in February 2017, with twelve ships participating in the exercise. Participants included two P3Cs each from Australia, China, Indonesia, Russia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, UK, and USA. The exercise also included participation from ten SOF/ EOD/ Marine units from China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Russia, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and the UK. 67 observers and 33 countries in total took part in the exercise. AMAN-19 Carried out in February 2019, 11 ships from Australia, China, Italy, Malaysia, Oman, Sri Lanka, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States participated in the exercise as Pre-AMAN, along with one ship and two P3Cs aircraft from Japan. Also taking part in the exercise were 15 SOF/EOD/Marines teams from China, Indonesia, Italy, Malaysia, Nigeria, Poland, Sri Lanka, Turkey, UK, and the United States. In total, 115 observers and 46 nations took part in the exercise with the aforementioned assets. AMAN-21 At Karachi, the Pakistan Navy conducted Multinational Maritime Exercise AMAN-21, the seventh in the Multinational Exercise AMAN series, on 11 – 16 February 2021. This exercise included participation from ships, planes, SOF/EOD/Marine teams, and observers from 43 different nations' navies. There were two phases to the exercise: a harbor phase and a sea phase. The flag hoisting ceremony, International Maritime Conference, seminars, roundtable discussions, ship-to-ship visits, call-ons, Maritime Anti Terrorism Demonstration, and International Bands Display were all included in the harbor phase. The operational plans and operations that were finalized during the harbor phase were put into practice during the sea phase. AMAN-23 On 10 February 2023, an opening ceremony for the joint exercise was held at the Pakistan Navy Dockyard, Karachi, and consisted of two phases: a harbor phase (10 – 12 February) and a sea phase (13 – 14 February). The participating fleets prepared for the five-day drills with seminars, operational debates, and professional demonstrations before engaging in tactical maneuver, anti-piracy, counterterrorism, search and rescue, live-fire shooting, and air defense exercises. The exercise, with the theme "Together for Peace", involved approximately 50 nations, including China, United States, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Lebanon, France, Azerbaijan, Oman, Kuwait, and Bangladesh, as well as African Union countries with ships, aircraft, special ops forces, explosive ordinance disposal teams, and observers. Its purpose was to improve the participants' interoperability in the face of potential threats and instabilities in the Indian Ocean and to protect crucial international sea communication routes and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. In addition to