with primary muscular weakness and weakness related to inactivity in cases of mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. Patients perform exercises when at their best, 45 minutes to one hour after medication. An 8-week resistance training study geared towards the lower legs found that patients with Parkinson's Disease gained abdominal strength, and improved in their stride length, walking velocity and postural angles. Also, due to the forward flexed posture and respiratory dysfunctions in advanced Parkinson's disease, deep diaphragmatic breathing exercises are beneficial for improving chest wall mobility and vital capacity. Exercise may correct constipation. Exercise training on a vibratory platform, also called whole body vibration (WBV) training, has been recently introduced as a training tool complementing standard physical rehabilitation programs for people with Parkinson's disease. Compared to no intervention, single sessions of WBV have resulted in improved motor ability, as reflected by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) tremor and rigidity scores. However, longer-term (3–5 weeks) WBV programs have not led to improved UPDRS motor scores compared to conventional exercises. Furthermore, multiple sessions of WBV have failed to enhance mobility measures (i.e., the Timed Up and Go Test and 10-Meter Walking Test) in people with Parkinson's disease. A recent review deemed that the evidence of the effects of WBV training on sensorimotor and functional performance remains inconclusive. Psychological treatments Psychological treatment is based on cognitive-behavioral interventions. Cognitive behavioral therapy is confirmed as efficient for treatment of parkinsonian pain, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and impulse control disorders. Treating Parkinson's disease engages a multidisciplinary approach, and includes a psychologist, because motor symptoms can be worsened by psychosocial factors like anxiety, phobia, and panic attacks. Psychological treatment is tailored to each individual, based on clinical recommendations, especially if they have severe motor disability or cognitive problems. Gait training Patients with Parkinson's disease have an altered gait. There is a reduced gait speed and step length, increased axial rigidity, and impaired rhythmicity. These gait problems worsen as the disease continues. This is a major disease burden that markedly affects independence and quality of life. Since it is proven that tremor-dominant and akinetic rigid types of Parkinson's disease have various different visuomotor deficiencies, like problems in visual perception and motor coordination, that can influence their gait training, it is recommended for them to receive neuropsychological assessment before physical therapy. Task-specific gait training may also lead to long-term gait improvement for patients with Parkinson's disease. Previous research studies