than one smooth type of the topological 4-disk (or 4-ball). Differential structures on topological manifolds As mentioned above, in dimensions smaller than 4, there is only one differential structure for each topological manifold. That was proved by Tibor Radó for dimension 1 and 2, and by Edwin E. Moise in dimension 3. By using obstruction theory, Robion Kirby and Laurent C. Siebenmann were able to show that the number of PL structures for compact topological manifolds of dimension greater than 4 is finite. John Milnor, Michel Kervaire, and Morris Hirsch proved that the number of smooth structures on a compact PL manifold is finite and agrees with the number of differential structures on the sphere for the same dimension (see the book Asselmeyer-Maluga, Brans chapter 7) . By combining these results, the number of smooth structures on a compact topological manifold of dimension not equal to 4 is finite. Dimension 4 is more complicated. For compact manifolds, results depend on the complexity of the manifold as measured by the second Betti number b2. For large Betti numbers b2 > 18 in a simply connected 4-manifold, one can use a surgery along a knot or link to produce a new differential structure. With the help of this procedure one can produce countably infinite many differential structures. But even for simple spaces such as one doesn't know the construction of other differential structures. For non-compact 4-manifolds there are many examples like having uncountably many differential structures. See also Mathematical structure Exotic R4 Exotic sphere References