(HIV) Cancer Many parts of the Reproductive system can be affected by cancer. Below are some examples of Reproductive cancers: Reproductive Cancers affecting Women Breast cancer Ovarian cancer Uterine cancer Cervical cancer Reproductive Cancers affecting Men Prostate cancer Penile cancer Testicular cancer Male Breast cancer Benign prostatic hypertrophy Conditions affecting Fertility A significant part of Reproductive Medicine involves promoting fertility in both men and women. Causes of Infertility or Subfertility in Women Ovulatory dysfunction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism Tubular dysfunction Pelvic inflammatory disease Endometriosis Previous sterilisation Previous surgery Cervical or Uterine dysfunction Congenital abnormalities Fibroids Asherman's syndrome Hormonal issues Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Cushing's syndrome Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Causes of Infertility or Subfertility in Men Problems with Sperm Number or Function Cryptorchidism Y chromosome micro-deletions Varicocele Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism Tubular dysfunction Congenital abnormalities Prior sexually transmitted infections Vasectomy Problems with Sperm Delivery Premature ejaculation Damage to the reproductive organs Retrograde ejaculation Certain genetic diseases Disorders of Sex Development Congenital Abnormalities Congenital Abnormalities of the Female Reproductive system Cervical abnormalities Cervical agenesis Cervical duplication Hymen abnormalities Imperforate hymen Microperforate hymen Septate hymen Uterine abnormalities Duplicate uterus Unicornate uterus Septate uterus Vaginal abnormalities Transverse vaginal septum Vertical vaginal septum Vaginal agenesis Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome Vulvar abnormalities Labial hypoplasia Labial hypertrophy Congenital Abnormalities of the Male Reproductive system Cryptorchidism Hypospadias Epispadias Endocrine Disorders Disorders due to hormone excess Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) Granulosa cell tumour Leydig cell tumour Teratoma Disorders due to hormone deficiency Hypogonadism Turner's syndrome Klinefelter's syndrome Disorders due to hormone hypersensitivity Idiopathic hirsutism Disorders due to hormone resistance Androgen insensitivity syndrome 5a-reductase deficiency Non-functioning endocrine tumours Ovarian cysts Carcinoma Teratoma Seminoma Secondary Endocrine disorders (originating in the pituitary gland) Pituitary gonadotrophinoma Hypopituitarism Kallmann's syndrome Assessment and treatment Assessment and treatment of reproductive conditions is a key area of reproductive medicine. Female assessment starts with a full medical history (anamnesis) which provides details of the woman's general health, sexual history and relevant family history. A physical examination will also take place to identify abnormalities such as hirsutism, abdominal masses, infection, cysts or fibroids. A blood test can inform the clinician of the endocrine status of the patient. Progesterone levels are measured to check for ovulation, and other ovulatory hormones can also be measured. Imaging techniques such as pelvic ultrasounds can also be used to assess the internal anatomy. Male assessment also starts with a history and physical examination to