16th century. Henry VIII of England was excommunicated by Pope Paul III on 17 December 1538, causing his opponents to question his continuing claim to be Lord of Ireland, which was based ultimately on Laudabiliter. Henry established the Kingdom of Ireland in 1542, whereby the kingdom was to be ruled in "personal union" with the Kingdom of England. This was not recognised by Europe's Roman Catholic monarchs. Therefore, in 1555 a further papal bull Ilius was issued by Pope Paul IV naming Queen Mary and her husband Philip (later Philip II of Spain) as monarchs of Ireland. Notes References Burke, O.P., Thomas N., English Misrule in Ireland: A Course of Lectures in Reply to J. A Froude, Lynch, Cole & Meehan (New York 1873). Curtis, Edmund. A History of Ireland from Earliest Times to 1922, Routledge (London, 1936, 6th edn, 1950; reprinted New York 2002), . Gasquet, Francis Aidan, Monastic Life in the Middle Ages, Cardinal Gasquet, G. Bell and Sons, Ltd, (London 1922) Ginnell, Laurence. The Doubtful Grant of Ireland By Pope Adrian IV to King Henry Investigated, Fallon & Co, (Dublin 1899). Mackie, J. Duncan. Pope Adrian IV. The Lothian Essay 1907, B. H. Blackwell (Oxford 1907) McCormick, Stephen J.., The Pope and Ireland, A. Waldteufel, (San Francisco 1889). Orpen, Goddard Henry. Ireland Under the Normans 1169–1216 Vol 1, Clarendon Press (Oxford 1911) Tarleton, Alfread H., Nicholas Breakspear (Adrian IV.) Englishman and Pope, Arthur L. Humphreys, (London 1896). Thatcher, Oliver Joseph. Studies Concerning Adrian IV, The Decennial Publications, (Chicago 1903). The Indestructible Nation, P. S. O'Hegarty, Maunsel & Company, Ltd (Dublin & London 1918). The Life of Froude, Herbert Paul, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons E.C. (London 1905). Ireland and the Pope: A Brief History of Papal Intrigues Against Irish Liberty from Adrian IV. to Leo XIII Third Edition, James G. Maguire, James H. Barry (San Francisco 1890). The Historical Works of Giraldus Cambrensis, Edited by Thomas Wright, George Bell & Sons (London 1905). History of the Abbey of St. Alban, L. F. Rushbrook Williams, Longman's Green & Co. (London 1917). The Indestructible Nation, P. S. O’Hegarty, Maunsel & Company Ltd, (Dublin & London 1918). The History of Ireland, Stephen Gwynn, The MacMillan Company (New York 1923). The Commune of London and other Studies, J. H. Round M.A., Archibald Constable and Co. (Westminster 1899). Original Sources of English History, Louis Francis Salzman, W. Heffer & Sons Ltd (Cambridge