work on the third law of thermodynamics to Albert Einstein for review, beginning a correspondence between them. World War I and its aftermath were extremely disruptive to work in Bredig's institute at Karlsruhe. Most of the students had to leave. Bredig may have worked as assistant to the Red Cross during the war. The postwar-period was dominated by time-consuming teaching duties and administrative work. It was difficult to obtain supplies due to shortages and hyperinflation. In 1922, Bredig participated in the International Chemical Reunion in Utrecht, the first meeting of chemists from Germany, Austria, England and the USA since the beginning of the war. It was a step towards the rebuilding of peaceful discourse and scientific internationalism, led by Bredig's friend Ernst Cohen and his colleague of the University of Utrecht. On December 9, 1922, Bredig became Rector (headmaster) at Karlsruhe. In his inaugural speech, Denkmethoden der Chemie (Thinking Methods of Chemistry), Bredig was open about his political beliefs, which could be described as liberal-democratic, supporting pacifism and internationalism. This caught the negative attention of the National Socialists. Bredig had to undergo surgery twice in 1924 and 1929/30 but he recovered quickly and was able to return to his work. Persecution and exile On January 30, 1933 Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist (Nazi) party assumed power, and began to use a variety of laws to enforce their agenda. As early as April 7, 1933, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service banned Jews and other persons who the Nazis considered unfit to hold office from the German Civil Service and German universities. This created large numbers of vacancies: an estimated 26% of chemists and biochemists were driven from posts at German and Austrian universities. Required with other professors at German universities to take an oath of allegiance pledging his loyalty to Adolf Hitler, Bredig refused. He was forced out of the university in 1933 by the National Socialists, ending his teaching and research activities. The "retirement" of Bredig and other senior scientists such as Stefan Goldschmidt and Paul Askenasy left a significant gap in the university's expertise. In addition Bredig suffered the loss of his wife, who died in 1933. Regardless, he remained in Karlsruhe. His son Max Albert Bredig was warned by colleagues and left his job in Berlin in 1937, taking only his books. He succeeded in reaching Sweden, England, and eventually the United