the fatwa was seen as an important step towards countering extremist ideology and promoting a message of peace and tolerance. Islamic banking and finance Islamic finance was first introduced in the 1970s as an interest-free banking system. Its primary objective is to ensure that financial transactions comply with Islamic law or shariah, which means avoiding interest-based transactions, excessive uncertainty or risk, and unethical practices. Islamic banking and finance have received mixed reactions from Muslims. While some have accepted Islamic finance as being in accordance with Islamic law, many ulama view it as equivalent to riba and therefore prohibited in Islam. Prominent Deobandi scholars, such as Taqi Usmani, have engaged globally in articulating Islamic finance theory and overseeing its implementation, authoring many books including An Introduction to Islamic Finance. However, some Deobandi scholars have raised concerns that modern Islamic banking and finance fall short of the minimum requirements needed to make it truly Islamic. They have produced a detailed critique of Islamic banking in a work titled Murawwaja Islami Bankari. In response, Taqi Usmani wrote Ghayr Sudi Bankari, addressing each point made against Islamic banking. The intra-Deobandi debate on Islamic banking has been ongoing for several decades, and there is no consensus among Deobandi scholars on the issue. Digitalisation The digitization of fatwas reflects the current digital age, offering scholars a new platform to provide guidance to a global audience. With the widespread availability and accessibility of the internet, this trend has become increasingly prevalent. Many adherents of Deobandi fiqh use online platforms to disseminate their fatwas. To preserve historical records of the seminary and make them more accessible to scholars and researchers, Darul Uloom Deoband has decided to digitize hundreds of thousands of fatwas that have been issued since 1866. In 2002, Darul Uloom Deoband started its website journey, named Darulifta-Deoband.com, and established an Online Fatwa Department in 2005. By 2016, it had become the world's largest bilingual fatwa website. Notably, in 2010, almost 40% of the fatwas were issued online. Askimam, founded by South African Islamic scholar and jurist Ebrahim Desai in 2000, is another example of the digitalization of Deobandi fiqh. It has been lauded for being more influential, wide-ranging, and comprehensive than the web resources of Al-Azhar University and its supporters combined. The Askimam website reflects the Deobandi Hanafi school of thought's outlook and recommends that people following other Sunni schools of thought seek guidance from their