known as ESF, is an automated steering function that detects a potential collision and automatically activates the steering system for a limited duration to avoid or mitigate a collision. The emergency steering function for UNECE countries is described by regulation 79. Automated lane keeping Systems Automated Lane Keeping Systems (ALKS) deals with avoiding some cases of collisions. ALKS defines some concepts: Regulations AEB and ALKS are each defined by one or several UN-ECE regulations. Regulation related to AEB are regulation 131 et 152. Regulation 157 is related to ALKS. Japan requires AEB since 2020 and ALKS since 2021. The European Union requires AEB since 2022 but did not define a date for ALKS. Automobile manufacturers Various vendors provide AEB components to automakers. The global automotive AEB system market consists of a few established companies that are manufacturers or suppliers of specialized AEB components or systems. For example, the main vendors for radar systems include Bosch, Delphi, Denso, TRW, and Continental. Automobile manufactures may describe the systems installed on their vehicles using different names to differentiate their marketing efforts. A particular automaker may have systems and sensors sourced from a variety of suppliers. Therefore, even a single car brand may offer various levels of technology sophistication and the: frequency of false alerts can be different from model to model and trim level to trim level, depending on the types of camera and/or laser-based systems installed. In countries, such as the UK, one-quarter of new vehicles might have some kind of AEB system; but only 1% of previously sold cars might have AEB. Audi "Pre sense" autonomous emergency braking system uses twin radar and monocular camera sensors and was introduced in 2010 on the 2011 Audi A8. "Pre sense plus" works in four phases. The system first provides warning of an impending accident, activating hazard warning lights, closing windows and sunroof, and pre-tensioning front seat belts. The warning is followed by light braking to get the driver's attention. The third phase initiates autonomous partial braking at a rate of . The fourth phase increases braking to followed by automatic full braking power, roughly half a second before projected impact. "Pre sense rear", is designed to reduce the consequences of rear-end collisions. The sunroof and windows are closed and seat belts are prepared for impact. The seats are moved forward to protect the car's occupants. 2015 introduced the "avoidance assistant" system that intervenes