baptised, or leave the city. This avoided arousing international opposition against Münster and risking internal stability. Knipperdolling organised military defenses against the Bishop's troops. He was also made chief executioner to the Twelve Judges; as chief executive he balanced out Bockelson, the Judges' spokesman. He was in charge of executions, "immigration officer", and the administrator of state property. Some of Matthys' policies went against Knipperdolling's best interests, such as the dissolution of the guilds and the confiscation of private property. After Matthys' death on April 4, 1534, Knipperdolling supported the leadership of Jan Bockelson, who was crowned king, supported by poor non-Münsterite Anabaptists. Soon, however, he was claiming superiority to Bockelson and prophesying that "while Jan was king according to the flesh", he, Knipperdolling, was "called to be the spiritual king". This led to his brief imprisonment in 1535. On his release, Knipperdolling was named Stadholder (vice-king and governor) and executioner. His daughter Clara was married to Jan Bockelson after the introduction of polygamy. In 1535, Knipperdolling's position of power was however once again lost when Heinrich Krechting became the king's right-hand man. On June 24–25, 1535, the Bishop, with the aid of the deserter Henry Gresbeck, retook Münster. Knipperdolling, Bockelson and Bernhard Krechting were imprisoned and interrogated. On January 22, 1536, Knipperdolling, Krechting, and Bockelson were publicly tortured and executed in Münster. Their corpses were suspended in metal baskets from the Lambertuskirche (St. Lambert's Church), which had been the initial focus of the Anabaptist revolution. Significance As the worldly leader of the Münster Anabaptists, Knipperdolling was "Steigbügelhalter" (facilitator, literally "stirrup-holder") and chief executive of the movement. Knipperdolling represented the local Münsterite basis of the revolution and his path shows their mode of adaptation to the siege situation and the rule of the Dutch Jans. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary the word "knipperdolling" once was used as a derogatory synonym for an Anabaptist and now generally refers to any person who is a religious fanatic. References :de:s:ADB:Knipperdollinck, Bernd External links Knipperdolling, Bernt (ca. 1490-1536) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online Picture of the cages at St. Lambert's Church Online Biography of Bernhard Knipperdolling 1490s births 1536 deaths Year of birth uncertain German Christian religious leaders People from Münster German Anabaptists German torture victims Executed people from North Rhine-Westphalia 16th-century executions in the Holy Roman Empire