price formation. Monetary and non monetary value formation processes are mutually related to each other, often in a very tense relationship. Cultural goods with an exchange function must therefore be comprehensively analysed, taking into consideration all their multiple symbolic and economic, private and public, social and political functions. To sum up: The focus on cultural institutions sphere demands a synthesis of cultural, sociological, organizational, and economic methods of analysis and interpretation to create a multi-perspective approach to the relevant issues. However, culture and cultural practices are definitely not an object that may be observed and described from a distant, "scientific" point of view. Cultural issues are matters of public interest and are interwoven with personal and collective identities as well as with normative and political positions. Cultural Institutions Studies do not claim objectivity and a positivistic analysis. But it is a necessity to embark on a debate about presuppositions of research. This points to the critical philosophical roots of this approach. See also Art world Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions Creative Industries Cultural industry Culture industry Cultural policy Cultural Practice Economics of the arts and literature Goods Non-profit sector Sociology of culture Value theory Notes References Zembylas, Tasos (2004): Kulturbetriebslehre. Grundlagen einer Inter-Disziplin. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, p. 13. Crane, Diana (1992): The Production of Culture, Newbury Park: Sage, p.ix. Translation from German (see :de:Kulturbetriebslehre): Silvia Plaza, Vienna Further reading Baumol, William / Bowen, William (1966): Performing Arts – The economic Dilemma, Cambridge: 20th Century Fond Becker, Howard (1982): Art Worlds, Berkeley: University of California Press Blau, Judith (1992): The Shape of Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Bourdieu, Pierre (1992): The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field, Stanford: Stanford University Press Caves, Richard (2000): Creative Industries. Contracts between Art and Commerce, Cambridge: Harvard University Press Crane, Diana (1992): The Production of Culture, Newbury Park: Sage Frey, Bruno / Pommerehne, Werner (1989): Muses and Markets. Explorations in the Economics of the Arts, Oxford: Basil Blackwell Hasitschka, Werner / Tschmuck, Peter / Zembylas, Tasos (2005): "Cultural Institutions Studies: Investigating the Transformation of Cultural Goods", in: The Journal of Arts Management, Law and Society, Vol. 35/ Nr.2, p. 147-158 Hesmondhalgh, David (2002): The Culture Industries, London: Sage Klamer, Arjo (Hg.) (1996): The Value of Culture. On the Relationship between Economics and Arts, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press Luhmann, Niklas (2000): Art as Social