of course are not intermedi). This means we have surviving descriptions of precise instrumentation. Classical humanist dramatic theory says a play should have action taking place during one entire day. These intermedi do not follow what were believed to be the classical instructions, having an overture item, Vattene almo riposo, and a night time ending for tenor voice accompanied by four sackbuts and an extra coda the bacchanale, Baccho, Baccho, E U O E. Similar forms outside Italy The similar form which developed in France at the same time was called the intermède; it was more reliant on dance than the Italian version. The French court under Catherine de' Medici was also staging court festivities of increasing lavishness – Catherine's granddaughter was the Medici bride in 1589. The masque in England also had many similarities to the intermedio, although it did not originate as a "filler" between acts in a play in the same way. The later 18th century intermezzo in opera showed a reversal of the Renaissance scheme; now a single short comic intermezzo was inserted between the acts of a heroic opera seria. References References and further reading Warren Kirkendale, Emilio De' Cavalieri Gentiluomo Romano, (Florence, 2001). Howard Mayer Brown, Sixteenth-century instrumentation: the music for the Florentine intermedii, (American Institute of Musicology, 1973). J.R. Mulryne, Helen Watanabe-O'Kelly and Margaret Shewring (eds.), "Europa Triumphans": Court and Civic Festivals in Early Modern Europe, (Aldershot and Burlington VT: Ashgate, 2004) Alois Nagler, Theatre Festivals of the Medicis 1539-1637, 1964, Yale UP Article "Intermedio", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. The New Harvard Dictionary of Music, ed. Don Randel. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1986. Reed, Sue Welsh & Wallace, Richard (eds), Italian Etchers of the Renaissance and Baroque, 1989, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, or 304-4 (pb) Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. James Saslow, The Medici Wedding of 1589, Yale University Press, 1996 Shearman, John. Mannerism, 1967, Pelican, London, Roy Strong; Art and Power; Renaissance Festivals 1450-1650, 1984, The Boydell Press; Editions of the music Andrew C. Minor and Bonner Mitchell, A Renaissance Entertainment, (Univ. Missouri Press, 1968). Martin Grayson, George and Rosemary Bate, Music for a Medici Wedding, (Modern playing edition of 1539 Intermedio), https://web.archive.org/web/20080419100949/http://www.alfredston-music.co.uk/ (1994). D. P. Walker, Musique des Intermedes de "La Pellegrina", (CNRS, Paris), (1963, reprinted