Tufa Shujineng's Rebellion, also known as the Qin and Liang Provinces Rebellion (Chinese: 秦涼之變), was a tribal revolt against the Western Jin dynasty from 270 to 279 during the Three Kingdoms period. The revolt, led by the Xianbei chieftain, Tufa Shujineng but mostly consisting of the Qiang and Di people, first broke out in Qin province before spilling over to Liang province. It lasted around a decade, and was a factor in delaying Jin's conquest of Wu to unify China. The rebellion peaked in 279, when the rebels captured Liang, but that year would also see its end after Jin forces decisively defeated and kill Shujineng. Background When the Cao Wei general, Deng Ai, was stationed in the northwest between 256 and 263, he received the surrender of tens of thousands of Xianbei people from the Hexi Corridor. He resettled them in the areas between Liang and Yong provinces, where they mingled with the local inhabitants. At the time, the two provinces were home to many non-Han people, most of whom were of Qiang or Di ethnicity. In 269, the Jin dynasty established Qin province, which included portions of Liang and Yong. Between 268 and 269, many parts of China were affected by floods and droughts, and the Jin minister, Fu Xuan was worried that the tribal people in the northwest, particularly the Xianbei, would rebel as a result. He proposed that the Inspector of Qin, Hu Lie, who had a reputation in the west, be given responsibility to pacify the tribes in the case of a rebellion. However, he was still concern that even if Hu Lie defeated the rebels, the rebels could easily escape to Anding Commandery (安定郡; around present-day Pingliang, Gansu) in Yong or Wuwei Commandery (武威郡; in present-day Jingyuan County, Gansu) in Liang. He further suggested that a new commandery be set up around the river of Gaoping County (高平縣; present-day Guyuan, Ningxia), where those willing to migrate will be recruited and supplemented with corvée exemptions. The commandery, along with Anding and Wuwei, would be transferred to Qin for Hu Lie to administer. Fu Xuan also added that they should open up a new passage to the north to encourage people to migrate and gradually strengthen their hold around the border. However, one minister, Chen Qian had warned against appointing Hu Lie and another general, Qian Hong, as provincial inspectors. He argued that while the two