In violation of state rules passed in 1994, none of the cases were reviewed by a state oversight committee. Over a third of all compulsory sterilizations in the United States (over 22,670) took place after Skinner v. Oklahoma. The 1942 ruling, however, created a nervous legal atmosphere regarding these other forms of sterilizations and put a heavy damper on sterilization rates which had boomed since the Buck v. Bell ruling in 1927. After the discovery of the Nazi atrocities done in the name of eugenics, including the compulsory sterilization of 450,000 individuals in barely more than a decade, under a sterilization law, which drew heavy inspiration from American statutes, and the close association between eugenics and racism, eugenics, as an ideology, lost almost all public favor. In Equal Protection analysis, Skinner applied the compelling state interest test to punitive sterilization, and Buck applied the less rigorous rational basis test to compulsory sterilization of the mentally disabled. In 2002, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that an inmate, incarcerated by the California Department of Corrections and serving a life sentence, was not permitted to inseminate his wife artificially because "the right to procreate is fundamentally inconsistent with incarceration". The Appellate Court distinguished the case from Skinner v. Oklahoma because "the right to procreate while incarcerated and the right to be free from surgical sterilization by prison officials are two very different things". See also List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 316 Sex-related court cases in the United States Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349 (1978) References External links Case summary from Oyez Project Case description on LexRoll Encyclopedia 1942 in United States case law United States Supreme Court cases United States reproductive rights case law United States substantive due process case law United States equal protection case law Eugenics in the United States United States Supreme Court cases of the Stone Court Compulsory sterilization Legal history of Oklahoma