be used alone as a title of address. 小姐 indicates only that the maiden name is being used and does not refer to marital status anymore. Today, however, it could in the northern regions of the People's Republic of China be associated as a slang term for "prostitute" or in restaurants addressing waitresses, by means of verbal inflections of tone or other indications. Tàitai 太太 (Madam): This honorific is used to refer to an married woman. It is added after the surname of the husband or can be used alone as a title of address. It is used in familial and personal relations, but completely absent in formal business contexts since it emphasizes age and marital bond. Nǚshì 女士 (Ms., Mrs.): In proper usage, this title follows a married woman's maiden name only. (For example, Hillary Rodham 女士, not Hillary Clinton 女士.) However, it is loosely used by those looking for a Chinese equivalent of "Ms." An older single woman is often addressed as 女士, but this term presumes the woman is married. Fūrén 夫人 (Madame; Mrs.): Traditionally used to refer to a lady of high rank, the term has fallen into disuse since the late 20th century except in formal contexts: President Hu Jintao and Mrs. Hu are 胡锦涛主席和夫人, Hú Jǐntāo zhǔxí hé fūrén (but contemporary custom dictates that Mrs. Hu is never Madame Hu Jintao 胡锦涛夫人 Hú Jǐntāo fūrén), or to translate a woman's name that is derived from the surname of their husbands: Mrs. Thatcher is 撒切爾夫人, sǎqiē'ěr fūrén). It is used following the husband's full name or surname, or can be used as title on its own (e.g. Madame Chiang is 蔣夫人, Jiǎng fūrén). It can also be used to address female law enforcement officials. Occupational titles Chinese people often address professionals in formal situations by their occupational titles. These titles can either follow the surname (or full name) of the person in reference, or it can stand alone either as a form of address or if the person being referred to is unambiguous without the added surname. Academia Lǎoshī 老師 (old master), when addressing a teacher. Xiàozhǎng 校長 (school senior), when addressing the school headmaster or principal. Chinese does not have specific titles for heads of universities (e.g. Chancellor, Rector, or President), so this term is applied in higher education as well. Generally, the word zhǎng (長) is added to an institutional name to refer