African military systems (1800–1900) refers to the evolution of military systems on the African continent after 1800, with emphasis on the role of indigenous states and peoples within the African continent. Only major military systems or innovations and their development after 1800 are covered here. For events prior to 1800, see African military systems to 1800. Coverage of the late 19th/20th century and beyond is provided in African military systems after 1900. For an overall view of the military history of Africa by region, see Military History of Africa. See individual battles, empires and leaders for details on activities after 1800. African military systems and the 19th century Significant influences The beginning of the 19th century saw several factors that had significant bearing on the evolution of military systems. Such factors are referenced in standard histories on Africa that identify the 19th century as a period of intense transformation on the continent. Some of these are: The rise of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka, which created significant change – from the southern part of the continent, up into East and Central Africa The Fula jihads of West Africa, causing substantial transformation in that region on into the belt of Sudanic states The increasing volume of guns delivered to the continent The growth of trade between Africa and other parts of the world, including the suppression and replacement of the slave trade with other commerce The explosion of European interest in Africa, culminating in invasions, settlement and acquisition of colonial empires in different parts of the continent All these factors in part continued earlier trends but the 19th century was to see an acceleration in the pace of military evolution on the continent. The environmental variables of past centuries also continued in many areas. Some of these include: Relatively low population densities that reduced forces for combat Poor soils (particularly in tropical forest areas) and low crop productivity Disease-carrying vectors that hindered deployment of weapons systems like cavalry and weakened infantry forces in many regions Lack of good coastal harbors and navigable rivers – hindering large scale logistics These variables impacted the development of military systems. Low population densities for example meant that large forces could not be raised and maintained in being for a long time. The Zulu as one instance, could field an estimated 50,000 warriors, impressive by regional standards. But this was the nation's entire armed strength, whereas