quality; scholars underline rather Lappo's massive pedagogical effort in Prague. Acknowledgement of his research in the Republic of Lithuania was partially due to politics, as the Kaunas government was leaving no stone unturned in search for arguments that over the centuries Lithuania has been defending its sovereignty against Polish designs. In the USSR Lappo went into almost total oblivion; if mentioned, it was so usually in relation to history of the Tartu University. He was stigmatized as scholar from “a historiograhic school characterised by lack of interest when it comes to position of the exploited popular masses”, “typical representative of the official conservative current of the bourgeoisie historiography during the imperialist period”, or static scholar, who was “unable to realize the nature of historical process” and “objective rules of development and reasons for aggravated social contradictions”. In the post-Soviet era Lappo gained a few monographic articles by Lithuanian, Russian and Polish authors; they underline his profound knowledge of sources and scholarly competence when it comes to Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the modern era, even if some scholars note "quite paradoxical and partly incoherent" narrative. His scientific contribution is discussed against the background of political turmoil in Russia and Eastern Europe, which first condemned Lappo to 20 years of living on exile, and then trapped him in tragically destitute conditions during World War II. See also Grand Duchy of Lithuania Footnotes Further reading Tomasz Ambroziak, Ivan Ivanovich Lappo’s views on the Circumstances of Establishing the Union of Lublin in the Context of pre-revolutionary Russian Historiography, [in:] Zapiski Historyczne LXXXIV (2019), pp. 97–122 Людмила Дубьева, “Отдаюсь науке совсем…”. И. И. Лаппо – профессор русской истории Тартуского (Юрьевского) университета в 1905–1918 гг., [in:] Павел Лавринец (ed.), Балтийский архив. Русская культура в Прибалтике, vol. 9, Вильнюс 2005, pp. 374 – 391 Ludmila Dub’eva, Ivan Ivanovič Lappo (1869–1944): „Ich möchte die Staatsordnung von Litauen untersuchen”, [in:] N. Angermann, W. Lenz, K. Maier (eds.), Geisteswissenschaft en und Publizistik im Baltikum des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts, Berlin 2011, pp. 513–539 Повилас Ласинскас, И.И. Лаппо в Литве, [in:] Новый исторический вестник 1/12 (2005), pp. 186–196 Povilas Lasinskas, Ivanas Lappo – Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto profesorius, [in:] Lituanistica 3/35 (1998), pp. 3–20 Владимир П. Мякишев, И. И. Лаппо – ученый с живым чувством исторической действительности, [in:] Вестник ВГУ. Серия Гуманитарные науки 1 (2004), pp. 162–176 Władimir Miakiszew, Iwan I. Łappo (1869–1944) – dwa wymiary życia uczonego, [in:] Taeduzs