generally from poor, rural areas to wealthy, urban ones. However, unofficial residents are often denied official services such as education and medical care and are sometimes subject to both social and political discrimination. Korea Vietnam Germany The Kennkarte was the basic identity document in use inside Germany (including occupied incorporated territories) during the Third Reich era. They were first introduced in July 1938. Due to legal arguments, the first cards were not issued until June 1941. They were normally obtained through a police precinct and bore the stamps of the corresponding issuing office and official. Every male German citizen aged 18 and older, and every Jewish citizen (both male and female) was issued one and was expected to produce it when confronted by officials. German authorities continued to issue them until 1943. Sweden Internal passports were abolished in Sweden in 1860. United States of America Throughout the Thirteen Colonies before the Revolutionary War, slaves confined to homes or agricultural plantations, or whose movements were limited by curfews, could be required to furnish written evidence their owner had granted an exemption to permit their free movement. For example the New Hampshire Assembly in 1714 passed "An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night": Notices emphasizing the curfew were published in The New Hampshire Gazette in 1764 and 1771. Internal passports were required for African Americans in the southern slave states before the American Civil War, for example, an authenticated internal passport dated 1815 was presented to Massachusetts citizen George Barker to allow him to freely travel as a free black man to visit relatives in slave states. After many of these states seceded, forming the Confederate States of America, the central Confederate government not only systematized this system but required internal passports for whites as well. Such an internalized passport in the U.S. today would be unconstitutional under the Privileges and Immunities Clause. See also 101st kilometre Closed city Hukou system International passport Propiska Wolf ticket (Russia) Real ID Act Internally displaced person Internal colonialism Internal migration Statute of Cambridge 1388 Subnational citizenship References Citations Sources Tim Lott writing on British “internal passports” Identity documents Passports Internal migration