and especially under his successor Franz Ludwig von Erthal, Enlightenment theologians became increasingly active in Würzburg. Nevertheless, it was only in the early 19th century, after Würzburg had come under Bavarian rule, that the university gave up its ecclesiastical-Catholic character. The modern development of medical subjects began in the 18th century with the establishment of the medical clinic – in 1767, the "internist" and chemist Franz Heinrich Meinolf Wilhelm became the first head of the Juliusspital hospital. The surgical university clinic was established in 1769 under Carl Caspar von Siebold. In 1796, the physician and court medicus Anton Müller (1755–1827) began working at Juliusspital in Würzburg; although he never belonged to the university, he became the first psychiatrist in the hospital and the first to publish on his specialty. Franz Heinrich Meinolf Wilhelm, who as a professor held lectures in German for the first time from 1785, was the first to practice experimental chemistry at the University of Würzburg. Scientific dentistry in Würzburg began with the appointment of Carl Joseph Ringelmann as professor in 1807. Around 1800, the first student associations were founded in Würzburg. During the coalition wars, the university was renamed several times: First "Churfürstliche Julius-Universität" (1803), "Julius Maximilians Universität" (1803/04-1805/06), then "Kurfürstliche Universität zu Würzburg" (1806-1806/07), "Großherzogliche Universität zu Würzburg" (1807–1814), and finally "Königliche Universität zu Würzburg" (1815–1838). The names reflected the different affiliations of the university to the Electorate of Bavaria, which perished in 1806, to the Grand Duchy of Würzburg, which existed as a Rhineland state until 1814, and then to the Kingdom of Bavaria. In 1822, a faculty of political science was established at the university. In the winter semester of 1838/39, the "Königliche Universität zu Würzburg" was renamed "Königliche Julius-Maximilians-Universität" and two years later "Königlich Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-Universität" which was to be its name for almost 80 years. After 1850, the university experienced a strong upswing. Numerous new buildings were created: for medicine in the vicinity of Juliusspital and Pleicherwall, for the natural sciences on today's Röntgenring and on Koellikerstraße, for dentistry at Pleichertor (demolished in 1879), and for the mental hospital on Schalksberg. Basic medical subjects were taught and researched in the "Kollegienhaus", which was completed in 1853 and was the first modern "biocentre" in Germany. The first full professor of ophthalmology, appointed in 1866 by the Bavarian king, was Robert Ritter von Welz, a student of Albrecht von Graefe. In 1857, the