interference in the matters of administration and governance in the Sasan lands of Charanas. Within Sasan territories, the Raja (king) had no jurisdiction over inhabitants, and all the disputes were resolved under Charana jurisdiction. Inalienable & Inheritable:— These lands were given to the Charana awardee and their descendants in perpetuity. However, in later periods, when the lineage of the original grantee ended, the fief was generally resumed by the state. Furthermore, the grantee had the right to mortgage, gift, transfer and sometimes even sell their right of revenue from the estate to others. For example, Nainsi's Vigat records that Kisna, a Charana, sold a portion of his village to Kachara, a Brahman, which had previously been mortgaged to the same person. In later period, restrictions were placed on selling or gifting sasan lands, although mortgaging was still permitted. Grant Records The granting of these Sasan estates was recorded both orally as well as engraved on copper-plates known as tamrapatra, which could withstand the vagaries of time. These tamrapatras typically included the purpose of the grant as well as the names of the grantor and grantee. All the sanads and parwanās for these grants were maintained in the office of the diwan, and used the ancient phrase that the grant should continue "till the moon and sun endure". Composition The term "Sasan" became a comprehensive term used to denote all land grants of a tax-free or religious nature, thus covering all grants made to charanas, sadhus, nath jogis, brahmins, bhats, yatis and temples. Terms such as dharmada, punyarth bhom, muafi, punya, and udik-inam, which signified religious nature of the grant, were synonym with Sasan. Official documents from the royal courts provide details about the composition of various land grants enjoyed by jagirdars. For example, in 1614, the Kingdom of Bikaner had 175 villages as tax-free or Sasan estates. Of these, 111 villages were held by the Charanas while the rest 64 were given to Brahmins. In the Kingdom of Mewar, out of total 13.5 parts divison of land, 7 parts belonged to jagirdars and bhomiya, 3 parts belonged to the Sasan, and 3.5 parts belonged to the state's Khalsa. Nainsi recorded the distribution of villages under the Sasan category in Marwar ra Paragana ri Vigat. Comparison Comparing Sasan grants with the contemporary Mughal madad-i ma'ash grants, the following observations can be made:— Both types of grants aimed to serve the same