or postalveolar variant for rr (especially for the word-initial rr sound, as in Roma or rey). This is also pronounced voiceless when the consonants after the trill are voiceless and speaking in emphatic speech; it is written as [], it sounds like a simultaneous and . In Andean regions, the alveolar trill is realized as an alveolar approximant or even as a voiced apico-alveolar , and it is quite common in inland Ecuador, Peru, most of Bolivia and in parts of northern Argentina and Paraguay. The alveolar approximant realization is particularly associated with the substrate of Native American languages, as is the assibilation of to in Ecuador and Bolivia. Assibilated trill is also found in dialects in the /sr/ sequence wherein /s/ is unaspirated, example: las rosas ('the roses'), Israel . The assibilated trill in this example is sometimes pronounced voiceless in emphatic and slower speech: las rosas ('the roses'), Israel . The other major variant for the rr phoneme—common in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic—is articulated at the back of the mouth, either as a glottal followed by a voiceless apical trill [] or, especially in Puerto Rico, with a posterior articulation that ranges variously from a velar fricative to a uvular trill . Canfield describes it as a voiceless uvular trill . These realizations for rr maintain their contrast with the phoneme , as the latter tends to be realized as a soft glottal : compare Ramón ('Raymond') with jamón ('ham'). In Puerto Rico, syllable-final can be realized as (probably an influence of American English), aside from , , and , so that verso ('verse') becomes , alongside , , or ; invierno ('winter') becomes , alongside , , or ; and parlamento (parliament) becomes , alongside , , or . In word-final position, the realization of depends on whether it is followed by a consonant-initial word or a pause, on the one hand, or by a vowel-initial word, on the other: Before a consonant or pause: a trill, a tap, an approximant, the lateral , or elided, as in amo paterno ('paternal love'). Before a vowel: a tap, an approximant, or the lateral , as in amo eterno ('eternal love'). The same situation happens in Belize and the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, in these cases an influence of British English. Although in most Spanish-speaking territories and regions, guttural or uvular realizations of