academic and so–called free philosophy". As Professor, Doctor of Historical Sciences Natalia Vorobyova notes in her work "History of Russian Spiritual Culture", modern researchers postulate the absence of an original national Slavic–Russian philosophical system, considering the system of Russian philosophy as a phenomenon of Modern period. As Academician Dmitry Likhachev writes: "For many centuries Russian philosophy was closely connected with literature and poetry. Therefore, it should be studied in connection with Lomonosov and Derzhavin, Tyutchev and Vladimir Solovyov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chernyshevsky...". Main schools and directions The main directions of Russian philosophy include: Westernism and liberalism – mid–19th century; Slavophilism and pochvennichestvo – mid–19th century; Narodnichestvo – second half of the 19th century; Nihilism – second half of the 19th century; Anarchism – second half of the 19th century; Cosmism – late 19th – first half of the 20th century; Tolstoyism – late 19th – early 20th century; Positivism – late 19th – early 20th century; Vekhovstvo – the beginning of the 20th century; Sophiology – the beginning of the 20th century; Eurasianism – the first half of the 20th century, the beginning of the 21st century; Marxism–Leninism – 20th century; Etatism; Traditionalism; Nationalism. Origins of Russian philosophy Philosophical thought in the Old Russian state (11th–13th centuries) The existence of ancient Russian philosophy is debatable. Some researchers, like Archpriest Dmitry Leskin, recognized the fact of its existence, others denied, claiming only the presence of philosophical ideas and problems in ancient Russian literature. The philosophical thoughts of the "Hellenic sages" fell into the Old Russian literature from translated sources. Within the framework of the religious worldview, the question of human nature (Svyatoslav's Izbornik, Kirill Turovsky, Nil Sorsky), state power (Joseph Volotsky) and universal values («The Word of Law and Grace» by Metropolitan Hilarion, who is sometimes called "the first ancient Russian philosopher") was resolved. The ethical ideal is contained in the Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh. In addition to historiosophy (ethnogenesis as a punishment for the Tower of Babel), The Tale of Bygone Years also contains elements of religious philosophy: the concepts of property (hypostasis), flesh (matter), vision (form), desire and dream (imagination) are being developed. Also in the ancient Russian state, translated literature of Byzantine philosophical monuments was widely circulated, the most important of which was the collection of sayings "The Bee" and "Dioptra" by Philip the Hermit. Among the most famous authors who left philosophically significant works are Vladimir Monomakh, Theodosius