already been introduced. In example (18), vavine has already been introduced at an earlier stage of the conversation, therefore rindi is used directly following the noun vavine when it is reintroduced. mwende Mwende is more specific than rindi and indicates a referent which is definitely known. The demonstrative modifier mwende follows the tamalohi, the noun. Emphatic reference modifier Niaro is the only emphatic reference modifier, which can also only occur posthead as shown in example (20). Niaro can occur with the anaphoric referential modifier rindi, and in that circumstance, rindi is shortened to ri, as shown in example (21) below. Both modifiers follow after the noun Kastom, with the anaphoric reference marker preceding the emphatic reference modifier. Abbreviations TA:tense-aspect marker REP:repeating action LINK:possessive linker REF:prior reference made References External links Materials on Malo are included in the open access Arthur Capell collections (AC1 and AC2) held by Paradisec. Bibliography Dryer, M. (2013). Feature 88A: Order of Demonstrative and Noun. Retrieved 28 March 2021, from https://wals.info/feature/88A#2/16.3/152.9 Kaufman, Daniel. (2013) “Tamambo, a Language of Malo, Vanuatu by Dorothy G. Jauncey (Review).” Oceanic Linguistics, 52(1): 277–290. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43286771 Ross, Malcolm. (2004) Demonstratives, local nouns and directionals in Oceanic languages: a diachronic perspective, in Gunter Senft (ed.), Deixis and demonstratives in Oceanic Languages, Pacific Linguistics, Canberra, pp. 175 - 204 Espiritu Santo languages Languages of Vanuatu