Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup, (16 April 1825 – 24 December 1913), was a Danish politician, member of the Højre party. He was Interior Minister from 1865 to 1869 in the Cabinet of Frijs and Council President as well as Finance Minister from 1875 to 1894 as the leader of the Estrup Cabinet. At 23 years, he was the longest sitting Danish minister ever. From a Danish historical perspective, he is perhaps most famous (or infamous) for the so-called provisional time (provisorietiden) from 1885-1894. After a huge defeat in the 1884 Folketinget parliamentary election, in which the Højre party only gained 19 out of 102 seats, he simply refused to resign as Head of Government. (The title "konseilspresident" has later been changed to "statsminister" but both titles are equivalent to Prime Minister) He then wasn't able to get parliamentary support for the imperative annual Financial Laws, he instead managed to bring about King Christian IX's support for Provisional Financial Laws. This included support from the so-called Landstinget as well. The Landstinget was a smaller assembly of politicians, of which half of its members were chosen by the Monarch. A reason to why the Monarch agreed to nine such annual provisional laws, the King and Estrup both believed in the building of the Copenhagen defense wall (Københavns befæstning) at the time known as "Vestencienten" built between 1888-92. Biography Estrup was son of the landowner and headmaster at Sorø Academy Hector Frederik Janson Estrup (1794–1846) and Jacobine Scavenius (1800-1829), daughter of Jacob Brønnum Scavenius (1749–1820). He inherited the estate Kongsdal in Holbæk amt in 1846. In 1852 he also bought the estate Skaføgård in Randers. As Interior Minister in the Cabinet of Frijs, Estrup took control of the railroads of Jutland and Funen, which had been ceded to an English consortium in 1861. He expanded the railroads in Vendsyssel and built new lines from Skanderborg to Silkeborg and along the west coast of Jutland to Esbjerg, earning him the nickname "Railway Minister". He also built up the harbour in Esbjerg, which turned into an important center for exports. In 1869 he was forced to step down from his post because of health problems. In 1875 Estrup was able to replace Christen Andreas Fonnesbech as Council President. Estrup himself also took the post as Finance Minister, perhaps the most important post as Denmark was economically worn down after the Second War of Schleswig. In