differing things. This was particularly evident when former Soviet Bloc countries in the East of central Europe adopted the ECHR. It has been seen as an area of great debate that Article 10 and the wider ECtHR that by not having a definition of hate speech within its content that it could leave the fundamental concept of the Freedom of Expression and Free Speech to be abused by its users. But any limitations on the Freedom of Expression would damage a crucial right of those who live within a democracy, as some deem it to be counter what is laid out in Article 10 (2) as not being necessary in a democratic society. The licensing exception The provision about "licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises", i.e. the state's right to license the media companies, was included because of the limited number of available frequencies and the fact that, at that time, most European states had a monopoly of broadcasting and television. Later court decision held that due to "the technical progress in the last decades, the justification of these restrictions cannot be made by reference to the number of available frequencies and channels." The public monopolies within the audiovisual media were seen by the court as contrary to Article 10, primarily because they cannot provide a plurality of sources of information. The court also held that devices for receiving broadcasting information, such as satellite dishes, do not fall under the restriction provided for in the last sentence of the first paragraph. Connections to Different Articles (Articles 8, 9 and 11) It has been noted by a number of sources that when examining the ECHR articles those from Article 8 to Article 11 have a very comparable structure allowing for a similar examination by the ECtHR for when there has been a possible breach. In the same way as Article 10 similarly 8 (Right to respect for private and family life) 9 (Freedom of thought, conscience and religion), and 11 (Freedom of assembly and association) briefly describe the convention right and within the second section of the article describe the restrictions that can be used by a state or public authority body that can be imposed upon the right. Within the three articles, (8,9 and 11) the concept of expression can be to an extent found in each as an inherent characteristic. Van Dijk et al. discuss how within Article