violate the Islamic Personal Law. This case generated a great deal of controversy and led to a heated debate about the role of Islamic law in India. It also highlighted the tensions between the AIMPLB and the Indian state, particularly the Congress government led by Rajiv Gandhi, which sought to introduce reforms in the Muslim Personal Law. In response, the government passed the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986, which overturned the Supreme Court's decision in the Shah Bano case and restricted the payment of maintenance to a limited period after divorce. The AIMPLB has also opposed attempts to introduce a uniform civil code, which would provide a single code of law for all citizens regardless of religion. In 2018, The AIMPLB proposed the establishment of Sharia courts, known as Darul Qaza, in every district of India to offer Muslims an alternative dispute resolution mechanism. However, the proposal sparked controversy as some critics raised concerns that it could undermine the authority of the Indian legal system and potentially result in the imposition of severe punishments that violate human rights. Despite criticism from some quarters, the AIMPLB continues to play a significant role in shaping the discourse on the Muslim Personal Law in India. Another notable Deobandi organization in India is Imarat Shariah, which operates in the states of Bihar, Odisha, and Jharkhand, with its headquarters located in the city of Patna, Bihar. Founded in 1921, it is considered one of the most prominent Islamic institutions in India. One of the services offered by Imarat-e-Shariah is Darul Qaza, which are Sharia courts operating within the institution to resolve disputes within the Muslim community according to Islamic law or Sharia. Although the decisions made by Darul Qaza are not legally binding, they are seen as a means for Muslims to resolve disputes in a manner that is consistent with their religious beliefs. Bangladesh In January 2001, the High Court of Bangladesh issued a verdict banning all types of fatwas. This decision sparked the formation of the "Fatwa Protection Movement" in Bangladesh, led by Fazlul Haque Amini. Ten years later, in 2011, an appeal was heard in the Appellate Division, resulting in a new verdict announced on May 12, 2011. The Appellate Division invalidated the High Court's ruling, citing the fact that the existing law did not fully consider all aspects related to individuals, families, and social life. As a