Sverdrups (Sv) in the north and with increasing flow as it moves south. The mean speed of the Brazil Current is , and surface temperatures range from . Animals / Fish The near-shore marine life reflects the support of the lagoons, estuaries and mangroves that are common in this region. Also, the levels of industrial and domestic pollution vary according to the human activity of the nearest bay or estuary. Artisanal fishing practices are employed in the coastal fisheries: trawling for shrimp, manual collection of shellfish and crab, seine fishing for bluefish, mullet and bonitos. The broadband anchovy (Anchoviella lepindentostole) is an important traditional fishery along São Paulo State, although unsustainable fishing practices are threatening it and other stocks like the Grey triggerfish (Balistes capriscus). Off-shore, marine diversity is increased by seasonal upwelling of nutrient-rich, cold subtropical waters from cyclonic activity of the Brazil Current. The off-shore fisheries center on trawling for shrimp, and purse seine fishing for the highly depleted sardines. Conservation status Conservation threats to the ecoregion are mainly due the large urban areas along the coast (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo), and associated industrial pollution. Many of the terrestrial protected areas on the coast have marine components, such that about 9% of the ecoregion is protected, including: Ilha Anchieta State Park, a terrestrial and marine park centered on the offshore Ilha Anchieta. Species of conservation concern in the park include the vulnerable Atlantic goliath grouper, Southern right whale, and Bryde's whale. Guaraqueçaba Environmental Protection Area, an area of varied lagoons, estuaries, and relatively low human population. References Marine ecoregions Ecoregions of Brazil Tropical Atlantic