that are below above sea level. When nesting grey teal choose to create their nests amongst vegetation on the ground level, this vegetation may include reeds and tall grasses. They often also elevate nests above ground in tree hollows. Ecology Reproduction When establishing a pair-bond, male grey teal will perform a series of displays; some of these include headshakes and head rolls. These displays tend to occur in adolescent birds before breeding season, whereas for mature birds in established pair-bonds courtship rituals are used. This is because grey teal pair-bonds are long term and monogamous, which means they keep the same mate through multiple seasons. Couples stay together all year; however, when late summer moult comes they often join large flocks and stay with them until July. Moreover, “after breeding, [they] often gather at estuaries to feed on exposed mudflats”. On average, the grey teal starts breeding at one year old. In Australia there is no reproductive season as breeding is linked to rainfall and food abundance. The species had to adapt and breed in shallow temporary water. However, in New Zealand where the climate is more humid, breeding is more seasonal even if it is still related to water level. In terms of seasonality, grey teal will tend to breed in the summer-rainfall period. However, they will also breed at any time after a significant amount of rainfall. Thus, in New Zealand laying occurs between June and September “but replacement clutches can be laid through to January”. Therefore, their breeding time seldom shows a seasonal pattern. Nesting is usually solitary for the grey teal; however, sometimes nesting sites will be close together, meaning breeding pairs may be close to one and other. Nests are often found in tree hollows or hidden amongst vegetation on the ground. The grey teal is not known to construct nests other than using material found from its nesting site: grass and down. Females will create a bowl in the ground that they proceed to fill with litter found around the site as well as surrounding the nest/bowl with down. Between 1-7 eggs will be laid in a nest at a time. Nesting time occurs between the months of June-February in South Australia and slightly later in the area of North Australia due to a slight difference in temperature; whereas in New Zealand grey teal tend to nest between the months of September–November. During the