Richmond and Somerset (1519–1536), whose tutor Richard Croke complained in 1527 that Richmond's usher, George Cotton, was undermining Croke's authority; among the charges were withdrawing "those boys whose punishment it was necessary to deter his princely pupil from the repetition of his faults", and claiming it was unseemly for Croke to whip them in Richmond's presence. Edward VI of England (1537–1553) to whose court Barnaby Fitzpatrick, later 2nd Baron Upper Ossory (c.1535–1581) was sent as a hostage by his father the 1st baron. Thomas Fuller's Church-History of Britain (1655) calls Fitzpatrick Edward's "proxy for correction". John Guy calls this a myth, since their tutor Richard Cox wrote of beating Edward with his staff. Konrad Heresbach in De Educandis Erudiendisque Principum Liberis (1592) recounted that he was told in London in 1547 that, when the young king uttered profanities learnt from an (unnamed) playmate, the friend was whipped in his presence and Edward warned that he deserved similar punishment. The future Frederick IV of Liegnitz (1552–1596), for whom (1552–1616) was described in 1856 as the by Gustav Freytag, popularising the concept in Germany. Freytag's claim is not supported by other accounts of Schweinichen. The future Charles I of England (1600–1649), to whom William Murray, later 1st Earl of Dysart (c.1600–1655) was "page and whipping–boy" according to Gilbert Burnet's History of my own time (1723). William's uncle Thomas Murray tutored both boys. As king, Charles appointed William Groom of the Bedchamber. The young Louis XV of France (1710–1774) was supplied by his governess Madame de Ventadour with playmates of his own age, including a Versailles cobbler's son nicknamed ("the hussar") from a costume he wore. Marie, marquise du Deffand wrote in 1769 that this boy would be punished in the king's stead, whence the victim of any bully was colloquially called their hussard. in 1825 called the method "strange", "rather barbarous", and "iniquitous", and said Louis continued to neglect his studies regardless. Spanish royal princes had Francisco Alfonso de la Torre, an illegitimate son of Manuel Godoy, as proxy to receive "either slaps or the whip", according to the 1898 memoirs of François Certain de Canrobert, who served in the French Army under de la Torre in 1842 in Algeria and ascribed his irascibility to this education. Chinese imperial princes of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) had banner attendants denoted by the Manchu term (Chinese transcription ); at first this meant youths educated