inscription of the Choregic Monument of Nicias. It reads as follows: The inscription would originally have been placed across the architrave of Nicias' monument, and represents one of the latest such inscriptions from Hellenistic Athens. Under Demetrios of Phaleron, who governed Athens between 317 and 307 BCE, sumptuary laws to control aristocrats' ostentatious spending meant that no further choregic monuments were constructed. Construction The American archaeologist and philologist Walter Miller suggested in 1893 that the gate may have been built to replace an older, now-lost gateway, which he hypothesised would have been less strongly fortified. According to Tasos Tanoulas, part of the strategic rationale behind the gate's construction was to safeguard the approach leading to the klepsydra, a spring on the Acropolis which provided it with a safe supply of water in case of siege.During the demolition of the Choragic Monument of Nikias, the structure's geisa were numbered while still in situ, allowing them to be correctly reassembled within the gate. The Doric frieze of the Choragic Monument, built from limestone and marble, was reconstructed along the top of the Beulé Gate, though the architrave of the Choregic Monument, which originally formed a single horizontal beam, was divided into two parts, one above and one below the frieze. Jeffrey M. Hurwitt has described the re-use of the Choragic Monument as a "twice-told Classicism", since the original monument was itself modelled on the Propylaia, and so its re-use created architectural harmony between the Beulé Gate and the Proplyaia to which it led. Hurwitt has called the construction of the gate a "turning point" in the Acropolis' history, suggesting that it represented a renewed emphasis on the Acropolis' role as a strategic fortification rather than as a religious sanctuary — making the site now "a fortress with temples". Later in the Roman period, an arch was constructed out from the eastern tower of the gate. After the Fourth Crusade of 1204, Athens became the centre of the Duchy of Athens. Between the 13th and 15th centuries, the city's Frankish rulers gradually refortified the Acropolis, closing off both the Beulé Gate and the Propylaia, which was further reinforced with the Frankish Tower at an uncertain date. The gates' previous role as an entrance to the Acropolis was taken over by the gate situated beneath the Temple of Athena Nike. At some point in the Ottoman period, a bastion was constructed on top of