) Dentalized consonants tend to appear in the Gugu-Badhun dialect. An alveolar approximant is stated to appear in the Gugu-Badhun dialect as well. The retroflex approximant in syllable-final position can infrequently be realised as a retroflex tap . The lamino-palatal stop is in most instances phonetically an affricate or . Voicing is not distinctive for stops . The rules for voicing are fairly complex, but still it is impossible to predict it in all instances . The factors involved are the place of articulation (the more front the stop, the more likely it is to be voiced), the phonetic environment, position with respect to word boundaries, and possibly also the length of the word, the number of syllables that follow the stop and the location of stress. Vowels There are three vowels: , and (orthographically ). Length is distinctive only for , its long counterpart is orthographically represented as . has two allophones: , and (neither of which involve significant lip rounding), depending on the preceding consonant. Both are possible after , and , while after all other consonants only appears. The allophony of seems to be governed by more complex rules but generally, is the sole allophone after ˌ ˌ and , while after almost all other consonants both and can be observed. Word classes Warrongo is analysed as having five word classes: nouns, (personal) pronouns, adverbs, verbs and interjections. Most of these contain interrogative and demonstrative members; example of an interrogative noun is 'what', 'there' is a demonstrative adverb, an interrogative verb is 'to do what', and a demonstrative one is 'to do thus'. Almost all words belong exclusively to a word class, while change of word class is achieved through derivational suffixes. Adjectives do not form a separate class as they share the morphology and syntactic behaviour of nouns. There are also about a dozen enclitics, with a range of functions: emphasis, focus, intensification, or meanings like 'only', 'enough', 'too', 'I don't know', 'counterfactual'. Nominal morphology Nouns generally do not distinguish number or gender, while pronouns have different forms for number (singular, dual and plural) and person (first, second and third). All of them do, however, inflect for case. The case suffixes have allomorphs according to the final phoneme of the stem, with some peculiarities exhibited by pronouns and by vowel-final proper and kin nouns . There are also a few irregular nouns. Cases Nouns have a