- mostly Southern hemisphere Zeugandra - Iran Lobelioideae Apetahia - Society Islands Brighamia - Hawaii Burmeistera - N Andes and C America Centropogon - Neotropics Clermontia - Hawaii Cyanea - Hawaii Delissea - Hawaii Dialypetalum - Madagascar Diastatea - Neotropics Dielsantha - Tropical Africa Downingia - W N America and S S America Grammatotheca - South Africa Heterotoma - Mexico Hippobroma - W Indies Howellia - SW N America Isotoma - Australia Legenere - California Lobelia, including Hypsela, Laurentia, Pratia, Trimeris - cosmopolitan Lysipomia - Andes Monopsis - Southern Africa Palmerella - California Porterella - SW N America Ruthiella - New Guinea Sclerotheca - Society Islands Siphocampylus - Neotropics Solenopsis - S Europe and N Africa Trematolobelia - Hawaii Unigenes - South Africa Wimmerella - South Africa Cyphioideae Cyphia - Africa Cyphocarpoideae Cyphocarpus - N Chile Nemacladoideae Nemacladus, syn. Parishella - SW N America Pseudonemacladus - Mexico , Plants of the World Online includes some genera in Campanulaceae that are not included by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Eastwoodiella Morin Hesperocodon Eddie & Cupido Lithotoma E.B.Knox Melanocalyx (Fed.) Morin Palustricodon Morin Poolea Morin Protocodon Morin Ravenella Morin Smithiastrum Morin Wimmeranthus Rzed. Fossil record The earliest known occurrence of Campanulaceae pollen is from Oligocene strata. Earliest Campanulaceae macrofossils dated, are seeds of †Campanula paleopyramidalis from 17-16 million years old Miocene deposits in the Nowy Sacz, Carpathians, Poland. It is a close relative of the extant Campanula pyramidalis. Chemical compounds Members of subfamily Lobelioideae contain the alkaloid lobeline. The principal storage carbohydrate of Campanulaceae is inulin, a fructan also occurring in the related Asteraceae. Literature References External links Topwalks Flowers in Israel Asterales families