the , narrowly averted by her captain. Inadequate nuclear safety, poor damage control, and quality-control issues during construction (particularly on the earlier submarines) were typical causes of accidents. On several occasions there were alleged collisions with American submarines. None of these, however, has been confirmed officially by the U.S. Navy. On 28 August 1976, K-22 (Echo II) collided with frigate in the Mediterranean Sea. Transition After the dissolution of the USSR and the end of the Cold War, the Soviet Navy, like other branches of Armed Forces, eventually lost some of its units to former Soviet Republics, and was left without funding. Some ships were transferred to former Soviet states: Baltic Sea: Estonian Navy, Latvian Navy and Lithuanian Navy. All three countries joined NATO in 2004. Black Sea: Ukrainian Navy and Georgian Navy. The Georgian Navy was defeated by the Russian Navy at the battle off Abkhazia in 2008. Most of the Ukrainian Navy ships were captured back during the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014. Caspian Sea: Azerbaijani Navy, Kazakh Navy and Turkmen Navy. Inventory In 1990, the Soviet Navy had: 63 ballistic missile submarines: 6 Project 941 (Typhoon-class) submarines 40 Project 667B (Delta-class) submarines 12 Project 667A (Yankee-class) submarines 5 Project 658 (Hotel-class) submarines 72 cruise missile submarines: 6 s 6 Yankee Notch submarines 14 s 30 s 16 s 68 nuclear attack submarines: 5 s 2 s 6 s 46 s 6 s 3 Yankee SSN submarine 63 conventional attack submarines: 18 s 20 s 25 s 9 auxiliary submarines 1 1 2 s 4 s 1 7 aircraft carriers / helicopter carriers: 1 4 s 2 s 3 battlecruisers: 3 s 30 cruisers: 3 s 7 s 4 s 10 s 4 s 2 s 45 destroyers: 11 s 11 s 18 s 3 s 2 s 113 frigates: 32 s 1 s 18 s 31 s 31 s 124 corvettes: 10 s 36 s 78 s 42 amphibious warfare ships: 3 s 19 s 14 s 6 s ≈425 patrol boats Soviet Naval Aviation The regular Soviet naval aviation units were created in 1918. They participated in the Russian Civil War, cooperating with the ships and the army during the combats at Petrograd, on the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, the Volga, the Kama River, Northern Dvina and on the Lake Onega. The newborn Soviet Naval Air Force consisted of only 76