the law. Police use personal discretion in deciding whether and how to handle a situation. Research suggests that police are more likely to make an arrest if the offence is serious, if bystanders are present, or if the suspect is of a visible minority. Courts: Courts rely on an adversarial process in which attorneys-one representing the defendant and one representing the Crown-present their cases in the presence of a judge who monitors legal procedures. In practice, courts resolve most cases through plea bargaining. Though efficient, this method puts less powerful people at a disadvantage. Corrections system: Community-based corrections include probation and parole. These programs lower the cost of supervising people convicted of crimes and reduce prison overcrowding but have not been shown to reduce recidivism. There are four jurisdictions for punishment (retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, societal protection), which fall under one of two forms of justice that an offender will face: Punitive justice (retribution & deterrence): This form of justice defines boundaries of acceptable behaviors, whereby an individual suffers the consequences of committing a crime and in which pain or suffering inflicted on the individual is hidden from the public. Rehabilitative justice (rehabilitation & societal protection): This form of justice focuses on specific circumstances, whereby individuals are meant to be fixed. See also Notes Further reading Clinard, M. B., and R. F. Meier. 1968. Sociology of Deviant Behavior. Dinitz, Simon, Russell R. Dynes, and Alfred C. Clarke. 1975. Deviance: Studies in Definition, Management, and Treatment. Douglas, J. D., and F. C. Waksler. 1982. The Sociology of Deviance: An Introduction. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. MacNamara, Donal E. J., and Andrew Karmen. 1983. DEVIANTS: Victims or Victimizers? Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage. Pratt, Travis. n.d. "Reconsidering Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Theory of Crime: Linking the Micro- and Macro-level Sources of Self-control and Criminal Behavior Over the Life-course." Bartel, Phil. 2012. "Deviance." Social Control and Responses to Variant Behaviour (module). Vancouver Community Network. Web. Accessed 7 April 2020. "Types of Deviance." Criminal Justice. Acadia University. Archived from the original on 17 Oct 10. Retrieved on 23 Feb. 2012. "Research at CSC." Correctional Service of Canada. Government of Canada. Web. Retrieved on 23 Feb 2012. Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber. 2010. "Emile Durkheim"s Basic Insight" Sociology (7th ed.). Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber. 2010. "The Criminal Justice System" Sociology (7th ed.). External links Criminology Sociological theories