Jus exclusivae (Latin for "right of exclusion"; sometimes called the papal veto) was the right claimed by several Catholic monarchs of Europe to veto a candidate for the papacy. Although never formally recognized by the Catholic Church, the monarchs of France, Spain and Austria claimed this right at various times, making known to a papal conclave, through a crown-cardinal, that the monarch deemed a particular candidate for the papacy objectionable. Early history The right exercised by Byzantine and Holy Roman emperors to confirm the election of a pope, which was last exercised in the Early Middle Ages, appears unrelated to the early modern legal claim of jus exclusivae by the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Spain. Pope Pius IV, in his bull In Elgidendis (1562), excluded formal support of the Church to such rights and external interventions in the conclave. It was explicitly forbidden in 1904 with the bull Commissum Nobis of Pope Pius X. In the 17th century, treatises in defence of this right first appear. It was notably invoked in 1644 by both Spain and France. Spain used it to exclude the election of Giulio Cesare Sacchetti, whereas France failed to veto the election of Giovanni Battista Pamphili (who became Pope Innocent X). Right asserted since 1644 1644 Papal conclave – Giulio Cesare Sacchetti, by King Philip IV of Spain 1655 Papal conclave – Giulio Cesare Sacchetti, by King Philip IV of Spain 1669–70 Papal conclave – Benedetto Odescalchi, by King Louis XIV of France 1700 Papal conclave – Galeazzo Marescotti, by King Louis XIV of France 1721 Papal conclave – Fabrizio Paolucci, by Emperor Charles VI; and Francesco Pignatelli by Philip V of Spain 1721 Papal conclave – Francesco Pignatelli, by King Philip V of Spain 1730 Papal conclave – Giuseppe Renato Imperiali, by King Philip V of Spain 1758 Papal conclave – Carlo Alberto Guidoboni Cavalchini, by King Louis XV of France 1774–75 Papal conclave - Giovanni Carlo Boschi, by the Bourbon courts 1823 Papal conclave – by Emperor Francis I of Austria 1830–31 Papal conclave – Giacomo Giustiniani, by King Ferdinand VII of Spain 1903 Papal conclave – Mariano Rampolla, by Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria At the 1846 Papal conclave, Austrian Chancellor Klemens von Metternich confided Austria's veto of Cardinal Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti to Cardinal Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck, Archbishop of Milan, who arrived too late. Mastai-Ferretti would reign as Pius IX for over