or had been ported to Windows 95 or higher. The availability of increasing RAM sizes at low cost served to reduce the need of MagnaRAM. Finally, modern PCI chipsets provide documented functionality to remove write protection from unused UMA; in many or most cases, this last fact eliminates the need for QEMM for even those relatively few users who use DOS applications and who might otherwise find QEMM essential. See also Real mode Unreal mode Protected mode Conventional memory Extended memory (XMS) Expanded memory (EMS) High Memory Area (HMA) Upper Memory Block (UMB) DOS Protected Mode Interface (DPMI) 640k barrier DESQview References Further reading Ralf Brown's Interrupt List Unauthorized Windows 95 (Andrew Schulman), 1st Ed. Dr. Dobb's Journal, Undocumented Corner section in particular Intel PCIset and Processor manuals source code and binaries of HIMEM, EMM386, DOS, UMBPCI and others; QEMM documentation Expanded memory managers