evident in: "leading the breath", "guiding the breath" (Maspero 1981: 283, 542) "circulation of the [qi]" (Needham 1983: 142) "circulate vapor" (Harper 1998: 125) "circulation of pneumas" (Campany 2002: 20) "circulating breath" (Despeux 2008: 1108) "Moving the Vapors" (Shaughnessy 2014: 190) "circulating the qi" (Eskildsen 2015: 254) "pneuma circulation" (Kroll 2017: 484) Within this sample, xing is most often translated as "circulate/circulating/circulation", but owing to the polysemous meanings of qi it is rendered as "breath", "vapor(s)", "pneuma(s)", or transliterated as qi. Nathan Sivin rejected translating with the ancient Greek word pneuma ("breath; spirit, soul" or "breath of life" in Stoicism) as too narrow for the semantic range of qi: By 350 [BCE], when philosophy began to be systematic, qi meant air, breath, vapor, and other pneumatic stuff. It might be congealed or compacted in liquids or solids. Qi also referred to the balanced and ordered vitalities or energies, partly derived from the air we breathe, that cause physical changes and maintain life. These are not distinct meanings. (Sivin 1987: 47) The term qi (氣) is "so basic to Chinese worldviews, yet so multivalent in its meanings, spanning senses normally distinguished in the West, that a single satisfying Western language translation has so far proved elusive" (Campany 2002: 18). In Chinese medical terminology, xíngqì (行氣, means "promote the circulation of qì; activate vital energy") parallels xíngxuè or colloquial xíngxiě (行血, "promote circulation of blood; activate the blood"), and is expanded in the phrasemes xíngqìsànjié (行氣散結, "set the qì in motion and disperse congelation") and xíngqìkāiyù (行氣, "activate vital energy and release stagnation of emotions") (tr. Bishop 2016). Yùnqì (運氣, "control the breath; move qì through the body"; Bishop 2016) is a near-synonym of xingqi (行氣, "circulate the breath"). Yùn (運) has translation equivalents of: turn round, revolve, circumvolve; rotate, gyre; … cyclic movement of the universe; turn of fortune or destiny; phase … transport, displace; move, convey; advance … make use of, ply, wield; handle, manage. … (Kroll 2017: 581; condensed) When qi is pronounced with a neutral tone, yùnqi (運氣) means "turn of events; luck, fortune, happiness". Textual examples Methods for circulating breath are attested during the Warring States period (c. 475-221 BCE), continued during the Han dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE), became well known during the Six Dynasties (222-589), and developed during the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) periods (Despeux 2008: 1108). Warring States period In the history of Daoist