enamel Chisels: Straight - bevels the cavosurface margin and used in 3, 4, and 5 classifications of cavities on the maxillary Wedelstaedt - only used in the anterior for classes 3, 4, and 5 Bin Angle - this is held in a pen grasp and used for class 2 maxillary only Burnishers Burnishers are used for polishing and contouring amalgam fillings and to polish composite fillings. They include: Ball burnisher Beavertail burnisher Cone burnisher Flat plastic Pear shaped burnisher Pluggers Pluggers are also known as amalgam condensers. They are used to achieve a well-condensed filling by compressing the filling material into the cavity and applying pressure. Amalgam plugger 49 plugger Periodontal instruments Fine scalers Fine scalers are used in the removal of soft deposits. They include: Drury scalers Fine excavators MF 4/5 Heavy scalers These are seen as the scalers used in the removal for heavy tartar and stains which are not removed by the fine scalers. They include: American pattern B Cushion scaler Excavator Hoe scaler Jacquette 1 Jacquette 2 Jacquette 3 Scaler 152 Curettes Types include: Gracey curettes - semicircle tipped, but one edge lower than the other. It is used at 70° to the tooth root surface. Universal curettes - these have a semicircular tip used at 90° to the tooth root surface. Prosthodontic instruments Removable prosthodontics Articulators Blow torch Bunsen burner Calipers Face bow Fox plane Glass mixing slab Lecrons carver Mixing bowls Spatulas for mixing dental plaster Spatulas for mixing impression materials Wax carver Wax knife Wax spatula Willis gauge Extraction and surgical instruments Dental forceps Ancient Greek and Roman dentists extracted teeth with lead pliers. In 1840, Sir John Tomes and his friend Evrard made the first pair of dental forceps. In 1841, Tomes posted an article to tell the whole world about his discovery of new forceps that had never been seen before, successfully becoming the creator of the forceps and the concept of forceps. In earlier times, or during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, elevators and pelicans were used as extraction devices because the idea of dental forceps did not exist, but the thought of extracting in the first place with some form of a tool was there. With pelicans, their sharp talons were used to be placed down on the inside of the mouth near the gums while the elevator helped pull the tooth out of its socket. Then, a pair