Justinian and Theodora, on April 11, 548 issued Judicatum supporting Justinian's anti-Hypostatic Union, excommunicated by bishops of Carthage in 550 538 Byzantine general Belisarius defeats last Arian kingdom; Western Europe completely Catholic 541–542 Plague of Justinian 543 Justinian condemns Origen, disastrous earthquakes hit the world 544 Justinian condemns the Three Chapters of Theodore of Mopsuestia (died 428) and other writings of Hypostatic Union Christology of Council of Chalcedon 550 St. David converts Wales, crucifix introduced 553 Second Council of Constantinople, 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian 556–561 Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed Judicatum 563 Columba goes to Scotland to evangelize Picts, establishes monastery at Iona 567 Cassiodorus 589 Catholic Third Council of Toledo: Reccared and the Visigoths convert from Arianism to Catholicism and Filioque clause is added to Nicene Creed of 381 590–604 Pope Gregory the Great, whom many consider the greatest pope ever, reforms church structure and administration and establishes Gregorian chant, Seven deadly sins 591–628 Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, began gradual conversion from Arianism to Catholicism 596 St. Augustine of Canterbury sent by Pope Gregory to evangelise the Jutes 600? Evagrius Scholasticus, Church History of AD431-594 604 Saxon cathedral created (by Mellitus) where St Paul's Cathedral in London now stands 609 Pantheon, Rome renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda 612? Bobbio monastery in northern Italy 613 Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland 614 Khosrau II of Persia conquers Damascus, Jerusalem, takes Holy Cross of Christ 622 Mohammed founds Islam after fleeing to Mecca 624 Battle of Badr, considered beginning of Islamic Empire 625 Paulinus of York comes to convert Northumbria 628 Babai the Great, pillar of Church of the East, dies 628–629 Battle of Mut'ah: Heraclius recovers Cross of Christ and Jerusalem from Islam until 638 632 Eorpwald of East Anglia baptized under influence of Edwin of Northumbria 634–644 Umar, 2nd Sunni Islam Caliph: capital at Damascus, conquered Syria in 635, defeated Heraclius at Battle of Yarmuk in 636, conquered Egypt and Armenia in 639, Persia in 642 635 Cynegils of Wessex baptized by Bishop Birinus 664 Synod of Whitby unites Celtic Christianity of British Isles with Roman Catholicism 680–681 Third Council of Constantinople, 6th ecumenical, against Monothelites, condemned Pope Honorius I, Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople, Heraclius' Ecthesis 681–686 Wilfrid converts Sussex 687–691 Dome of the Rock built 690? Old English Bible translations 692 Orthodox Quinisext Council, convoked by Justinian II, approved Canons of the