officer and served in the Gulf War in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait City, and on the Joint Staff of the Pentagon in 1993 working on Somalia and Bosnia. He retired in 1995 with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He directed the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance at USAID from 1989 to 1991 and served as Assistant Administrator for the Bureau for Food and Humanitarian Assistance (now the Bureau of Democracy, Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance) from 1991 to January 1993. Under Natsios, OFDA focused its attention on civil wars and famines, which research had found were responsible for more than twice the number of deaths than from natural disasters. The first Disaster Assistance Response Teams (DART) were developed under Natsios's predecessor, Julia Taft, but were first deployed under Natsios' orders. The first version of the Field Operations Guide For Disaster Assessment and Response (FOG) was issued under his auspices. Natsios was Assistance Administrator during the 1991–1992 Somali famine, and as such played a major role in terms of humanitarian aid. USAID's relief strategy consisted of several key elements: sale of food to Somali merchants to lower food prices; providing free food at feeding stations in urban areas; providing free dry food in bulk in rural areas; enhancing security; decentralization and distributing food in a number of different areas to stop mass population movements. From 1993 to 1998, Natsios served as Vice President of International Programs for World Vision U.S. Natsios was one of the first people to blow the whistle on the North Korean famine, writing in a Washington Post op-ed in early 1997, "The evidence is incontestible". He travelled to North Korea in June 1997 with World Vision, and was involved in relief efforts as the leader of the Emergency Relief Committee of InterAction, a consortium of American NGOs. Natsios later published a book on the crisis entitled The Great North Korean Famine. From March 1999 to April 2000, he served as Secretary for Administration and Finance for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In 2001, Natsios took over as chairman and CEO of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority and CEO of Boston's Central Artery Project (the Big Dig) after a cost overrun scandal. Once in command, he replaced eight senior figures, including the project manager, commissioned a new audit, and developed strategies to tackle the cost overruns, including putting the $151 million from land sales to Harvard University towards paying for