distance, a common feature of Oceanic languages. mwende The pronoun mwende 'the particular one, the particular ones' can function as either a proform or a noun phrase. As shown in example (3) below, mwende is used for a singular noun, specifying which particular knife is the better one, whereas in example (4), the same pronoun, mwende, is referring to multiple 'ones'. Emphatic reference Tamambo includes the demonstrative pronoun, niaro, used for emphasis, as shown in example (5). Demonstrative adverbs Spatial modifiers Spatial modifier adverbs in Tamambo are sentential, and cannot occur within the proposition. There are three sets of spatial modifiers, which are shown in the table below. These three sets of spatial modifiers can be organised into three groups depending on the distance from the speaker, a trait common to demonstratives in Oceanic languages. The following table shows the three sets of spatial modifiers in Tamambo. In this arrangement by Kaufman, the formatives -ni, -e, and -la can be seen to correlate with distance from the speaker. aien and aie These adverbs begin with ai-, which suggests that they are related to a locative proform in Proto-Oceanic, *ai-. Aien can mean either 'in this place', referring to a location, as shown in example (6), or used for anaphoric reference, where it can mean 'at this stage of events', as shown in example (7). Aien refers to location in place or time more generally than another spatial modifier, roni. Aie refers to 'another place which is not visible', or may be used for a place which has already been introduced earlier in conversation, as shown in example (8). roni and rola Roni is used to refer to a place visible to both the speaker and the listener, and is more specific than aien. It translates to 'right here close to me'. Rola is an old word for 'there' which is rarely used, and is said to have come from the east. In her research, Jauncey reports no examples of rola being used in narrative or conversation but provides the example below. niani, niae and niala These adverbs share the same forms as demonstrative pronouns and modifiers, but they occur at different parts of the sentence and perform different functions. These adverbs refer to places which are visible and in addition, the speaker will point. Niala and niani are not used for anaphoric reference. The nia- component of this set of