has inspired nicknames such as "the phone book". Statistical mechanics and thermodynamics Observations of the generation of heat during the boring of cannons led Rumford to reject the caloric theory and to contend that heat was a form of motion. Google eBook. English translation by Freeman (1878), with editorial 'corrections'. Revised French edition, Darboux (ed.) (1888), with many editorial corrections. A founding text in the field of Fourier analysis, and a breakthrough for the solution of the classic (partial) differential equations of mathematical physics. Contains an annunciation of Fourier's law. (full text of 1897 ed.)) Reprinted in: Between 1876 and 1878 Gibbs wrote a series of papers collectively entitled "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", considered one of the greatest achievements in physical science in the 19th century and the foundation of the science of physical chemistry. In these papers Gibbs applied thermodynamics to the interpretation of physicochemical phenomena and showed the explanation and interrelationship of what had been known only as isolated, inexplicable facts. Gibbs' papers on heterogeneous equilibria included: some chemical potential concepts; some free energy concepts; a Gibbsian ensemble ideal (basis of the statistical mechanics field); and a phase rule. Online PDF copy. In this publication Einstein covered his study of Brownian motion, and provided empirical evidence for the existence of atoms. Part of the Annus Mirabilis papers. Ising, Ernst (1924), (1925). See mathematical physics section. Peierls, R.; Born, M. (1936). See mathematical physics section. Online article: accessed 3 May 2012. Introduces the Metropolis Monte Carlo method with periodic boundary conditions and applies it to the numerical simulation of a fluid. Fermi, E.; Pasta, J.; Ulam, S. (1955) See computational physics section. Introduces the real space view on the renormalization group, and explains using this concept some relations between the scaling exponents of the Ising model. Application of the renormalization group to the solution of the Kondo problem. The author was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1982 for this work. See also Outline of physics References Further reading External links TrivialAnomaly.com, links to historic physics papers Heralds of Science: Physics, collection at the Smithsonian Institution Publications in physics Physics Publications in physics Publications in physics Publications in physics