forming of a fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, later renamed IBM. Following the 1900 census a permanent Census bureau was formed. The bureau's contract disputes with Hollerith led to the formation of the Census Machine Shop where James Powers and others developed new machines for part of the 1910 census processing. Powers left the Census Bureau in 1911, with rights to patents for the machines he developed, and formed the Powers Accounting Machine Company. In 1927 Powers' company was acquired by Remington Rand. In 1919 Fredrik Rosing Bull, after examining Hollerith's machines, began developing unit record machines for his employer. Bull's patents were sold in 1931, constituting the basis for Groupe Bull. These companies, and others, manufactured and marketed a variety of general-purpose unit record machines for creating, sorting, and tabulating punched cards, even after the development of computers in the 1950s. Punched card technology had quickly developed into a powerful tool for business data-processing. Timeline 1884: Herman Hollerith files a patent application titled "Art of Compiling Statistics"; granted on January 8, 1889. 1886: First use of tabulating machine in Baltimore's Department of Health. 1887: Hollerith files a patent application for an integrating tabulator (granted in 1890). 1889: First recorded use of integrating tabulator in the Office of the Surgeon General of the Army. 1890-1895: U.S. Census, Superintendents Robert P. Porter 1889-1893 and Carroll D. Wright 1893-1897, tabulations are done using equipment supplied by Hollerith. 1896: The Tabulating Machine Company founded by Hollerith, trade name for products is Hollerith 1901: Hollerith Automatic Horizontal Sorter 1904: Porter, having returned to England, forms The Tabulator Limited (UK) to market Hollerith's machines. 1905: Hollerith reincorporates the Tabulating Machine Company as The Tabulating Machine Company 1906: Hollerith Type 1 Tabulator, the first tabulator with an automatic card feed and control panel. 1909: The Tabulator Limited renamed as British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM). 1910: Tabulators built by the Census Machine Shop print results. 1910: Willy Heidinger, an acquaintance of Hollerith, licenses Hollerith’s The Tabulating Machine Company patents, creating Dehomag in Germany. 1911: Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR), a holding company, formed by the amalgamation of The Tabulating Machine Company and three other companies. 1911: James Powers forms Powers Tabulating Machine Company, later renamed Powers Accounting Machine Company. Powers had been employed by the Census Bureau to work on tabulating machine development and was given the right to patent his inventions there. The machines he developed sensed card