New Philology generally refers to a branch of Mexican ethnohistory and philology that uses colonial-era native language texts written by Indians to construct history from the indigenous point of view. The name New Philology was coined by James Lockhart to describe work that he and his doctoral students and scholarly collaborators in history, anthropology, and linguistics had pursued since the mid-1970s. Lockhart published a great many essays elaborating on the concept and content of the New Philology and Matthew Restall published a description of it in the Latin American Research Review. The techniques of the New Philology have also been applied in other disciplines such as European medieval studies. Historical development Lockhart discusses philology, particular New Philology, in an essay for a collection of essays hosted digitally at University of Oregon. For him, New Philology was built upon the foundation of the old, which focuses on close reading of texts and resulted in collections of printed documentation. An important 19th-century Mexican philologist was Joaquín García Icazbalceta. In Mexico and Latin America, 19th-century scholars mined the Spanish archives for colonial documentation for their national histories. A feature of New Philology is that the publication of indigenous texts in the original language with translations with introductions is standard. The translated texts often appeared first, followed by a separate scholarly monograph analyzing the texts. The two should be considered two parts of the same scholarly publication. Many of the scholars working in New Philology did so before it gained that designation. A particularly valuable online publication is essays in which individual scholars discuss the process and product of translating and publishing particular native language documentation. New Philology was developed from the 1970s and onwards, building on the work of a previous generation of scholars, most especially historian Charles Gibson, whose Aztecs under Spanish Rule (1964) and his earlier Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century (1952) were major scholarly achievements, placing colonial-era Aztecs (now more commonly called Nahuas) at the center of historical analysis. The leading figure in the establishment of the New Philological historiographical approach was James Lockhart who, in the early 1970s, began learning Nahuatl and studying local level indigenous sources in the Nahuatl language. His magnum opus was published in 1992, The Nahuas After the Conquest., which incorporated and extended his own work and that of others. An early and important text in this vein was Nahuatl in the Middle Years (1976),