false imprisonment, trespass to land, and trespass to chattels. Generally, any intent to cause any one of these five torts which results in the completion of any of the five tortious acts will be considered an intentional act, even if the actual target of the tort is one other than the intended target of the original tort. Act The element of an act varies by whatever tort is in question but always requires voluntariness. For example, if Dave has a muscle spasm that makes his arm fling out to his side and hit Paula, who is standing next to him, any case that Paula attempts to bring against Dave for battery will fail for lack of the requisite act (which will be discussed in the section on battery, below). The act was not voluntary. Result This element typically refers to damage, although damage is not required to prevail on certain intentional torts, such as trespass to land. Causation This element refers to actual cause and proximate cause. It will be treated in its own section. Causes of action Battery A person commits a battery when he acts either intending to cause a harmful or offensive contact with another or intending to cause another imminent apprehension of such contact and when such contact results. Therefore, there is a variety of ways in which a person can commit a battery, as illustrated by the following examples of defendant Dave and plaintiff Paula. Dave acts intending to cause a harmful contact with Paula, and a harmful contact does result. Dave acts intending to cause a harmful contact with Paula, but an offensive contact results. Dave acts intending to cause an offensive contact with Paula, and an offensive contact does result. Dave acts intending to cause an offensive contact with Paula, but a harmful contact results. Dave acts intending to "only" cause Paula to be imminently apprehensive of a harmful or offensive contact, but a harmful contact actually results. Dave acts intending to "only" cause Paula to be imminently apprehensive of a harmful or offensive contact, but an offensive contact actually results. Apprehension is a broader term than fear. If a defendant intends to cause the plaintiff to actually fear a harmful contact, for example, it will therefore always suffice as apprehension, but there are other ways to achieve apprehension as well. Assault Assault is notably similar to battery. Indeed, the elements of intent