violates the principle of separation of powers. The parliament also has the constitutional rights to initiate a proposal for a bill. The justice system in the Netherlands, lacks legal certainty because regular people and even experts are unable to predict the legality of an action or outcome of the question of law when the question of fact is fully known. Contributing to this issue is the usage of judicial discretion, which could be used to resolve ambiguity in the application of legal norms, left by the legislature, determining when a norm applies and what the corresponding legal consequences are. Legal theory describes this as the mutation of the deontic legal position of legal entities by the primary legal norms of conduct and the corresponding sanction norms. By nature, this also includes application of norm collision rules, and determination of what judicial interpretation is appropriate. This problem can be mediated by rejection of unclear legislation by the judiciary after constitutional review or judicial review. Alternatively legal certainty could be improved by having local jurisdictions maintain consistent partisan (politics) judges required to apply a consistent political ideology, say classical liberalism, and only allowing judicial discretion there when a precedent is required. Punishment by legislative or executive (statutory) decision is allowed as demonstrated by the 'imported' EU parliament decision on Arkady_Volozh#Resignation_from_Yandex. This contrasts with the USA where bills of attainder are explicitly banned by the constitution, although in case of national emergency executive punishment is allowed through International_Emergency_Economic_Powers_Act. In liberal legal systems punishment by the state happens strictly via due process] of the justice system. The constitution forwardly defines executive acts called AMvB's, that were later defined in the corresponding parliamentary law, which are called laws in formal sense. Both can be laws in material sense i.e. enforced laws. Executive act usually involve decisions concerning administrative procedure, but in practice may involve declaring a state of emergency, participating or getting involved in acts of war or declaring a state of martial law. In a liberal legal system these type of decisions require the explicit consent of parliament, or are plainly unconstitutional. In the USA a state of martial law, state of emergency, and in particular a curfew can still not violate the US Bill of Rights limiting the effect. Background in democratic liberalism The Netherlands has a limited form of democracy because members of the municipal government council, the regional board, provincial government