by Nancey Murphy) that M1 causes M2 (these are mental events) and P1 causes P2 (these are physical events). P1 realises M1 and P2 realises M2. However M1 does not causally effect P1 (i.e., M1 is a consequent event of P1). If P1 causes P2, and M1 is a result of P1, then M2 is a result of P2. He says that the only alternatives to this problem is to accept dualism (where the mental events are independent of the physical events) or eliminativism (where the mental events do not exist). See also Anomalous monism Clinamen Complex systems Elisionism Emergence Holism Reduction (philosophy) Special sciences Supervenience Synergetics (Fuller) Synergetics (Haken) Notes Further reading Beckermann, Ansgar, Hans Flohr, and Jaegwon Kim, eds., Emergence Or Reduction? Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism (1992). Cahoone, Lawrence, The Orders of Nature (2013). Clayton, Philip and Paul Davies, eds., The Re-emergence of Emergence: The Emergentist Hypothesis from Science to Religion. Oxford University Press (2008). Gregersen Niels H., eds., From Complexity to Life: On Emergence of Life and Meaning. Oxford University Press (2013). Jones, Richard H., Analysis & the Fullness of Reality: An Introduction to Reductionism & Emergence. Jackson Square Books (2013). Laughlin, Robert B., A Different Universe (2005). MacDonald, Graham and Cynthia, Emergence in Mind. Oxford University Press (2010). McCarthy, Evan, "The Emergentist Theory of Truth" (2015). Morowitz, Harold J., The Emergence of Everything: How the World Became Complex. Oxford University Press (2002). External links Emergent Properties in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Emergentism in the Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind, 2007. Reduction and Emergence in Chemistry, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Theory of mind Emergence