current studies The Western Sub-Himalaya and the Siwalik Hills first caught the interest of archaeologists and palaeontologists in the early 1800s when fossil apes of the Miocene age were uncovered. This led to interests from Western scholars to explore the region for potential pre-historic cultural artefacts. The first official discovery of lithic artifacts in the Western Sub-Himalaya zone was reported in 1880 by Theobald W, in a report titled: “On the discovery of a celt of Palaeolithic type in the Punjab”. Discoveries in the Siwalik Hills for paleolithic lithic occurrences were first noted by Wadia and K.R.U Todd. Their research influenced the academic duo of Helmut De Terra and Thomas Thomson Paterson to conduct their own research in the region. De Terra and Paterson deemed the artefacts found in Siwalik belonged to a specific technological culture that they named “Soanian”. They did not conduct any excavation but only focused on selectively collected surface materials from surrounding terraces. This work confirmed lithic occurrence specific to the region and prompted further research. Excavations later followed suit outside of India, taking place in Pakistan and Nepal that further confirms the existence of pre-historic culture in the Siwalik zone. Modern research Recent research predominantly takes place in India led by Indian scholars with a broader scope. As of 2006, the study area encompassed the Siwalik frontal slopes and some interior zones between the Ghaggar River to the west and Markanda River to the east. The area is approximately 60 km long and covers an area of approximately 100 km square. Research area in Pakistan along the Soan river has faced damages due to sewage disposal and municipal waste onto rivers. Methods for modern day excavation have also changed from the time of De Terra. During his time, scholars focused more on assessing the scattering patterns of tools in smaller sampled regions. Modern observations due to technological developments are focused on the occurrence of Soanian tools as a complex behavioural system. This method entails the careful surveying and recording of artefacts along vast regions, seeking to understand the spatial relationship each lithic culture has with one another. This form of observation has allowed scholars to observe the relations of the emergence of certain tools to certain geographical contexts. At Adiala and Khasala Kalan, about from Rawalpindi terrace on the bend of the river, hundreds of edged pebble tools were discovered. At Chauntra in Himachal Pradesh,