Geologic hazards are typically evaluated by engineering geologists who are educated and trained in interpretation of landforms and earth process, earth-structure interaction, and in geologic hazard mitigation. The engineering geologist provides recommendations and designs to mitigate for geologic hazards. Trained hazard mitigation planners also assist local communities to identify strategies for mitigating the effects of such hazards and developing plans to implement these measures. Mitigation can include a variety of measures: Geologic hazards may be avoided by relocation. Publicly available databases, via searchable platforms, can help people evaluate hazards in locations of interest. The stability of sloping earth can be improved by the construction of retaining walls, which may use techniques such as slurry walls, shear pins, tiebacks, soil nails or soil anchors. Larger projects may use gabions and other forms of earth buttress. Shorelines and streams are protected against scour and erosion using revetments and riprap. The soil or rock itself may be improved by means such as dynamic compaction, injection of grout or concrete, and mechanically stabilized earth. Additional mitigation methods include deep foundations, tunnels, surface and subdrain systems, and other measures. Planning measures include regulations prohibiting development near hazard-prone areas and adoption of building codes. In paleohistory Eleven distinct flood basalt episodes occurred in the past 250 million years, resulting in large volcanic provinces, creating lava plateaus and mountain ranges on Earth. Large igneous provinces have been connected to five mass extinction events. The timing of six out of eleven known provinces coincide with periods of global warming and marine anoxia/dysoxia. Thus, suggesting that volcanic CO2 emissions can force an important effect on the climate system. Known hazards 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 2008 Sichuan earthquake 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami The Barrier (located in Garibaldi Provincial Park) Usoi Dam a natural landslide dam See also Earthquake engineering Physical impacts of climate change References External links International Centre for Geohazards (ICG) Physical geography Geomorphology Disasters