lola, sp. rabbit). A lateral flap realization can also occur. The voiceless velar fricative is known from only a single word, where it alternates with . and zero onset appear to be allophones. may be allophones of , and what are often transcribed in the literature as next to a back vowel or next to a front vowel (e.g. the msg copula transcribed -a, -ha, -wa, -ya) are nothing more than transitions between vowels. The NC sequences only occur in word-initial position in loanwords. The voiced obstruents and nasal consonants and perhaps (on darker background) also seem to have been borrowed (Elderkin 1978). Orthography A practical orthography has been devised by Miller and Anyawire (Miller et al. 2013). As of 2015, this orthography is not being used by any Hadza speakers and is therefore of limited value for communication in Hadza. It is broadly similar to the orthographies of neighboring languages such as Swahili, Isanzu, Iraqw, and Sandawe. The apostrophe, which is ubiquitous in transcription in the anthropological literature but causes problems with literacy, is not used: Glottal stop is indicated by vowel sequences (that is, is written , as in 'the Hadza'), which true vowel sequences are separated by y or w (that is, 'two' is written ), though in some cases an h may be justified, and ejectives and glottalized clicks by gemination (apart from reduced instead of *ddl for ). The ejectives are based on the voiced consonants, , because these are otherwise found mostly in borrowings and thus not common. Tc and tch are as in Sandawe, sl as in Iraqw. (This is ultimately a French convention.) Nasalized vowels / VN rimes are . Long vowels are , or where they are due to an elided . A tonic syllable may be written with an acute accent, , but is generally not marked. Grammar Source: Miller (2008). Hadza is a head-marking language in both clauses and noun phrases. Word order is flexible; the default constituent order is VSO, though VOS and fronting to SVO are both very common. The order of determiner, noun, and attributive also varies, though with morphological consequences. There is number and gender agreement on both attributives (for head nouns) and verbs (for subjects). Reduplication of the initial syllable of a word, usually with tonic accent and a long vowel, is used to indicate 'just' (meaning either 'merely' or 'solely') and is quite