by using a setup similar to the CDT in which plastic film travels across a roller while the flame contacts it. In addition to more sophisticated methods, flame treatment can also be done by hand with the use of a torch. However, even and steady treatment of the surface is more difficult to obtain. Once the flame treatment is completed, the part can be gently cleaned with water and air dried, which will ensure that an excess of oxides are not formed. Control during the flame treatment is critical. Too much of the treatment will degrade the plastic, which will lead to poor adhesion. Too little of a treatment will not modify the surface enough and will also lead to poor adhesion. An additional aspect of flame treatment that must be considered is possible deformation to the adherend. Precise control of the flame will prevent this from occurring. Plasma treatment Plasma is a gas excited by electrical energy, and contains approximately an equal density of positive- and negative-charged ions. The interaction of the electrons and ions in the plasma with the surface oxidizes the surface and forms free radicals. The oxidation of the surface removes unwanted contaminants and improves adhesion. In addition to removing contaminates, the plasma treatment also introduces polar groups that increase the surface energy of the adherend. Plasma treatment can produce adhesive bonds up to four times stronger than compared to chemically or mechanically treated adherends. In general, plasma treatment is not used often in industry because it is required to be performed below atmospheric pressure. This creates an expensive and less cost effective process. Chemical treatment Chemical treatments are used to change the composition and structure of the surface of the adherend and are often used in addition to degreasing and abrasion to maximize the strength of the adhesive bond. In addition to this, they increase the chance of other bonding forces to occur, such as hydrogen, dipole, and van der Waals bonding between the adherend and the adhesive. Chemical solutions can be applied to the surface of an adherend to either clean or alter the surface of the adherend, depending on the chemical used. Solvents are used to simply clean the surfaces of any contaminates or debris. They do not increase the surface energy of the adherend. To modify the surface of the adherend, acid solutions can be used to etch and oxidize the surface.