demonstratives suggests a relationship to the Proto-Austronesian proximate demonstrative, which contains *ni. In addition, the pointing gesture which commonly accompanies the adverbs niani, niae and niala can be derived from the demonstrative function of the Proto-Austronesian component *ni. Niani translates to 'here', where the referenced entity is close to the speaker, as shown in example (11). Niae translates to 'there near you', where the referenced entity is close to the addressee, shown in example (12) below. Niala translates as 'there' or 'over there', and refers to a place that can be seen or a close place that cannot be seen. Demonstrative modifiers Demonstrative modifiers are a non-obligatory component of the noun phrase in Tamambo. In Tamambo, demonstrative modifiers function within the noun phrase, after the head noun to modify it. In languages spoken in Vanuatu, and Oceanic languages more generally, the demonstrative commonly follows the head noun. In Proto-Oceanic, this also seems to be the case for adnominal demonstratives. Demonstrative modifiers in Tamambo include spatial reference, anaphoric reference and emphatic reference uses. Spatial reference These demonstratives have a three-way distinction, based on distance relative to the speaker. They can occur following the head directly, as shown in example (14), or follow a descriptive adjective, as shown in example (15). The same forms are used as demonstrative pronouns, however niae is not used as a pronoun. The modifiers are the same for singular and plural nouns. niani Niani translates to 'this' or 'these' and references something close to the speaker. In example (14), niani is modifying mwende, the demonstrative pronoun, which is the head. In this example, the demonstrative modifier niani follows directly after the descriptive adjective tawera, which in turn follows the head noun jara. niae Niae refers to something that is close to the addressee, and translates to 'that' or 'those'. In example (16), the demonstrative modifier niani directly follows the after the noun samburu. niala Niala references something that is distant from both the speaker and the addressee. In example (17), the demonstrative modifier niala follows directly after the first tamalohi, which is the person the speaker is referring to. Anaphoric referential markers Tamambo includes two anaphoric referential modifiers, rindi and mwende. Both are used posthead. rindi Rindi indicates a noun phrase which has been already introduced in either a preceding clause or earlier string of narrative or conversation, and limits the reference of an entity that has