operations. As the IED threat in Iraq continued to escalate, a Deputy's Advisory Working Group convened in December 2005 and recommended the creation of a permanent organization. On February 14, 2006, then-Deputy Secretary of Defense, Gordon England signed Department of Defense Directive 2000.19E, establishing JIEDDO. U.S. Army General Montgomery C. Meigs served as JIEDDO's first director. JIEDDO directors General (Ret.) Montgomery C. Meigs, U.S. Army, 2006-2007 Lieutenant General Thomas F. Metz, U.S. Army, 2007-2009 Lieutenant General Michael L. Oates, U.S. Army, 2010-2011 Lieutenant General Michael D. Barbero, U.S. Army, 2011-2013 Lieutenant General John D. Johnson, U.S. Army, 2013–2015 Lieutenant General Michael H. Shields, U.S. Army, 2015–2018 JIDO Director Major General Christopher Bentley, U.S. Army, 2018–Present Seal Currently a white disc edged yellow, a dark gray shield bearing a gray chain encircling a terrestrial globe Proper, surmounted throughout the center by a yellow horizontal motto scroll with the Latin inscription, “APTO AUT MORIOR,” which translates to “I Must Adapt or I Will Die” in dark purple. The scroll is between four lightning bolts diagonally placed, radiating from the center of the globe—two above, green to the left and red to the right and two below, dark blue to the lower left and blue to the lower right. Resting on top of the shield, an American bald eagle Proper, wings displayed horizontally, grasping three crossed yellow arrows and bearing on its breast a shield blazoned as follows: Argent, a paly of six Gules, a chief Azure; all within a dark purple designation band double-edged yellow, inscribed above, “JOINT IMPROVISED-THREAT DEFEAT ORGANIZATION” and below, a disc, all yellow. The dark gray shield denotes the unknown future of improvised threats and JIDO's role to anticipate the unknown. The terrestrial globe symbolizes the global nature of improvised threats and JIDO's area of responsibility supporting the worldwide deployment of U.S. warfighters in support of the Combatant Commanders. The chain encircling the globe suggests the interconnected communities of action necessary to contain enemy networks, defeat improvised threats and protect U.S. forces, while at the same time fighting interconnected threat networks. The war eagle, adapted from the Department of Defense seal, denotes JIDO's relationship under the authority, direction and control of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency as a combat support agency. The dark purple suggests the joint nature of this mission. The lightning bolts indicate speed and accuracy of rapid capability delivery to U.S. forces—green for the Army,