or four instructors at the Naval Academy." However not until the 1899–1900 class year did he receive an assistant in instruction, and not until 1901 was he direct-commissioned as a first lieutenant of Infantry and transferred to the Department of Tactics as "instructor in military gymnastics and physical culture. The position of Master of the Sword thereafter has been held since only by members of the Regular Army, all of whom have also been graduates of West Point. In 1895 Koehler began lobbying academy superintendents that physical education be compulsory for all four cadet classes but was unsuccessful until he gained the support of Commandant of Cadets Col. Charles G. Treat. In 1905, when boxing and wrestling were added to the curriculum, Superintendent Brig. Gen. Albert L. Mills made such training mandatory for the entire Corps of Cadets. From his first days at the academy Koehler promoted Army's participation in intercollegiate athletics, a move resisted by the Academic Board until 1890, when Army was challenged to a game of football by Navy. Army lost the inaugural Army–Navy Game by a score of 24–0. Koehler also fostered intramural sports as a third leg of his physical education philosophy using academic good standing as a requisite to provide an educational incentive, but such sports remained voluntarily until 1920 when Brig. Gen. Douglas MacArthur became superintendent. A more modern gymnasium, still existing today as the Hayes Gymnasium, was constructed in 1910. In addition to his academy duties, Koehler helped found a recruit school for the New York Police Department in 1913, provided instruction for state militia regiments of New York and Massachusetts from 1911 to 1913, and instructed New York Army National Guard units called up to duty in 1916 as a result of the Pancho Villa Expedition. Prior to the entry of the United States into World War I, Koehler was detached to direct physical instruction for 200,000 newly-inducted soldiers at officers' and divisional training camps of the National Army and promoted to major. He personally led instruction to units as large as a brigade, often conducting calisthenics to 6,000 men at a time. The United States Army Physical Fitness School estimated in 1999 that during his lifetime Koehler led physical instruction for more than 400,000 persons. In 1919 he published his second text, Koehler's West Point Manual of Disciplinary Physical Training, in which he advocated not only his system of exercises