in Brooklyn, New York 1899 Gideons International founded 1900 Eastern Orthodoxy is introduced in Korea 20th century 1902 Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala, Indian Orthodox Church dies 1902 The proclamation of the Philippine Independent Church 1903 First group baptism at Sattelberg Mission Station under Christian Keyser in New Guinea paves way for mass conversions during the following years 1904 Welsh revival 1904 Evangelical Lutheran Church