generalized coordinates, and the Lagrangian. Lagrange also further developed the principle of least action and introduced the Lagrangian reference frame for fluid flow. Hamilton's papers. These three papers used Hamilton's methods in optics to formulate mechanics anew; now called Hamiltonian mechanics. Noether, Emmy (1918). See mathematical physics section. Kolmogorov-Arnol'd-Moser papers. Kolmogorov, A. N. "On Conservation of Conditionally Periodic Motions for a Small Change in Hamilton's Function." Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 98, 527–530, 1954. Moser, J. "On Invariant Curves of Area-Preserving Mappings of an Annulus." Nachr. Akad. Wiss. Göttingen Math.-Phys. Kl. II, 1-20, 1962. Arnol'd, V. I. "Proof of a Theorem of A. N. Kolmogorov on the Preservation of Conditionally Periodic Motions under a Small Perturbation of the Hamiltonian." Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 18, 13–40, 1963. Set of important results in dynamical systems theory of Hamiltonian systems, named the KAM theorem after the authors' initials. Regarded in retrospect as a sign of chaos theory. A standard graduate textbook on classical mechanics, considered a good book on the subject. Fluid dynamics Archimedes (ca. 250 BCE). "On Floating Bodies" (in ancient Greek, later tr. medieval Latin). Syracuse, Sicily. Partial preservation. Two-book treatise regarded as the founding text of fluid mechanics and hydrostatics in particular. Contains an introduction of his famous principle. Daniel Bernoulli (1738). Hydrodynamica, sive de viribus et motibus fluidorum commentarii (in Latin). Strasbourg. English translation: Hydrodynamics and Hydraulics by Daniel Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli (Dover Publications, 1968). Established a unified approach to hydrostatics and hydraulics; study of efflux; Bernoulli's principle. Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1752). Essai d'une nouvelle théorie de la résistance des fluides (in French) [Essay of a new theory of resistance of fluids]. Paris. Introduces D'Alembert's paradox. (Presented in 1755) Formulates the theory of fluid dynamics in terms of a set of partial differential equations: Euler equations (fluid dynamics) (Presented in 1822) First formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, albeit based on an incorrect molecular theory. (Presented in 1845) Correct formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations. Introduced the study of vortex dynamics (see Vorticity). Introduces the dimensionless Reynolds number, investigating the critical Reynolds number for transition from laminar to turbulent flow. (Presented in 1904) Introduces the Boundary layer. . Translated into English by Introduces a quantitative theory of turbulence. Computational physics S. Ulam, R. D. Richtmyer, and J. von Neumann (1947). "Statistical methods in neutron diffusion"; LANL Scientific Laboratory report LAMS–551. Retrieved 2011-10-23. This paper records the first use of the Monte