— to hand and forehead, to heart and throat. In , Moses cautioned the Israelites not test God. Similarly, in , the prophet Malachi criticized the people of his time who tempted God. Deuteronomy chapter 7 Professor Benjamin Sommer of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America read and to teach that God punishes children for their parents’ sins as a sign of mercy to the parents: When sinning parents repent, God defers their punishment to their offspring. Sommer argued that other Biblical writers, engaging in inner-Biblical interpretation, rejected that notion in , , and . Sommer argued that , for example, quoted , which was already an authoritative and holy text, but revised the morally troubling part: Where taught that God punishes sin for generations, maintained that God does not contend forever. Sommer argued that and similarly quoted with revision. Sommer asserted that , , and do not try to tell us how to read ; that is, they do not argue that somehow means something other than what it seems to say. Rather, they repeat while also disagreeing with part of it. In early nonrabbinic interpretation The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources: Deuteronomy chapter 4 With the Cities of Refuge in and and , Divine intervention replaces a system of vengeance with a system of justice, much as in the play of the 5th century BCE Greek playwright Aeschylus The Eumenides, the third part of The Oresteia, Athena’s intervention helps to replace vengeance with trial by jury. Deuteronomy chapter 5 Clement of Alexandria first used the Greek term that became the English word "Decalogue" to describe the Ten Commandments in about 200 C.E. told how in the 2nd century BCE, many followers of the pious Jewish priest Mattathias rebelled against the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Antiochus's soldiers attacked a group of them on the Sabbath, and when the Pietists failed to defend themselves so as to honor the Sabbath (commanded in, among other places, ), a thousand died. reported that when Mattathias and his friends heard, they reasoned that if they did not fight on the Sabbath, they would soon be destroyed. So they decided that they would fight against anyone who attacked them on the Sabbath. Echoing , "You shall observe to do therefore as the Lord your God has commanded you; you shall not turn aside to the right hand