monoepoxides of linoleic acid leukotoxin and isoleukotoxin to ω-hydroxylated metabolites. It also contributes to the degradation of very long-chain fatty acids by catalyzing successive ω-oxidations and chain shortening. Anti-parasitic drugs Pafuramidine is a prodrug of furamidine, an antiparasitic drug. There are at least two studies which determined that CYP4F2 is one of the enzymes responsible for the conversion of pafuramidine to furamidine in human liver microsomes and human enteric microsomes. Genetic variants The T allele at rs2108622, which has been designated as CYP4F2*3 in the Human CYP Allele Nomenclature Database by the Pharmacogene Variation Consortium, produces the enzyme with valine residue replaced to methionine residue at position 433, a single-nucleotide polymorphism, resulting in reduced CYP4F2 enzyme activity for some substances, due to decrease in steady-state hepatic concentrations of the enzyme. This polymorphism, CYP4F2*3 (1347C>T; NM_001082.5:c.1297G>A; p. Val433Met; rs2108622), is the most studied and most pharmacogenetically relevant. Another polymorphism, CYP4F2*2 (NM_001082.4:c.34T>G; p.Trp12Gly; rs3093105), increases specific enzyme activity for some substances. Studies have shown that CYP4F2*3 polymorphism has a role in eicosanoid and Vitamin E metabolism, in the bioavailability of Vitamin K, in affecting doses of warfarin or coumarin, and is also associated with hypertension, with increased risk of cerebral infarction (i.e. ischemic stroke) and myocardial infarction. Research The molecular mediators, inducers, and inhibitors that regulate CYP4F2 expression have mostly been elucidated in in vitro systems: There have been findings that retinoic acid (a metabolite of vitamin A1) and saturated fatty acids, such as lauric acid and stearic acid, induce CYP4F2. Besides that, there were findings that lovastatin induce CYP4F2. There also have been findings that CYP4F2 is inhibited by peroxisomal proliferators, such as clofibrate, pirinixic acid, nafenopin and tibric acid; the anti-fungal drug ketoconazole, and sesamin - a molecule found in sesame oil and sesame seeds, also inhibit CYP4F2. Another study has shown that quercetin, tranylcypromine, and disulfiram also inhibit CYP4F2. A study has found that the following substances do not inhibit CYP4F2: brincidofovir and azoles (except ketoconazole), namely posaconazole, fluconazole, and voriconazole. With the exception of ketoconazole and sesamin, these findings have not been confirmed in clinical studies. The inhibitory effect of ketoconazole has been confirmed by a study of 21 participants with different CYP4F2*3 variants enrolled (8 for *1/*1, 7 for *1/*3, and 6 for *3/*3). The inhibitory effect of sesamin has been confirmed by a randomized, controlled crossover trial, where 33 overweight men and women consumed 25 grams