especially before l, m, n, s, t, or d—thus arma ('weapon') may be either (tap) or (trill), perla ('pearl') may be either or , invierno ('winter') may be or , verso ('verse') may be or , and verde ('green') or . In word-final position the rhotic will usually be: either a trill or a tap when followed by a consonant or a pause, as in amo paterno 'paternal love') and amo, with the tap being more frequent and the trill before l, m, n, s, t, d, or sometimes a pause; or a tap when followed by a vowel-initial word, as in amo eterno 'eternal love') (Can be a trill or tap with a temporary glottal stop in emphatic speech: amo eterno, with trill being more common). Morphologically, a word-final rhotic always corresponds to the tapped in related words. Thus, the word olor 'smell' is related to olores, oloroso 'smells, smelly' and not to *olorres, *olorroso, and the word taller 'workshop' is related to talleres 'workshops' and not to *tallerres. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary, they result in one trill, so that da rosas ('s/he gives roses') and dar rosas ('give roses') are either neutralized, or distinguished by a longer trill in the latter phrase, which may be transcribed as or (although this is transcribed with in Help:IPA/Spanish, even though it differs from purely by length); da rosas and dar rosas may be distinguished as vs. , or they may fall together as the former. The pronunciation of the double-R phoneme as a voiced strident (or sibilant) apical fricative is common in New Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, and Paraguay; in western and northern Argentina; and among older speakers in highland areas of Colombia. Some linguists have attempted to explain the assibilated rr (written in IPA as []) as a result of influence from Native American languages, and it is true that in the Andean regions mentioned an important part of the population is bilingual in Spanish and one or another indigenous language. Nonetheless, other researchers have pointed out that sibilant rr in the Americas may not be an autonomous innovation, but rather a pronunciation that originated in some northern Spanish dialects and then was exported to the Americas. Spanish dialects spoken in the Basque Country, Navarre, La Rioja, and northern Aragon (regions that contributed substantially to Spanish-American colonization) show the fricative