other varieties of Sudanese Arabic in loanwords from indigenous Sudanese languages. Some examples include: Darfur Arabic /ŋaŋa/ for "baby" Darfur Arabic /naŋnaŋ/ for "talkative" Sudanese Arabic /ʕaŋgareːb/ for "bed" Central Sudanese Arabic /ɲarr/ for "mew" Central Sudanese Arabic /kac.can/ for "to be disgusted with" The Arabic letter ج maintains an archaic pronunciation [ɟ] in Sudanese (other dialects typically have , or , while Cairene Arabic has [g]. Vowels The long mid vowels /eː/ and /oː/ are equivalent respectively to the diphthongs [aj] and [aw] found in Modern Standard Arabic. Influence from indigenous Sudanese languages Multilingualism in Arabic and indigenous Sudanese languages has been the norm in Sudan since the entry of Arabic into the region, resulting in noticeable influences from Nubian, Beja, western Sudanese, and Nilotic languages on the vocabulary of Sudanese Arabic. Nubian languages Prior to the widespread adoption of Arabic, the Nubian languages were dominant in medieval Sudan, and have thus made a noticeable impact on the lexicon of Sudanese Arabic, particularly on vocabulary relating to agriculture and Nubian foods and traditions. Many of the Nubian influences on Sudanese Arabic hail from the Nobiin language, such as the word for cat, /kadiːsa/, as well as the Nobiin accusative suffix -ga/ka which appears in many loanwords of Nubian origin. Other words of Nubian origin identified by researchers include: /kudeːk/ "excavation in river bank beneath water-wheel" /toːreːg/ "horizontal driving spindle [of a water-wheel]" /is.sikaːk/ "beam supporting toreig" /gureːr/ "newly formed alluvial soil" /iŋgaːja/ "special agricultural plot" /waːsuːg/ "a special broad wooden shovel pulled by ropes" /koːreːg/ "shovel" /weːka/ "okra" /maːreːg/ "dura" /aːbreː/ "cooked sheets of fermented dura dough" /ɟalag/ "an animal similar to the wolf" /ʕabalaːnɟ/ "monkey" /ʕanbaloːg/ "a young she-goat" /ɟirtig/ "a ceremonial occasion on the third night of wedding" /suːmaːr/ "public praising of bridegroom's uncles" /kabareːt/ "special method of perfuming" The Beja language The Beja language, also known as Bidawiyet, is one of Sudan's most spoken indigenous languages, and also contributes significantly to the Sudanese Arabic lexicon. Loanwords from Bidawiyet include: /ʕaŋgareːb/ "bed" /karkab/ "wooden slippers" /funduk/ "wooden mortar" /daːna/ "pumpkin container" /suksuk/ "beads" /doːf/ "boneless meat" /gangar/ "corn ears" /marfaʕiːn/ "wolf" /baʕʃuːm/ "fox" Regional variation Because of the varying influence of local languages in different parts of Sudan, there is considerable regional variation in Arabic spoken throughout the country. Thus, the term 'Sudanese Arabic' typically refers to Arabic spoken in northern and central parts of Sudan. The