and Id1 expression is upregulated in breast cancer metastasis. GAS1 is found in melanoma. In poorly metastatic B16-F0 mouse melanoma cells, GAS1 knockdown promoted metastasis without affecting primary tumor growth. GAS1 suppresses metastasis by promoting apoptosis in disseminated cancer cells at secondary organs. Its expression is downregulated in metastatic clinical samples. Primary tumor samples of colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis showed gain of chromosomes 7p, 8q, 13q and 20q and loss of chromosomes 1p, 8p, 9p, 14q, 17p and 22q. Genes that are located in the regions of chromosomal loss include MAP2K4, LLGL1, FBLN1, ELAC2, ALDH3A2, ALDH3A1, SHMT1, ARSA, WNT7B, TNFRSF13B, UPK3A, TYMP, RASD1, PEMT and TOP3A. These genes can potentially serve as metastasis suppressors. In a basal-like primary breast cancer, mutations in SNED1 and FLNC influenced metastasis. Impact Metastasis suppressor genes may offer mechanistic insight for guiding specific therapeutic strategies, which may include drug-induced reactivation of metastasis suppressor genes and their signaling pathways. Clinical assessment of metastasis suppressor gene product status in disseminated cancer cells may improve prognosis accuracy in patients with clinically localized disease. These proteins are different from ones that act to suppress tumor growth. References Further reading Pecorino, Lauren. Molecular Biology of Cancer. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2005. Print. "Understanding Cancer Series: Cancer". National Cancer Institute. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Web. 21 November 2009. "Understanding cancer", cancer.gov. "Metastasis", wordnetweb.princeton.edu, WordNet Search 3.0. Web. 19 November 2009. External links Antineoplastic drugs Proteins