Volkhov. The importance of the land route grew during conflicts between Novgorod and Sweden in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. In spite of the thriving trade, Novgorod had numerous conflicts with the League which were usually caused by disagreement on terms of exchange, violations of the rules of trade and attacks on merchants. A trade war from 1385–1391 was concluded by 's peace treaty which set the terms of trade. The treaty gave merchants the right of free passage and established the principle of individual responsibility for infractions, in contrast to the previous practice of collective responsibility. The treaty became the basis for the relationship between Novgorod and German cities for the next hundred years but did not prevent numerous conflicts in the 15th century. The main points of contention were the right of Novgorodian merchants to carry out sea trade independently and the terms of exchange. German merchants had the right to inspect furs and wax (by chipping off pieces which were not included in the final weight) whereas Russian merchants had to buy batches of cloth, barrels of herring and wine and sacks of salt without examining or weighing them. At the same time, trade with non-Hanseatic cities such as Narva, Vyborg and Stockholm grew in importance. Commodities Furs dominated the exports of Novgorod to Western Europe, mostly consisting of squirrel but also of more valuable sable, mink and marten. The furs came from the vast lands to the north and east of Novgorod, where according to medieval accounts the furs were so abundant that squirrels were raining from the sky. Novgorod also exported honey, wax, leather and fish. Silver, cloth, wine, salt and herring were imported from Western Europe. Novgorod also imported silver and other metals such as copper, tin and lead. Since they were needed for armaments, Sweden and the Livonian order tried to stop this trade during their conflicts with Novgorod. Eastern trade The route from the Varangians to the Greeks went south via Kiev, where Novgorodian merchants had a court in Podil. Silk, glass, wine, oil and glassware were imported from Byzantium via this route. The trade came to an end after the sack of Kiev by the Mongols in 1240. The Volga route was important in the 9th and 10th centuries when large quantities of silver were imported via Bolghar and Novgorod into Northern Europe. The trade continued even after the