the United States during the Progressive Era, as activists and organizations were popping up in all different sections of American life demanding the government intervention on spreading corruption. These white slave narratives re-enforced assumptions that male sexuality was virtually uncontrollable, to the point of coercing and kidnapping them into prostitution, and yet women were also helpless to this coercion. The level to which some women were choosing prostitution versus those who were forced into it is unclear, but the numbers that were estimated are overestimated enough to lead scholars to believe much of this panic was ill-informed. It also cannot be ignored that 'white slavery' makes a direct link to the previous system of 'chattel slavery', and the similarities or differences between these systems should be considered relevant to the movement. See also Sexual Politics Social hygiene movement Birth control movement in the United States Comstock law Mann Act Notes Citations Bibliography Further reading Anti-prostitution activism Reform movements Eugenics