only) English pope 1155 Theotokos of Vladimir arrives to Bogolyubovo 1155 Carmelites founded 1163 Construction begins on Notre Dame de Paris 1168 Conversion of Pomerania – Principality of Rugia missioned by Absalon 1173 Waldensians founded 1179 Catholic Third Lateran Council 1191 Teutonic Knights founded 1204–1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople 1205 Saint Francis of Assisi becomes a hermit, founding the Franciscan order of friars; renounces wealth and begins his ministry 1208 Start of the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars 1214 Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic (who founded Dominican Order) by an apparition of Mary 1215 Catholic Fourth Lateran Council decrees special dress for Jews and Muslims, and declares Waldensians, founded by Peter Waldo, as heretics. One of the goals is the elimination of the heresy of the Cathars 1219 Francis of Assisi crosses enemy lines during the Fifth Crusade to speak to Sultan al-Kamil; the meeting ends with a meal. James of Vitry writes that Muslim soldiers returned Francis and another friar, Illuminato, "with signs of honor." 1220–1263 St Alexander Nevsky, holy patron of Russia 1231 Charter of the University of Paris granted by Pope Gregory IX 1241 Pope Gregory IX denounced as Antichrist by Eberhard II von Truchsees, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, at the Council of Regensburg 1245 Catholic First Council of Lyon 1252, May 15 Ad exstirpanda: Pope Innocent IV authorizes use of torture in Inquisitions 1260 Date at which a 1988 Vatican sponsored scientific study places the origin of the Shroud of Turin 1263, July 20–24 The Disputation of Barcelona is held at the royal palace of King James I of Aragon in the presence of the King, his court, and many prominent ecclesiastical dignitaries and knights, between a convert from Judaism to Christianity Dominican Friar Pablo Christiani and Rabbi Nachmanides 1274 Summa Theologiae, written by Thomas Aquinas, theologian and philosopher, landmark systematic theology which later becomes official Catholic doctrine 1274 Catholic Second Council of Lyon 1291 Last Crusader city (Acre) falls to the Mamelukes Renaissance 1308–1321 Divine Comedy (Divina Commedia), by Dante Alighieri; most consensual dates are: Inferno written between 1307 and 1308, Purgatorio from 1307–1308 to 1313–1314 and last Paradiso from 1313–1314 to 1321 (year of Dante's death) 1307 The arrest of many of the Knights Templar, beginning confiscation of their property and extraction of confessions under torture 1305–1378 Avignon Papacy, Popes reside in Avignon, France 1311–1312 Catholic Council of Vienne disbands Knights Templar 1314