A meshulach (; plural: meshulachim), also known as a shaliach () or SHaDaR (, acronym for ), was an emissary sent to the Diaspora to raise funds (ḥalukka) for the Jewish communities of the Land of Israel. In recent times, the term has come to mean any charity collector for a Jewish organization. Role of the meshulach Often an individual meshulach may operate as an independent contractor for several different organizations, taking a portion of the proceeds as profit. The percentage retained by the meshulach is sometimes as high as 49%. In response to the public perception of fraudulent meshulachim, some communities (for example, Baltimore) have appointed rabbis or panels to investigate meshulachim and issue them certificates to attest for the validity of their cause. Notable meshulachim 1441. Esrim ve-Arba‘ah: Europe 1587. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder (or di Ṭrani, 1569–1639): Egypt 1598–1599. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder (or di Ṭrani, 1569–1639): Istanbul (first mission) 1600. Judah de Leon: Italy 1600s–1606. Joseph ben Moses Miṭrani the Elder (or di Ṭrani, 1569–1639): Istanbul (second mission) 1650. Nathan ben Reuben David Spiro: Italy and Germany 1659. Benjamin ha-Levi: the Levant and Italy 1670s. Judah Sharaf: Livorno, Italy 1676. Joseph ben Eliezer: Italy and Germany 1676. Joseph Shalit Riqueti: Italy and Germany (with the preceding, author of Iggeret Mesapperet) 1688–1692. Ḥezekiah ben David da Silva (1656–1697): Western Europe (including Amsterdam) 1690. Judah Sharaf: the Levant and Italy 1695. Avraham Yitzchaḳi: Italy 1695. Shmuel ha-Kohen: Italy, etc. 1695. Abraham ben Levi Conque: Italy, Germany, and Poland 1700. Hayyim Asael ben Benjamin: Smyrna 1705. Gedaliah Hayyim: Italy 1709. Nathan Mannheim: Germany and Poland 1709. Jacob of Vilna: Germany and Poland (with the preceding, author of Me’orot Natan) 1710. David Melammed 1712. Hayyim Hazzan 1712. Abraham Rovigo 1718. Hayyim Jacob ben Jacob David: the Levant and Europe 1720. Ephraim ben Aaron Nabon: Italy 1730. David Capsoto: Holland 1730. Moses Hagiz: the Levant and Europe for a period of 50 years 1740. Baruch Gad: Media and Persia 1740s–1749. Ḥayyim ben Elias Moda‘i 1750. Baruch of Austria 1750. Hayyim Joseph David Azulai (1724–1806): the Levant and Europe (including Egypt, Amsterdam, England, and Livorno, for 56 years. His Ma‘agal Yashar contains part of his itinerary) 1750. Hayyim Abraham Tzebi: Italy 1750. Hayyim Mordecai Tzebi: Italy, etc. 1750. Rahmim Nissim Mizrahi: the Levant and Italy 1759. Moses Malki: America 1760. Hayyim Nissim Jeroham of Vilna: Germany 1760. Yom-Ṭob