8 through the concept of private correspondence expression of an opinion can often take the form of the correspondence and so there needs to be adequate protection for the privacy of the correspondence and the expression within it from state interference. In a similar way, the freedom of thought, conscience, and religion in particular the latter is a form of self-expression. Consequently, Article 10 covers such expression too due to its wide scope. Lastly, expression is a vital aspect of Freedom of assembly and association as "Demonstration always constitutes an expression of opinion." Case law Handyside v United Kingdom (1976) Lingens v Austria (1986) 8 EHRR 407 Mueller and Others v Switzerland (1988), application number 10737/84 The Observer and The Guardian v United Kingdom (1991) 14 EHRR 153, the "Spycatcher" case. Otto-Preminger-Institut v Austria, see Liebeskonzil (1994) Jersild v. Denmark (1994) Bowman v United Kingdom [1998] ECHR 4, (1998) 26 EHRR 1 Appleby v United Kingdom (2003) 37 EHRR 38 Steel and Morris v United Kingdom (2005), the 'McLibel case' Yildirim v Turkey (2012) MGN Ltd v United Kingdom (2011) 39401/04, the Naomi Campbell success fee case Delfi AS v. Estonia (2015) Peruzzi v. Italy (2015) E.S. v. Austria (2018) See also Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – Article XI states: "The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man: any citizen thus may speak, write, print freely, except to respond to the abuse of this liberty, in the cases determined by the law." First Amendment to the United States Constitution – government "shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech" Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Article 19 is nearly identical to Article 10 of the ECHR Notes External links 10