illness label. When a caregiver avoids seeking mental health treatment due to fear of the stigma surrounding the label of a mental illness, it is seen as affiliate stigma. A study in 2015 found that affiliate stigma decreases a parent's willingness to pursue mental health treatment for their children, which can lead to decreases in overall well-being for children. This same study found that some parents fear that general practitioners will judge them as bad parents if their children are diagnosed with ADHD. Military Along with schizophrenia, PTSD is also a highly stigmatized mental disorder that is often misunderstood, especially among the military community. Studies have found that there are various barriers to treatment that prevent many veterans from seeking treatment for PTSD and other mental disorders such as concerns that others will see them as "crazy", beliefs that treatment is ineffective or is simply not worth it, and beliefs that those with mental health problems cannot be relied upon. These beliefs about mental health and mental health treatment is more prevalent in the military community due to the culture of the military that places a strong emphasis on emotional toughness, self-control and stoicism. Though these values are useful in combat scenarios, they can serve as barriers to seeking treatment and treatment adherence. Measures Researchers have measured aspects of mental health literacy in several ways. Popular methodologies include vignette studies and achievement tests. Vignette studies measure mental health literacy by providing a brief, detailed story of an individual (or individuals) with a mental health problem, and ask participants questions to identify what problem the individual is experiencing, and at times, additional questions about how the individual can help themselves. Achievement tests measure mental health literacy on a continuum, such that higher scores on a test indicate greater overall knowledge or understanding of a concept. Achievement tests can be formatted using multiple-choice, true/false, or other quantitative scales. Various scales have been created to measure the various components of mental health literacy, though not all are validated. Mental health literacy has been measured across several populations, varying in age range, culture, and profession. Most studies have focused on adult and young adult populations, though improving literacy in children has been a focus of prevention efforts. Parental label avoidance can be measured by the Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale (SSOSH). Family empowerment is measured by the Family Empowerment Scale (FES). Limitations Low literacy