the province of Luxembourg), with Belgium becoming de facto independent from the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Treaty of the XXIV Articles, signed 15 November 1831 but only ratified in 1839 by all parties, recognised the de jure independence of Belgium, subsequently reinforced by Treaties of London in 1839 and in 1867. References Le Duché de Bouillon, Patro Noirefontaine (cited in the French Wikipedia) Le Duché sous les La Tour d'Auvergne (1678–1794), Musée Ducale de Bouillon (cited in the French Wikipedia) 1794 establishments in Europe 1795 disestablishments in Europe Bouillon History of Luxembourg (Belgium) 1795 in the Southern Netherlands