of phrenology, which at that time had become discredited in most scientific circles. Criminology was at the time divided into two main schools - one relative more to "biopsychological" theories stressing the importance of individual traits and aiming at establishing an essential difference between honest citizens and criminals, the other opposed to this medical determinism social determinism, mainly influenced by Durkheim. Lacassagne's approach, which combined both biological and social factors, was too ambiguous to last. Main publications (1872) (1876) On-line (1878) On-line (1881) On-line (1887) (1891) On-line (1891) (1892) On-line (1894) On-line (1898) On-line (1899) On-line (1906) (1908) (1913) (1920) Quotations "Every society gets the kind of criminal it deserves". See also Italian school of criminology Positivist criminology History of psychology Alphonse Bertillon Marc-André Raffalovich (1864–1934), contributor to the Archives d'anthropology criminelle, writer on homosexuality References This article is originally based on a translation of an article from the French Wikipedia. External links French criminologists 1843 births 1924 deaths