print itself in order to fit the image onto a 4-perf frame – the same wastage problem as before. Even so, the amount of film shot on a production is much greater than the length of the final film, so 3-perf or 2-perf are still viable cost-saving options for production. Generally, 3-perf is most frequently used for widescreen television productions shot on film, because the film will be developed and then permanently transferred to video, rendering projection incompatibilities irrelevant. Recently, this process has become popular with big-budget motion picture production, due to the advent of the digital intermediate process. The negative is scanned to high resolution (usually HD, 2K or 4K (digital cinema)) digital files, colour graded, and ultimately printed back to standard 4-perf for projection. At some point in the future, the final 4-perf print will become unnecessary assuming the cinema distribution and projection chain become fully digital. 3-perf and 2-perf pose minor problems for visual effects work. The area of the film in 4-perf work that is not projected nonetheless contains picture information which is useful for such visual effects tasks as 2D and 3D tracking. This mildly complicates certain visual effects efforts for productions using 3-perf and 2-perf. VistaVision VistaVision is a higher resolution, widescreen variant of the 35 mm motion picture film format which was created by engineers at Paramount Pictures in 1954. It uses a horizontal, 8 perforation 35 mm image, similar to that used in 135 film for still photography. Paramount did not use anamorphic processes such as CinemaScope but refined the quality of their flat widescreen system by orienting the 35 mm negative horizontally in the camera gate and shooting onto a larger area, which yielded a finer-grained projection print. 70 mm Standard 65 mm (5/70) (Todd-AO, Super Panavision) spherical lenses 5 perforations/frame 42 frames/meter (12.8 frame/ft) 34.29 meters/minute (112.5 ft/minute) vertical pulldown 24 frames/second camera aperture: 52.48 by 23.01 mm (2.066 by 0.906 in) projection aperture: 48.56 by 20.73 mm (1.912 by 0.816 in) 305 m (1000 feet), about 9 minutes at 24 frame/s = 4.5 kg (10 pounds) in can aspect ratio: 2.2:1 Ultra Panavision 70 (MGM Camera 65) Same as Standard 65 mm except Shot with special anamorphic adapter in front of lens 1.25× squeeze factor, projected aspect ratio 2.76:1 Showscan Same as Standard 65 mm except 60 frames per second IMAX (15/70) spherical lenses 15 perforations per frame horizontal