the Lakhm's and Judham's presence on the Muslim army's pay roles indicates they were incorporated into the Muslim polity by this time. Throughout the first century of Islamic rule, the Lakhm are almost always counted with the Judham as a single group in the sources. In the Battle of Siffin in 657, which pitted the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (), against Caliph Ali (), the Lakhm fought together with the Judham under the same banner and commander, Natil ibn Qays al-Judhami, for Mu'awiya's side. The same had occurred during the battle of Yarmouk and again when the two fought on behalf of Mu'awiya's son, the Umayyad caliph Yazid I, in the Syrian army which suppressed anti-Umayyad rebellions in the Hejaz (Medina and Mecca) in 682–683. Along with the Judham, and the tribes of Kinana, Azd Sarat, Khuza'a, and Khath'am which arrived with the conquest armies, the Lakhm formed the Arab tribal soldiery of Jund Filastin (military district of Palestine) during the early Islamic period, according to the 9th-century historian Khalifa ibn Khayyat. Another 9th-century historian, al-Ya'qubi, also names the constituents of the Arab tribes in Palestine as Lakhm, Judham, and Kinana, but omits the others, instead adding the Amila, Kinda, and Qays. The 10th-century historian al-Muhallabi mentions that Rafah, south of Gaza, was dominated by the Lakhm and Judham, though it is not clear which time period he is describing. While the Lakhm of Syria and Palestine was almost invariably tied with the Judham, their nisba (epithet) continued to evoke honor due to "its archaic flavour, the glorious memories which it recalled" of the kings of al-Hira, according to Lammens. As late as the 9th and 10th centuries, notable figures in Palestine continued to claim descent from the tribe, such as the scholar Sulayman ibn Ahmad al-Tabarani of Tiberias and messianic anti-Abbasid rebel al-Mubarqa. References Bibliography Tribes of Arabia Qahtanites Yemeni tribes