to raise Savoy to electorate status in 1788, which would make it only the second non-German state to become so (after Bohemia). This came to nothing as the French Revolution of 1789 would quickly shatter the old order.Wilson 2016, p. 227. During the French Revolutionary Wars, the Austrians were driven from Italy by Napoleon, who set up republics throughout northern Italy, and by the Treaty of Campo Formio of 1797, Emperor Francis II relinquished any claims over the territories that made up the Kingdom of Italy. The imperial reorganization carried out in 1799–1803 left no room for Imperial claims to Italy – even the Archbishop of Cologne was gone, secularized along with the other ecclesiastical princes. Napoleon's victory in the War of the Second Coalition saw this reconfirmed in the Treaty of Lunéville. In 1805, while the Holy Roman Empire was still in existence, Napoleon, by now Emperor Napoleon I, claimed the crown of the new Kingdom of Italy for himself, putting the Iron Crown on his head at Milan on 26 May 1805. He also directly annexed most of the former imperial Italy (including Piedmont-Savoy, Liguria, and Tuscany) into France. The Empire itself was abolished the next year on 6 August 1806. The Congress of Vienna following Napoleon's defeat did not bring back the Holy Roman Empire nor the Kingdom of Italy, and the restored Italian Duchies now became fully sovereign in their own right. See also King of Italy Holy Roman Empire Notes References Liutprand, Antapodoseos sive rerum per Europam gestarum libri VI. Liutprand, Liber de rebus gestis Ottonis imperatoris. Anonymous, Panegyricus Berengarii imperatoris (10th century) [Mon.Germ.Hist., Script., V, p. 196]. Anonymous, Widonis regis electio [Mon.Germ.Hist., Script., III, p. 554]. Anonymous, Gesta Berengarii imperatoris [ed. Dumueler, Halle 1871]. Peter Wilson. "Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire." Cambridge: 2016. States and territories established in the 850s Former kingdoms Monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire Establishments in the Carolingian Empire 1801 disestablishments in Europe 855 establishments 9th-century establishments in Europe