Sufficiency presence. The cities in the top three classifications in the 2020 edition are as follows: Alpha ++ London New York City Alpha + Beijing Dubai Hong Kong Paris Shanghai Singapore Tokyo Alpha Amsterdam Brussels Chicago Frankfurt Jakarta Kuala Lumpur Los Angeles Madrid Mexico City Milan Moscow Mumbai São Paulo Sydney Toronto Global Cities Index In 2008, the American journal Foreign Policy, working with the consulting firm A.T. Kearney and the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, published a ranking of global cities based on consultation with Saskia Sassen, Witold Rybczynski, and others. Foreign Policy noted that "the world's biggest, most interconnected cities help set global agendas, weather transnational dangers, and serve as the hubs of global integration. They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions." The ranking is based on 27 metrics across five dimensions: business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement. Since 2015, it has been published with a separate index, the Global Cities Outlook, which is a projection of a city's potential based on rate of change in 13 indicators across four dimensions: personal well-being, economics, innovation, and governance. The top ranked cities in 2021 are listed below: New York City London Paris Tokyo Los Angeles Beijing Hong Kong Chicago Singapore Shanghai Global City Competitiveness Index In 2012, the Economist Intelligence Unit (The Economist Group) ranked the competitiveness of global cities according to their demonstrated ability to attract capital, businesses, talent, and visitors. Global Cities Initiative A study by Brookings Institution conducted in 2016 introduced its own typology, sorting global cities into seven categories: Global Giants, Asian Anchors, Emerging Gateways, Factory China, Knowledge Capitals, American Middleweights, and International Middleweights. The Global Giants classification includes wealthy, extremely large metropolitan areas that are the largest cities in developed nations. They are hubs for financial markets and major corporations, and serve as key nodes in global flows of capital and of talent. London Los Angeles New York City Osaka–Kobe Paris Tokyo Global City Lab An analysis report compiled by the Global City Lab of the Global Top 500 Cities was released in New York on 30 December 2021. The top 10 of the "2020 Global Top 500 Cities" by brand value were as follows: New York City London Tokyo Paris Sydney Singapore Los Angeles Toronto Berlin Hong Kong Global Economic Power Index The Global Economic Power Index