Irani cafés are Iranian-style cafés in the Indian subcontinent. They were originally opened by Zoroastrian Irani immigrants to British India in the 19th century, fleeing Safavid persecution or looking for better economic prospects. In India, Mumbai, Pune and Hyderabad boast a number of Irani cafés, which are very popular for Irani chai (tea). In the 1950s, there were 350 Irani cafés; today, only 25 remain. Karachi, Pakistan, was also home to many Irani cafés. History They were originally opened by Zoroastrian Irani immigrants to British India in the 19th century after they fled from Safavid persecution in West and Central Asia. Writing for the Hindu Business Line, on "Mumbai's Irani hotspots", Sarika Mehta stated, "The classic format of these cafes is basic with a subtle colonial touch; high ceilings with black, bent wooden chairs (now cane in some cafes), wooden tables with marble tops and glass jars that allow a peek into the goodies they hold. With huge glass mirrors on the walls to create a feeling of space, visitors are greeted with eagerness and a whiff of baking. The speed of operations is impressive and service quite hassle-free." Fare Irani cafés may serve bun maska (bread and butter) or brun-maska (hard buttered croissants), and paani kam chai (a strong Iranian tea, 'tea with less water'), or khari chai (very strong tea), mutton samosas, and kheema pav (minced meat served in bread rolls), akuri (scrambled eggs and vegetables), berry pulao, vegetable puff, vegetarian/chicken dhansak (a spiced lentil dish with meat and vegetables) and biryani, cherry cream custard, cheese khari biscuits, plain khari biscuits, coconut jam and milk biscuits and Duke's raspberry drink. Many Irani cafés offer sweet and salted biscuits like rawa (semolina), til-rawa coconut, nankhatai (sweet, crisp flaky Irani biscuits), Madeira cake (tutti-frutti biscuits). Cultural references Nissim Ezekiel wrote a poem based on instruction boards found in his favourite Irani café: the defunct Bastani and Company in Dhobi Talao, Mumbai. In 2020 Neeraj Udhwani made the film Maska. Footnotes Further reading India's Iranian cafes fading out by Jayshree Bajoria for BBC News, Mumbai Mumbai's Irani hotspots – Sarika Mehta in Hindu Business line AOL News Blog - Sunanda Sudhir External links Irani Cafés and Bakeries: An Irani Zartoshti Tradition Indian drinks Coffeehouses and cafés in India Coffeehouses and cafés in Pakistan Culture of Mumbai Culture of Karachi Restaurants in Mumbai Bakery cafés Iranian diaspora in Pakistan Pakistani fusion cuisine