of princes"). In 1559, three years after Aretino's death, his entire oeuvre was listed in the papal Index of Prohibited Books. The first English translations of some of Aretino's racier material have been coming onto the market recently. is a brilliant parody of Castiglione's , and features the adventures of a Sienese gentleman, Messer Maco, who travels to Rome to become a cardinal. He would also like to win himself a mistress, but when he falls in love with a girl he sees in a window, he realizes that only as a courtier would he be able to win her. In mockery of Castiglione's advice on how to become the perfect courtier, a charlatan proceeds to teach Messer Maco how to behave as a courtier: he must learn how to deceive and flatter, and sit hours in front of the mirror. Portrayals by artists Aretino was a close friend of Titian's, who painted his portrait three times: a 1527 portrait in the Kunstmuseum Basel, a 1537 portrait in the Frick Collection, and a 1545 portrait in the Pitti Palace. Luba Freedman cites a fourth portrait, from "not later than 1535," but Xavier F. Salomon, chief curator at the Frick Collection, writes that "there is no evidence that it ever existed." Titian also portrayed Aretino as Pontius Pilate in his painting "Ecce Homo," in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, "as a nameless soldier in the crowd" in "Alfonso d'Avalos Addressing his Troops," in the Prado, Madrid, and next to a self-portrait in "La Gloria," also in the Prado. Clement VII made Aretino a Knight of Rhodes, and Julius III named him a Knight of St. Peter, but the chain he wears for his 1545 portrait may have merely been jewelry. In his strictly-for-publication letters to patrons Aretino would often add a verbal portrait to Titian's painted one. Titian was far from the only artist who portrayed Aretino. "Probably no other celebrity of the cinquecento had his image reproduced so often and in so many media: paintings, frescoes, sculptures, prints, medals[...] At various stages of his life Aretino was also portrayed by Sebastiano del Piombo, Alessandro Moretto, Francesco Salviati, Jacopo Tintoretto, and Giorgio Vasari. His portrait was engraved by Marcantonio Raimondi and Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio. His likeness was reproduced on medals by Leone Leoni, Francesco Segala, Alfonso Lombardi, and Alessandro Vittoria and his image was sculpted by Jacopo Sansovino and Danese Cattaneo." The