Problem-oriented policing (POP), coined by University of Wisconsin–Madison professor Herman Goldstein, is a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies. POP requires police to identify and target underlying problems that can lead to crime. Goldstein suggested it as an improvement on the reactive, incident-driven “standard model of policing”. Goldstein's 1979 model was expanded in 1987 by John E. Eck and William Spelman into the Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment (SARA) model for problem solving. This strategy places more emphasis on research and analysis as well as crime prevention and the engagement of public and private organizations in the reduction of community problems. A systematic review of this model, based on 34 randomized control trials and quasi-experimental studies, found that problem-oriented policing is effective at reducing crime and disorder, but had a limited effect on police legitimacy and fear of crime. There is also the risk of overreach, corruption, and abuse of authority, when officers interfere before crimes have actually occurred. Introduction Problem-oriented policing relies on the identification of problems by rank-and-file officers. Not all departments will define problems the same way, but a typical definition is: Repeated incidents; Occurring in a community; With related characteristics (e.g., behavior, location, people, time); That concern both the community and the police. Key concepts Goldstein argued that one must tackle the causes of the problem. Eck and Spelman developed a twelve-step model of what problem-oriented policing agency should do: Focus on problems of concern to the public. Zero in on effectiveness as the primary concern. Be proactive. Be committed to systematic inquiry as a first step in solving substantive problems. Encourage the use of rigorous methods in making inquiries. Make full use of the data in police files and the experience of police personnel. Group like incidents together so that they can be addressed as a common problem. Avoid using overly broad labels in grouping incidents so separate problems can be identified. Encourage a broad and uninhibited search for solutions. Acknowledge the limits of the criminal justice system as a response to problems. Identify multiple interests in any one problem and weigh them when analyzing the value of different responses. Be committed to taking some risks in responding to problems. Where, under a traditional system, a patrol officer might answer repeated calls to a certain problem area or "hot spot"