(2006) pp: 895-911 online. Fischer, David Hackett. African Founders: How Enslaved People Expanded American Ideals (Simon and Schuster, 2022) excerpt Fitzgerald, Michael W. The Union League Movement in the Deep South: Politics and Agricultural Change During Reconstruction (1989) online Foner, Eric. The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution (W.W. Norton, 2020) online; also see online review Fox, Jr, James W. "The Constitution of Black Abolitionism: Reframing the Second Founding." University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 23 (2021) pp: 267–350. online; based on documents from the state and national conventions of African Americans, 1831 to 1864. Hodges, Graham Russell Gao. David Ruggles: a radical black abolitionist and the Underground Railroad in New York City (2010) online Holt, Thomas C. Children of fire : a history of African Americans (2010) online Kachun, Mitch. "From Forgotten Founder to Indispensable Icon: Crispus Attacks, Black Citizenship, and Collective Memory, 1770-1865." Journal of the Early Republic 29.2 (2009): 249–286. online McPherson, James M. The struggle for equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (1964) online McPherson, James M. The abolitionist legacy from Reconstruction to the NAACP (1995) online McPherson, James M. The Negro's Civil War: how American Blacks felt and acted during the war for the Union (1965) online Newman, Richard S. and Roy E. Finkenbine, "Black Founders in the New Republic" William and Mary Quarterly (2007) 64#1 pp. 83–94 online Newman, Richard S. Freedom’s Prophet: Bishop Richard Allen, the AME Church, and the Black Founding Fathers (2009). Quigley, David. Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy (Hill and Wang, 2003) Rabinowitz, Howard N. ed. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era (University of Illinois Press, 1982). Taylor, Brian. Fighting for Citizenship: Black Northerners and the Debate over Military Service in the Civil War (University Of North Carolina Press, 2020). review Underwood, James Lowell, et al. eds. At Freedom's Door: African American Founding Fathers and Lawyers in Reconstruction South Carolina (U. of South Carolina Press, 2000.) excerpt; see also online review Walton, Hanes, Robert C. Smith, and Sherri L. Wallace. American politics and the African American quest for universal freedom (9th ed. Routledge, 2020) excerpt Wurman, Ilan. The Second Founding: An Introduction to the Fourteenth Amendment (Cambridge UP, 2020) excerpt Yee, Shirley J. Black Women Abolitionists: Study in Activism, 1828-1860 (1992) online Primary sources Ripley, C. Peter, ed. The Black Abolitionist