animate antecedents (i.e. male humans). Deviations from these approved usages are named (for the use of as a direct object), and and (for the use of and as indirect objects). The object pronoun variation is studied in detail by . Here are some examples for this: : (They saw him/her/it). Normative: or depending on the gender of the object. : (They told her to shut up). Normative: . The person who is told something is an indirect object in Spanish, and the substituting pronoun is the same for both genders. : (They told him to shut up). Normative: . See above. Queísmo and dequeísmo Noun clauses in Spanish are typically introduced by the complementizer , and such a noun clause may serve as the object of the preposition , resulting in the sequence in the standard language. This sequence, in turn, is often reduced colloquially to just , and this reduction is called . Some speakers, by way of hypercorrection (i.e. in an apparent effort to avoid the "error" of ), insert before in contexts where it is not prescribed in standard grammar. This insertion of "extraneous" before — called — is generally associated with less-educated speakers. Notes References Alba de la Fuente, Anahi (2013). Clitic combinations in Spanish : syntax, processing and acquisition. Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada = Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. . Bradley, Peter T. (2004). Spanish : an essential grammar. I. E. Mackenzie. London: Routledge. . Cuervo, Maria Cristina; Fábregas, Antonio; Acedo-Matellán, Victor; Armstrong, Grant; Pujol, Isabel (2021). The Routledge handbook of Spanish morphology. Abingdon, Oxon. 2021. . Daussà, E. J. The Syntactic Operator se in Spanish. Gonzalez Lopez, Veronica (2008). Spanish clitic climbing. 69-11A. Pennsylvania State University. . Lewandowski, Wojciech (2021-01-27). "Constructions are not predictable but are motivated: evidence from the Spanish completive reflexive". Linguistics. 59 (1): 35–74. . . Ordóñez, Francisco (2002-12-01). "Some Clitic Combinations in the Syntax of Romance". Catalan Journal of Linguistics. 1: 201. . . Romain IJ. A phase approach to spanish object clitics. [Order No. 3689735]. University of California, Los Angeles; 2015. Saab, Andrés (2020-12-29). "Deconstructing Voice. The syntax and semantics of u-syncretism in Spanish". Glossa: a journal of general linguistics. 5 (1). . . Serrano, María José; Aijón Oliva, Miguel Ángel (January 2011). "Syntactic variation and communicative style". Language Sciences. 33 (1): 138–153. . Zagona, Karen (2002). Syntax of Spanish. Port Chester: Cambridge University Press.'' .