rather than straight on. This arrangement had the poetic name , which meant literally "a formation of wild geese in flight". Most of the gardens of the Edo period were either promenade gardens or dry rock Zen gardens, and they were usually much larger than earlier gardens. The promenade gardens of the period made extensive use of borrowed scenery (). Vistas of distant mountains are integrated in the design of the garden; or, even better, building the garden on the side of a mountain and using the different elevations to attain views over landscapes outside the garden. Edo promenade gardens were often composed of a series of , or "famous views", similar to postcards. These could be imitations of famous natural landscapes, like Mount Fuji, or scenes from Taoist or Buddhist legends, or landscapes illustrating verses of poetry. Unlike Zen gardens, they were designed to portray nature as it appeared, not the internal rules of nature. Well-known Edo-period gardens include: Shugakuin Imperial Villa Shisen-dō (1641) Suizen-ji Hama Rikyu Kōraku-en (Okayama) Ritsurin Garden (Takamatsu) Koishikawa Kōraku-en (Tokyo) (1629) Ninna-ji, Kyoto Enman-in, Otsu Sanzen-in, north of Kyoto Sengan-en, Kagoshima (1658) Chishaku-in, southeast of Kyoto Jōju-in, in the temple of Kiyomizu, southeast of Kyoto (1688–1703) Manshu-in, northeast of Kyoto (1656) Nanzen-ji, east of Kyoto (1688–1703) Meiji period (1868–1912) The Meiji period saw the modernization of Japan, and the re-opening of Japan to the West. Many of the old private gardens had been abandoned and left to ruin. In 1871, a new law transformed many gardens from the earlier Edo period into public parks, preserving them. Garden designers, confronted with ideas from the West experimented with western styles, leading to such gardens as Kyu-Furukawa Gardens, or Shinjuku Gyoen. Others, more in the north of Japan kept to Edo period blueprint design. A third wave was the naturalistic style of gardens, invented by captains of industry and powerful politicians like Aritomo Yamagata. Many gardeners soon were designing and constructing gardens catering to this taste. One of the gardens well-known for his technical perfection in this style was Ogawa Jihei VII, also known as Ueji. Notable gardens of this period include: Kyu-Furukawa Gardens Kenroku-en, 18th and 19th centuries, finished in 1874. Chinzan-so in Tokyo in 1877. Murin-an in Kyoto, finished 1898. Modern Japanese gardens (1912 to present) During the Shōwa period (1926–1989), many traditional gardens were built by businessmen and politicians. After World War II, the