The first Slovak orthography was proposed by Anton Bernolák (1762–1813) in his Dissertatio philologico-critica de litteris Slavorum, used in the six-volume Slovak-Czech-Latin-German-Hungarian Dictionary (1825–1927) and used primarily by Slovak Catholics. The standard orthography of the Slovak language is immediately based on the standard developed by Ľudovít Štúr in 1844 and reformed by Martin Hattala in 1851 with the agreement of Štúr. The then-current (1840s) form of the central Slovak dialect was chosen as the standard. It uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˇ(mäkčeň), ´(acute accent), ¨(diaeresis/umlaut), ˆ(circumflex)) placed on certain letters. After Hattala's reform, the standardized orthography remained mostly unchanged. Alphabet The Slovak alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Slovak language. It has 46 letters which makes it the longest Slavic and European alphabet. The 46 letters of the Slovak alphabet are: Some of the vowels might affect the pronunciation of a few consonants, specifically the vowels E, I, and their long pronunciation counterparts. The letters E, É, I, and Í trigger the palatal realization of the preceding D, N, T (with few exceptions when the letters denote the ordinary alveolar consonants, which is their usual phonetic value), so that they are spelled without the háček in this position. In IPA transcriptions of Slovak, are often written with , i.e. as if they were palato-alveolar. The palato-alveolar exist in Slovak, but only as allophones of , which are normally retroflex, as in Polish. The following digraphs are not considered to be a part of the Slovak alphabet: , which stands for the rising-opening diphthong , similar to the sequence in English (as in yap ), rather than the common realization of the underlying in the German word Wirt 'host', which is falling; , which stands for the rising-opening diphthong , similar to the sequence in English (as in yes ); , which stands for the rising-backing diphthong , similar to the sequence in English (as in use ) (but with a short ending point), never as a falling-backing diphthong as in some Welsh English new . In loanwords, all three can stand for the disyllabic sequences , rather than the rising diphthongs. The starting points of those diphthongs are written with , rather than (as in Spanish tierra ) because count as a long vowel in the rhythmical rule described below, unlike the phonological consonant followed by a