stem daqal- "become bad" with the marker -sis becomes daqalsis-, is transitive and has the causative meaning "make bad". The transitive verb kam- "pick up" with -sis becomes kamsis-, is trivalent and has the meaning "cause to pick up". Example verb conjugation Verb stem buruk, meaning "boil." The causative stem of buruk- is burukš-, making this verb irregular. "To boil" is burukinti. This consists of the stem buruk with the infinitive (also called the verbal noun suffix) -inti. The causative third-person singular perfect (past tense) of burukinti is búrukse ("it boiled"). The present tense is búrukše, "he boils [something]." A sentence can be formed with the verb buruk by adding a noun as an object (something being boiled). Búrukše... means "he boiled...", so "he boiled water" would be noqá búrukše. Note that in Aari the object comes before the verb; búrukše noqá is not correct. Orthography Aari uses a Latin script and an Ethiopic script, but below 10% of Aari speakers can read. Schooling is not well developed in this region of the world, so Aari is mostly spoken rather than written down and most speakers have no use for the language's two writing systems. However, despite this, there are schools in numerous villages and there are efforts to promote education and literacy. At present, 8% of second language users are literate in Aari. The New Testament was translated into Aari in 1997. Additionally, some other books have been translated into Aari to help promote literacy; Genesis Exodus, 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings, Esther, Ruth, Psalms, Leviticus, Joshua and Judges have all been translated into Aari, but at present only Genesis has been published. Some external organizations are working with Aari churches to write a complete Aari Bible and increase the literacy rate. Vocabulary laqimiu? - how are you? laqimi - reply to laqimiu noqá - water waakí - cattle zémma - morning gurdá - fence sónqa - kiss tóoni - waste wókka - axe endefsi - brother enani - sister abiya - father emiya - mother hanna - you etsimi - food fecha - land kiee - husband ekina - cabbage hami - farm land Bibliography Richard Hayward (1990). "Notes on the Aari Language," Omotic Language Studies, Richard Hayward (editor), pp. 425–493. London: SOAS. Marie Iversdatter Røsok (2016). "The Sound Pattern of Aari". University of Oslo. References External links The Aari people (missionary report) World Atlas