also underwent training at posts including Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley in Kansas. Kramer was promoted to first lieutenant in the Regular Army on April 15, 1917, temporary captain in the National Army on August 5, 1917, and permanent captain in the Regular Army on December 15, 1917. Continued career After the war, Kramer served with the 14th Infantry Regiment at Fort Davis, Panama. In July 1923, he returned to the United States and was assigned to the staff of the 83rd Infantry Division at Fort Hayes, Ohio, which he assisted with its organization and training after it was activated as a unit of the Organized Reserve Corps. Kramer graduated from the Infantry Officer Advanced Course in 1927 and was assigned as assistant professor of military science for the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He was promoted to major in December 1929. In 1931, he began attendance at the United States Army Command and General Staff College, from which he graduated in 1933. After graduation, Kramer was assigned to the staff college faculty. In March 1937, Kramer was assigned to the 29th Infantry Regiment at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. In May 1937, Kramer was one of several German-speaking officers, including Albert Coady Wedemeyer, who were selected for an exchange program that included attendance at the German General Staff School in Berlin and service with a German military unit. After completing the academic course, Kramer served with an Infantry regiment, and was a firsthand observer of Germany's 1938 invasion of Czechoslovakia and 1939 Invasion of Poland. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in June 1939. The start of World War II ended the exchange program, and Kramer returned to the United States in late 1939. In early 1940, he used his exchange program experiences to provide civilian journalists and U.S. intelligence officials current information about Germany's military capability and capacity. After duty at Fort Benning, Georgia, in August 1941 Kramer was assigned to staff duty in the office of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army. He was promoted to colonel (Army of the United States) the following October. He was promoted to brigadier general (Army of the United States) in July 1942, and in August he was assigned as assistant division commander of the 104th Infantry Division at Camp Adair, Oregon. Later career In March 1943, Kramer was promoted to Major General (Army