years after, in September 1791, to their Ashkenazi co-religionsits who were seen as less French at the time. By granting citizenship to Algerian Jews, the French believed the local Jews would forgo their traditions, and become loyal to France. The intent was rapid acculturation of Algerian Jews into French Jews. It was signed as Decree 136 of 1870 by Adolphe Crémieux as Minister of Justice, Léon Gambetta as Minister of the Interior, Alexandre Glais-Bizoin and Martin Fourichon as a naval and colonial minister. The ministers were members of the military government in Tours, the Gouvernement de la Défense nationale, since France was still at war and the provisional government had its seat in Tours. The Muslim revolt of 1871 created distrust of the indigenous non-Jews, as it established that they would not respect French authority. This amplified French desire to attempt assimilation of Algerian Jews over other indigenous communities, as they felt it would be met with less resistance. At the same time the naturalization regime in French Algeria was confirmed in Decree 137, determining that Muslims are not French citizens in the French colony of Algeria. The aim was to maintain the status quo, the sovereignty of France over its North African colonies. Five years later, in 1875, this was confirmed in the framework of the Code de l'indigénat. Decrees 136 and 137 were published in Official Gazette of the City of Tours (Bulletin officielle de la ville de Tours) on 7 November 1870. From 1940 to 1943, the Crémieux Decree was abolished under the Vichy regime. After effects of the decree Within a generation, most Algerian Jews came to speak French and embrace French culture in its entirety. Conflicts between Sephardic Jewish religious law and the writings of French law disfranchised community members as they attempted to navigate a legal system at odds with their established practise. The French army no longer was in total control of civilian life, as Jews were viewed as equal. Feelings of racial superiority took hold of the French in Algeria, creating a coping mechanism: the French colonists refused to accept Jews as citizens, creating a wave of anti-semitism that increasingly worsened well into the mid-1900s. This led to a divide after the 1882 conquest of M'zab where the French government categorized Southern Algerian Jews and Northern Algerian Jews as distinct entities, recognizing the rights of only the latter, while treating the former