purpose of religious charity. While the madad-i ma'ash grants were mainly given to town residents, the sāsan-grantees seem to have been rural residents. Both grants had a proportion of total income to total revenue that was about equal. The revenue of madad-i ma'ash grants did not rise above 5.84% of the total jama' in Akbar's time, while the revenue of Sasan grants in Marwar did not exceed 5.09% of the total except in Sojat. Sasan grants suggest a possibility of a class with certain zamindari rights emerging, while madad-i ma'ash lands do not indicate a strong tendency of this nature, except in Aurangzeb's time when such grants were made hereditaryin 1690. Adalat Khat Darshan The concept of Khat Darshan refers to six communities with socio-religious character, including Charana, Brahmin, Mahant, Nath, Yati, and Jogi (ascetics). In Mewar, jagirdars who were beneficiaries of the Sasan grants were known as Khat Darshan. The Charanas used to rely on the practice of Chandi or Traga (ritual self-mutilation leading to suicide) for securing justice and fulfillment of their demands. However, changes in the socio-legal system brought by the British Raj compelled them to turn to cultivation. This led to illegal grabbing of land among siblings, with disputes invariably involving litigation with their partners due to their custom of inheritance, which required equal division of property (charania-bant). This marked a shift towards the acceptance of colonial laws as they had previously considered themselves above the law. Land disputes among the Charanas were so numerous that a separate court, the 'Adalat Khat Darshan', was established for their settlement. This 'Adalat Khat Darshan' court was established in 1839 in Jodhpur (Marwar), with elite Charanas in-charge, to settle disputes involving Charanas, Brahmans, and Purohits. Through this court, they sought to redress disputes over land use, water infrastructure, and other agro-social grievances. Notes See also Jagir Dhandhaniya Sasan Brahmadeya Bibliography References Charan Land management in India Land tenure Jagirs Indian feudalism Indian words and phrases Administrative divisions of India Types of administrative division Sasan