hardest big wall free route at (17-pitches). 1965 : leads Königshangel, on Frienstein, in the Saxon Switzerland climbing region, first Sax IXa or in Germany, and one of the hardest in the world. 1965 : Europe's tallest rock face, Norway's 4,000-foot Troll Wall, is aid climbed by Norwegian and British teams who summit a day apart; the wall is rarely repeated. 1965 : Yvon Chouinard, T M Herbert ascend, in a single push, the 32-pitch Muir Wall on El Cap, 5.9 A5. First new El Cap route by a party of two. 1965 : Chuck Pratt and Chris Fredericks climb the classic, 2-pitch, off-width Twilight Zone in Yosemite, 5.10d X. 1967 : July, Greg Lowe and Jeff Lowe lead the first free ascent of traditional climbing route Macabre Roof, in Ogden, possibly first-ever (pre Super Crack in 1974). 1967 : October, John Stannard leads the first free ascent of traditional climbing route Foops, in the Shawangunks, one of the first-ever routes. 1968 : Royal Robbins solos on aid (added aid bolt at crux) the Muir Wall on El Capitan, Yosemite, first time El Capitan is climbed alone (took nine days). 1968 : Tom Proctor leads the traditional climbing route Our Father (E4 6b), at Stoney Middleton, England, one of the highest-grade traditional routes at the time. 1968 : Reinhold Messner onsighted the crux 4-metre Messner Slab of the longer, 7-pitch, Central Pillar route of Heiligkreuzkofel, Italy; it is now considered the first-ever in the Alps. 1970s 1970 : Bernd Arnold leads the traditional climbing route, the Schwager Nordwand, in the Schrammsteine, in the Saxon Switzerland, at Sax IXb, one of the world's first-ever at . 1970 : Warren Harding and Dean Caldwell aid climb Wall of Early Morning Light (Dawn Wall), on El Capitan, 27 days on the 28-pitches at 5.8/A5. 1972 : The 1972 Chouinard Equipment Catalog includes influential articles on "clean climbing" by Yvon Chouinard, Tom Frost, and Doug Robinson. 1973 : May, Henry Barber, free soloed, onsight the Steck-Salathe route on Sentinel Rock, a notable big wall free solo at (16-pitches). 1973 : May, John Long leads the traditional climbing route Paisano Overhang, at Suicide Rock, California, considered one of the first-ever (the 1967 Macabre Roof is also a possible first-ever 7b+). 1973 : June, Diana Hunter leads, on sight, Wide Country, Eldorado Springs.CO, the first-ever 6c (5.11a/b) by a woman. 1973 : October, Beverly Johnson, Sibylle