intent of the attack. The cyber attack was a result of an Estonian-Russian dispute over the removal of a bronze statue depicting a World War II-era Soviet soldier from the center of the capital, Tallinn. In the midst of the armed conflict with Russia, Georgia likewise was subject to sustained and coordinated attacks on its electronic infrastructure in August 2008. In both of these cases, circumstantial evidence point to coordinated Russian attacks, but attribution of the attacks is difficult; though both the countries blame Moscow for contributing to the cyber attacks, proof establishing legal culpability is lacking. Estonia joined NATO in 2004, which prompted NATO to carefully monitor its member states' response to the attack. NATO also feared escalation and the possibility of cascading effects beyond Estonia's border to other NATO members. In 2008, directly as a result of the attacks, NATO opened a new center of excellence on cyberdefense to conduct research and training on cyber warfare in Tallinn. The chaos resulting from the attacks in Estonia illustrated to the world the dependence countries had on information technology. This dependence then makes countries vulnerable to future cyber attacks and terrorism. Quick information on the cyber attack on Estonia and its effects on the country. Online services of Estoninan banks and government services were taken down by uncontrollable high level of internet traffic Media outlets were also down and so broadcasters could not deliver the news of the cyber attacks Some of the services were under attack for 22 days, while other online services were taken down completely Riots and Looting went on for 48 hours in Tallinn, Estonia The cyber attack served as a wake up call to Estonia and for the entire world on the importance of cyber defence. As cyberattacks continue to increase around the world, countries still look at the attacks on Estonia in the 2007 as an example of how countries can fight future cyberattacks and terrorism. As a result of the attacks, Estonia is now is currently one of the top countries in cyber defence and online safety and its capital city of Tallinn is home to NATO’s cyber defense hub. The government of Estonia continues to update there cyber defence protocols and national cybersecurity strategies. NATO’s Coopeative Cyber Defence Centre in Tallinn also conducts research and training on cyber security to not just help Estonia but other countries that are in the alliance.