al-Ghazi: the Levant and Italy 1760s. Ḥayyim ben Elias Moda‘i (1720–1794): Holland (wrote approbation to Pe’er ha-Dor) and elsewhere in Europe 1765. Jacob al-Yashar: Persia 1767. Issachar Abulafia: Italy (wrote approbation to Yad Mal’akhi) 1770. Abraham Solomon Zalmon: Europe 1772. Abraham Segre: Germany 1773. Raphael Chayyim Isaac Carregal: West Indies and the British Colonies of North America 1776. Jacob Raphael Saraval: Holland and England 1780. Judah Samuel Ashkenazi 1783. Abraham ha-Kohen of Lask: Germany and Poland 1790. David Hayyim Hazzan: Italy 1793. Yosef Maimon: Bukhara 1796. Joseph Aben Samon: Tripoli (wrote approbation to Ḥayyey Abraham) 1800. Israel of Shklov: Lithuania and Belarus 1804. Israel Raphael Segre 1807. Hayyim Baruch of Austria: Germany (wrote approbation to Otsar ha-Ḥayyim) 1810. Solomon David Hazzan: the Levant and Italy 1830. Joseph Edels Ashkenazi: Italy 1848. Isaac Kovo: Egypt 1848. Jacob Saphir: Southern countries (first mission) 1850. Isaac Farhi: Italy 1850. Levi Nehemias: Italy 1850. Joseph Schwarz: the United States (author of Ṭevu’at ha-Arets) 1854. Jacob Saphir: Yemen, British India, Egypt, and Australia (Second mission) 1856. Moses Hazzan: the Levant (author of Naḥalah le-Yisra’el) 1865. Raphael Meir Panigel: Europe (haham başı and author of Lev Marpe’) 1870. Moses Pardo: North Africa 1885. Moses Riwlin: Australia 1885. Nathan Natkin: the United States (d. 1888, in New York) 1890. Abraham ibn Ephraim: Persia (Sephardic) 1894. Yosef Haim HaCohen: Saudi Arabia, Uzbekistan and Caucasus Mountains 1899. Yosef Haim HaCohen: Bukhara. 1903 (then serving): Shalom Hamadi: Yemen (Sephardic) Benjamin ha-Kohen: Caucasus, Russia (Sephardic) J. Meynhas: India (Sephardic) Eliezer Zalman Grajewski: the United States Joshua Loeb Suessenwein: the United States (author of Tsir Ne’eman, Jerusalem, 1898) Solomon Joseph Eliach Yosef Haim HaCohen: Algiers, Constantine, Algeria 1934. Amram Aburbeh: Morocco. Notes References Jewish religious occupations Jews and Judaism in Ottoman Palestine Hebrew words and phrases Jews and Judaism in Ottoman Galilee