630 °C, aluminum, Al15Si2(Mn,Fe)3 and Al 8Fe2Si are formed from the melt, Al3Fe Aluminum, Al5FeSi and Al15Si2(Mn,Fe)3 are formed from the melt and Al8Fe2Si at around 600 °C Aluminum, silicon and Al15Si2(Mn,Fe)3 are formed from the melt and Al5FeSi at around 565 °C Structures The Structure according to the casting into bars or slabs consists of the main mass of an oversaturated-Mixed crystal and excreted areas with manganese-containing phases whose size is about 100 μm. A large part of the manganese (about 0.7 to 0.9%) is still dissolved in aluminium, as the cooling speeds after casting are too large for all manganese to be passed through diffusion could excrete. The reason for this is also the very low diffusion speed of manganese in aluminium. Through homogenization and forming (rolling, forging) the structure changes. Various phases are eliminated from the aluminum basic structure, the size of which is less than one micron. These particles cause an increase in strength against pure aluminium by about 25%. They are thermally stable, and difficult to dissolve. In the formed and homogenized state, there is a very fine structure, and the larger, manganese-containing areas from the casting state are no longer present. These finely distributed particles also hinder grain growth and thus improve the strength of the material; however, this improvement is only small, as it generally depends little on the grain size for aluminium materials. The presence of silicon accelerates the excretion of Al12(Mn,Fe)3Si. If there is enough silicon, the Al6(Mn,Fe) is converted to Al12(Mn,Fe)3Si during homogenisation. Properties and standardised alloys 3000 series 3000 series are alloyed with manganese, and can be work hardened. References Further reading Friedrich Ostermann: Application technology aluminium. 3. Edition. Springer, 2014, ISBN 978-3-662-43806-0, p. 100-102. Aluminium paperback. Volume 1: Fundamentals and materials. 16. Edition. Beuth-Verlag, Berlin/ Vienna/ Zurich 2002,ISBN 3-87017-274-6, p. 104 f, 122. George E. Totten, D. Scott MacKenzie: Handbook of Aluminum. Volume 1: Physical Metallurgy and Processes. Marcel Dekker, New York/ Basel 2003, ISBN 0-8247-0494-0, p. 159f. Aluminium–manganese alloys