Jacques de Molay, last Grandmaster of the Knights Templar, burned at the stake 1326 Metropolitan Peter moves his see from Kiev to Moscow 1341–1351 Orthodox Fifth Council of Constantinople 1342 Marsilius of Padua 1345 Sergii Radonezhskii founds a hermitage in the woods, which grows into the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra 1378–1418 Western Schism in Roman Catholicism 1380–1382 Wycliffe's Bible, by John Wycliffe, eminent theologian at Oxford, NT in 1380, OT (with help of Nicholas of Hereford) in 1382, translations into Middle English, 1st complete translation to English, includes deuterocanonical books, preaches against abuses, expresses anti-catholic views of the sacraments (Penance and Eucharist), the use of relics, and clerical celibacy 1388 Twenty-five Articles of the Lollards published 1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular, unless and until they are fully approved by church authority 1409 Council of Pisa declares Roman Pope Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII deposed, elected Pope Alexander V (called the Pisan Pope) 1414–1418 Catholic Council of Constance asks Gregory XII, Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII to resign their papal claims, then elects Pope Martin V; condemns John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, who is burned at the stake 1423–1424 Council of Siena 1425 Catholic University of Leuven 1430? Andrei Rublev, the greatest of medieval icon-painters 1431 St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine, burned at the stake 1431–1445 Catholic Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence 1439 Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, highest building in the world until 1874 1452 Dum Diversas, papal bull issued on 18 June 1452, credited with ushering in the West African slave trade in Europe and the New World 1453 Fall of Constantinople, overrun by Ottoman Empire 1455 Gutenberg Bible, first printed Bible, by Johann Gutenberg 1473–1481 Sistine Chapel built 1478 Spanish Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV 1483 Martin Luther born in Eisleben 1484 December 5, Summis desiderantes against Witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII 1487 Persecution and crusade against the Waldensians instigated by Pope Innocent VIII 1492 Columbus opens new continents to Christianity 1498 Girolamo Savonarola, Dominican priest, writes Bonfire of the Vanities 1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St. Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure (demolition completed in 1606); Vatican Swiss Guard founded 1508–1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling 1510s A number of theologians in the Holy Roman Empire start to preach reformational ideas shortly before Martin Luther, including Christoph Schappeler