Pleistocene. They also appeared in North America probably due to the Great American Biotic Interchange, and while there are records from Europe, these are disputed. It is unclear where the group originated; both cariamids and phorusrhacids may have arisen in South America, or arrived from elsewhere when southern continents were closer together or when sea levels were lower, and they may also have made reverse movements. Since phorusrhacids survived until the Pleistocene, they appear to have been more successful than for example the South American metatherian thylacosmilid predators (which disappeared in the Pliocene), and it is possible that they competed ecologically with placental predators that invaded from North America in the Pleistocene. Paleoenvironment Devincenzia fossils usually have poor locality records, but fossils are primarily known from the Upper Miocene, Pliocene and lower Pleistocene of Argentina, though the holotype was originally speculated to be from Uruguay. Some fossils have been unearthed from the Ituzaingo Formation of Mesopotamia, Argentina, which preserves vast tidal flats similar to those in the modern day Amazon and a warm climate. Large, herbivorous notoungulate mammals in the Ituzaingo Formation were widespread, including the toxodontids Xotodon and Adinotherium, smaller notoungulates such as Protypotherium, smaller litopterns such as Brachytherium, Cullinia, Diadiaphorus, Neobrachytherium, Oxyodontherium, Paranauchenia, Promacrauchenia, Proterotherium and Scalabrinitherium. Carnivores included the other phorusrhacid Andalgalornis and sparassodonts, with giant crocodilians like Gryposuchus and Mourasuchus in the freshwater. Bamboos, coconut palms, and other palms were prevalent. The Huayquerias Formation also preserves fossils, but has much fewer preserved taxa and has had less exploration. Its paleoenvironment was hypothesized to be a gravely fluvial environment near large mountains and small lakes. The strata dates to the Upper Miocene. Fossils of litopterns and ground sloths are the most common. The unusual carnivorous armadillo Macroeuphractus is also known from the formation. At the Campo de Robilotte locality on Lake Epecuén near Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the Cerro Azul Formation, several fossil mammals were uncovered alongside the holotype of Onactornis depressus, a synonym of Devincenzia, in 1936 and many were described by Angelo Cabrera as new fossil species and even some genera, though few remain valid. Fossils of several kinds of litopterns have been found, such as the macraucheniid Huayqueriania, the proterothere Eoauchenia, and several mesotheriids like Pseudotypotherium and Typotheriopsis. Many xenarthrans fossils were unearthed and described by Cabrera including the type specimen of the glyptodont Coscinocercus and the type specimen of the ground sloths, Proscelidodon