of these criticisms remains under investigation and there is no general agreement in the research community. In 2020, Laddha, Prabhu, Raju and Shrivastava argued that, as a result of the effects of quantum gravity, information should always be available outside the black hole. This would imply that the von Neumann entropy of the region outside the black hole always remains zero, as opposed to the proposal above, where the von Neumann entropy first rises and then falls. Extending this, Raju argued that Hawking's error was to assume that the region outside the black hole would have no information about its interior. Hawking formalized this assumption in terms of a "principle of ignorance". The principle of ignorance is correct in classical gravity, when quantum-mechanical effects are neglected, by virtue of the no-hair theorem. It is also correct when only quantum-mechanical effects are considered but gravitational effects are neglected. But Raju has argued that, when both quantum mechanical and gravitational effects are accounted for, the principle of ignorance should be replaced by a "principle of holography of information" which would imply just the opposite: all the information about the interior can be regained from the exterior through suitably precise measurements. The two recent resolutions of the information paradox described above — via replica wormholes and the holography of information — share the common feature that observables in the black-hole interior also describe observables far from the black hole. This implies a loss of exact locality in quantum gravity. Although this loss of locality is very small, it persists over large distance scales. This feature has been challenged by some researchers. See also AdS/CFT correspondence Beyond black holes Black hole complementarity Cosmic censorship hypothesis Firewall (physics) Fuzzball (string theory) Holographic principle List of paradoxes Maxwell's Demon No-hair theorem No-hiding theorem Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet References External links Black Hole Information Loss Problem, a USENET physics FAQ page . Discusses methods of attack on the problem, and their apparent shortcomings. Report on Hawking's 2004 theory in Nature. Stephen Hawking's purported solution to the black hole unitarity paradox. Hawking and unitarity: a July 2005 discussion of the information loss paradox and Stephen Hawking's role in it The Hawking Paradox - BBC Horizon documentary (2005) A Black Hole Mystery Wrapped in a Firewall Paradox Black holes Physical paradoxes Relativistic paradoxes