commonality constraints where referential integrity may be enforced between databases. The recast databases provide designed data access paths with data value commonality across databases. Simplicity of deployment Even if recognized as a solution to a problem, EII currently takes time to apply and offers complexities in deployment. Proposed schema-less solutions include "Lean Middleware". Handling higher-order information Analysts experience difficulty—even with a functioning information integration system—in determining whether the sources in the database will satisfy a given application. Answering these kinds of questions about a set of repositories requires semantic information like metadata and/or ontologies. Applications EII products enable loose coupling between homogeneous-data consuming client applications and services and heterogeneous-data stores. Such client applications and services include Desktop Productivity Tools (spreadsheets, word processors, presentation software, etc.), development environments and frameworks (Java EE, .NET, Mono, SOAP or RESTful Web services, etc.), business intelligence (BI), business activity monitoring (BAM) software, enterprise resource planning (ERP), Customer relationship management (CRM), business process management (BPM and/or BPEL) Software, and web content management (CMS). Data access technologies Service Data Objects (SDO) for Java, C++ and .Net clients and any type of data source XQuery and XQuery API for Java See also Business Intelligence 2.0 (BI 2.0) Data warehouse Disparate system Enterprise integration Federated database system Resource Description Framework Semantic heterogeneity Semantic integration Semantic Web Web 2.0 Web services References Data management