revolution of the whole people”, and one which “ignor[ed] the existence of the toiling masses and peasants in agrarian Philippines”. The term’s usage originated in the 1980s as a pejorative for Liberal Party loyalists and politically aligned groups or individuals, often associated with the genteel English-speaking elite. It gained renewed currency during the 2016 Philippine presidential election among hardline supporters of Rodrigo Duterte. In the country's English-language political-economic discourse, liberal elite is the term employed. More than a decade prior to Duterte's election, in January 2001, the EDSA II protests, which have been denounced by critics as unrepresentative and elitist, culminated in the resignation under pressure of then-president Joseph Estrada and the installation of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as his successor. Arroyo, educated abroad and fluent in multiple colonial languages, was highly regarded in liberal elite circles in contrast to Estrada, a university dropout whose proficiency in English was wanting. Populist protests against Arroyo would erupt three months later in what came to be known as EDSA III. Duterte, while fluent in English, has similarly run afoul of the liberal elite, which repeatedly draws attention not only to his questionable antics—deplored by no less than his daughter Sara—but also to his frequent use of gutter language. This aversion, in turn, to gutter language has been criticized as indicative of a socioeconomically privileged upbringing that renders one out of touch with general society. Such attitudes have been described as a desire on the part of the liberal elite to “demonize” detractors by portraying them as somehow morally or intellectually deficient, as well as incapable of critical thought. Estrada has since come out as a supporter of Duterte, expressing concern that the latter, like himself, might be driven out of office by whom he had referred to years earlier as the “rich and perfumed”. Others have echoed Estrada's depiction of those who had deposed him, notwithstanding Estrada's own membership in albeit another section of the broader Philippine elite, or have similarly denounced what has been described as the moralism and sham decency of the liberal elite. Ultimately, Duterte's rise to power has come to be seen as the “people's verdict” on both the failures of the liberal order and what has been felt as the glibness of its domestic champions. United Kingdom The Liberal elite is referred to by various terms in British political discourse. Hampstead Socialist and Hampstead liberal have been used,