to the highly chromatic and speech-rhythm-inflected style that Bartók uses. For non-native speakers, the Hungarian-language libretto can also be difficult to master. These reasons, coupled with the static effect of the stage action, combine to make staged performances of the opera a comparative rarity; it more often appears in concert form. To support the psychological undertones, Bartók calls for a large orchestra. The instrumentation is as notated below: 4 flutes (3rd and 4th doubling two piccolos), 2 oboes, cor anglais, 3 clarinets in A and B (1st and 2nd doubling two E clarinets, 3rd doubling bass clarinet), 4 bassoons (4th doubling contrabassoon), 4 horns, 4 trumpets in B, 4 trombones, tuba, timpani, bass drum, side drum, tamtam, cymbals, suspended cymbals, xylophone (originally a tastiera – usually played by two players), triangle, 2 harps, celesta, organ, and strings. In addition, Bartók calls for Musica di scena ('Stage music') of an extra 4 trumpets and 4 alto trombones. Translations The original German translation by Wilhelm Ziegler appears in the 1921 first edition of the vocal score. In 1963 a revised singing translation by Wilhelm Ziegler replaced it. The English translation printed in the 1963 miniature score is by Christopher Hassall. The one in the full score is by Chester Kallman. Another singing translation is that made by John Lloyd Davies for the Scottish Opera in 1989 (in British National Opera Guide No. 44, 1991). A reasonably faithful version in French is that of Natalia and Charles Zaremba (, 1992). Film adaptation Herzog Blaubarts Burg, a 1963 film version directed by Michael Powell, sung in German. Recordings References Bibliography . Further reading Antokoletz, Elliott. Musical Symbolism in the Operas of Debussy and Bartók: Trauma, Gender, and the Unfolding of the Unconscious, with the collaboration of Juana Canabal Antokoletz. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Kroó, György. 1981. "Data on the Genesis of Duke Bluebeard's Castle". Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 23:79–123. (Includes facsimile of 1912 ending, amongst other things.) Leafstedt, Carl S.: Inside Bluebeard's Castle. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. External links English libretto from the 1965 DECCA recording, to accompany the German film of the opera, Herzog Blaubarts Burg Hungarian libretto Bluebard's Castle – The Birth of Cinema from the Spirit of Opera by Nicholas Vazsonyi, The Hungarian Quarterly, vol. XLVI, no. 178, Summer 2005 (includes literal translation of prolog) , the 1989 Prix Italia winning BBC production with