Anthony Appleyard (c. 1943 – 28 February 2022) worked at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, and was known as a Tolkien scholar specialising in Tolkien's constructed languages. His 1995 description of the Elvish language Quenya was the first to exploit the information published in The History of Middle-earth. This was criticised by the Tolkien scholar Carl F. Hostetter as trying to construct a single consistent language rather than accepting that Quenya developed, both as Tolkien continued to invent linguistic structures and in the fiction as the Elvish languages changed and fragmented. Biography Appleyard worked at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. He was a Wikipedia editor from 2004 until his death. He was an administrator of the global encyclopedia, and a member of its underwater diving project. He died in Manchester on 28 February 2022. Tolkien scholarship Quenya grammar The linguist, novelist, and Tolkien scholar Helge Fauskanger wrote that despite the attention given to Tolkien's languages, the information on the web before Fauskanger constructed his own Ardalambion website was mainly poor, with the exception of "Anthony Appleyard's work - very concentrated and technical, excellent for those who are already deep into these things, but probably difficult to absorb for beginners." The Tolkien scholar Carl F. Hostetter wrote that it was Appleyard, in February 1992, who made "the first comprehensive attempt ... to systematize Quenya grammar in light of the new information published in The History of Middle-earth, particularly The Etymologies, in his article 'Quenya Grammar Reexamined'." Hostetter stated that the analysis collected together what was known of Quenya's grammar, and organised its grammatical structures "as Appleyard delineated them, in the form of paradigms assembled both from forms taken from sometimes widely separated conceptual stages of Quenya and from his own hypothetical constructions, together with not a few attempts to explain attested forms not fitting into these paradigms as errors on Tolkien's part." Hostetter commented that Appleyard's work was by 2007 useful mainly for summarising the attitudes to Tolkien's languages at that time. He characterised it as: seeking to label and describe a unique function for each "grammatical inflection", such as the so-called "respective case" seeking to "fill in gaps" that a linguist of English or Latin might expect seeking to avoid "(supposed) 'clashes' and 'ambiguities'" being willing "to reject or even ascribe to authorial error" grammatical forms that did not seem to fit