positive effects where motivation was low, and were found to be particularly important for children with ADHD." From this perspective, reward should not be considered a good or bad tool in itself, but rather evaluated according to its fit with the needs and signals of the child. Beyond their effectiveness and usefulness as alternatives to corporal punishment, reviewed skills also showed important and often long-term positive effects. Examples included "improved school engagement, academic achievement, participation, communication and social relationships, better self-regulation, higher self-esteem and independence, and lower rates of depression, suicide, substance abuse, sexual risk behavior, conduct disorders, aggression and crime.". Quail and Ward concluded that the "important positive outcomes shown suggest that use of these tools should be promoted not only for prevention of violence, but for optimum child development." See also Chastisement Behavior analysis of child development Blab school Blanket training Bullying Graduated Electronic Decelerator Nanny 911 Parent Management Training Pindown Poisonous pedagogy School discipline Spoiled child Supernanny Tactical ignoring Tantrum The Five Love Languages of children Washing out mouth with soap Child Discipline Act Child abuse References Further reading Chapman, Gary and Campbell, Ross (1997). The 5 Love Languages of Children. (Love language profiling available online at no cost). Miller, Alice (1983). For Your Own Good: Hidden Cruelty in Child-Rearing and the Roots of Violence. (available online at no cost). Miller, Alice. The Untouched Key: Tracing Childhood Trauma in Creativity and Destructiveness. . Yilu Zhao. "Cultural Divide Over Parental Discipline", The New York Times, 29 May 2002. Childhood Parenting Punishments