lead to counterarguing and pushback." Related terminology Research has shown that what a phenomenon is called, or how it is framed, "has a tremendous effect on how audiences come to perceive that phenomenon" and "can have a profound impact on the audience’s reaction". Climate change and its actual and hypothetical effects are sometimes described in terms other than climate crisis. (Following dates aren't necessarily the first use of such terms.) "climate catastrophe" (used with reference to a 2019 David Attenborough documentary, the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season, and the 2022 Pakistan floods) "threats that impact the earth" (World Wildlife Fund, 2012—) "climate breakdown" (climate scientist Peter Kalmus, 2018) "climate chaos" (The New York Times article title, 2019; U.S. Democratic candidates, 2019; and an Ad Age marketing team, 2019) "climate ruin" (U.S. Democratic candidates, 2019) "global heating" (Richard A. Betts, Met Office U.K., 2018) "climate emergency" (11,000 scientists' warning letter in BioScience, and in The Guardian, both 2019), "ecological breakdown", "ecological crisis" and "ecological emergency" (all set forth by climate activist Greta Thunberg, 2019) "global meltdown", "Scorched Earth", "The Great Collapse", and "Earthshattering" (an Ad Age marketing team, 2019) "climate disaster"(The Guardian, 2019) "climate calamity" (Los Angeles Times, 2022) "climate havoc" (The New York Times, 2022) "climate pollution", "carbon pollution" (Grist, 2022) In addition to "climate crisis", various other terms have been investigated for their effects on audiences, including "global warming", "climate change", and "climatic disruption", as well as "environmental destruction", "weather destabilization", and "environmental collapse". See also Climate apocalypse Climate communication Climate emergency declaration Climate endgame Climate justice Environmental communication Extinction Rebellion Green New Deal Media coverage of climate change Public opinion on climate change School Strike for Climate The Climate Mobilization World Scientists' Warning to Humanity World War Zero References Further reading Bell, Alice R. (2021). Our Biggest Experiment: an epic history of the climate crisis (First ed.). Berkeley, California. ISBN 978-1-64009-433-8. OCLC 1236092035 (advertising perspective by a "professional namer") (Nature joining Covering Climate Now.) Vol. 58 (3). External links Covering Climate Now (CCNow), a collaboration among news organizations "to produce more informed and urgent climate stories" (archive) "Climate crisis", dictionary.com (archive) Crisis Crisis Crisis 2010s neologisms 2020s neologisms