at his nose and mouth and reaching down into his ten fingers." (Campany 2002: 417). Laozi "made available many methods for transcending the world, including, [first of all,] [formulas for] nine elixirs and eight minerals, Liquor of Jade and Gold Liquor; next, methods for mentally fixing on the mystic and unsullied, meditating on spirits and on the Monad [守一], successively storing and circulating pneumas, refining one's body and dispelling disasters, averting evil and controlling ghosts, nourishing one's nature and avoiding grains, transforming oneself [so as to] overcome trouble, keeping to the teachings and precepts, and dispatching demons" (Campany 2002: 199). Liu Gen (劉根) "eventually taught Wang Zhen [王真] how to meditate on the Monad, circulate pneumas, and visualize [his corporeal] spirits, and also methods for sitting astride the Mainstays and Strands [of the heavens] and for confessing one's transgressions and submitting one's name on high." (Campany 2002: 246–248). Gan Shi (甘始) "excelled at circulating pneumas. He did not eat [a normal diet] but ingested [only] asparagus root [tianmen dong 天門冬]." (Campany 2002: 150) Kong Anguo "habitually circulated pneumas and ingested lead and cinnabar (or "an elixir made from lead"). He reached three hundred years of age and had the appearance of a boy" (Campany 2002: 311). Bo He (帛和) received from the physician Dong Feng his "methods of circulating pneumas, ingesting atractylis, and avoiding grains" (tr. Campany 2002: 133). She Zheng (涉正) transmitted to all his disciples "[methods of] circulating pneumas, bedchamber [arts], and the ingestion of a lesser elixir made from 'stony brains' [geodes]." (Campany 2002: 332). Zhang Ling (c. 34–156) " As for his circulation of pneumas and dietetic regimen, he relied on [standard] methods of transcendence; here, [as with methods of curing illness], he made no significant changes." (Campany 2002: 352). Dong Zhong (董仲) "From his youth he practiced pneuma circulation and refined his body. When he had reached an age of over a hundred, he still had not aged [in appearance]." (Campany 2002: 363). Huang Jing (黄敬) "is said to have circulated pneumas, abstained from grains, subsisted on his saliva, practiced embryonic breathing and interior vision, summoned the liujia and jade maidens, and swallowed talismans of yin and yang." (Campany 2002: 541). Tang dynasty During the Tang dynasty (618-907), Daoists integrated new meditation theories and techniques from Chinese Buddhism and many seminal texts were written, especially during the 8th century. The Daoist Shangqing School patriarch Sima