punches mechanically, as opposed to Hollerith's electric sensing. 1912: The first Powers horizontal sorting machine. 1914: Thomas J. Watson hired by CTR. 1914: The Tabulating Machine Company produces 2 million punched cards per day. 1914: The first Powers printing tabulator. 1915 Powers Tabulating Machine Company establishes European operations through the Accounting and Tabulating Machine Company of Great Britain Limited. 1919: Fredrik Rosing Bull, after studying Hollerith's machines, constructs a prototype 'ordering, recording and adding machine' (tabulator) of his own design. About a dozen machines were produced during the following several years for his employer. 1920s: Early in this decade punched cards began use as bank checks. 1920: BTM begins manufacturing its own machines, rather than simply marketing Hollerith equipment. 1920: The Tabulating Machine Company's first printing tabulator, the Hollerith Type 3. 1921: Powers-Samas develops the first commercial alphabetic punched card representation. 1922: Powers develops an alphabetic printer. 1923: Powers develops a tabulator that accumulates and prints both sub and grand totals (rolling totals). 1923: CTR acquires 90% ownership of Dehomag, thus acquiring patents developed by them. 1924: Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) renamed International Business Machines (IBM). There would be no IBM-labeled products until 1933. 1925: The Tabulating Machine Company's first horizontal card sorter, the Hollerith Type 80, processes 400 cards/min. 1927: Remington Typewriter Company and Rand Kardex combine to form Remington Rand. Within a year, Remington Rand acquires the Powers Accounting Machine Company. 1928: The Tabulating Machine Company's first tabulator that could subtract, the Hollerith Type IV tabulator. The Tabulating Machine Company begins its collaboration with Benjamin Wood, Wallace John Eckert and the Statistical Bureau at Columbia University. The Tabulating Machine Company's 80-column card introduced. Comrie uses punched card machines to calculate the motions of the moon. This project, in which 20,000,000 holes are punched into 500,000 cards continues into 1929. It is the first use of punched cards in a purely scientific application. 1929 The Accounting and Tabulating Machine Company of Great Britain Limited renamed Powers-Samas Accounting Machine Limited (Samas, full name Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques, had been the Power's sales agency in France, formed in 1922). The informal reference "Acc and Tab" would persist. 1930: The Remington Rand 90 column card, offering "more storage capacity [and] alphabetic capability" 1931: H.W.Egli - BULL founded to capitalize on the punched card technology patents of Fredrik Rosing Bull. The Tabulator model T30 is introduced. 1931: The Tabulating Machine Company's first