is a term that covers various genres of popular woodblock-printed illustrated literature during the Japanese Edo period (1600–1868) and early Meiji period. These works were published in the city of Edo (modern Tokyo). In its widest sense, the term includes the genres of , , , and ; in the narrow sense it may refer uniquely to . belong to the group of works of popular fiction known as . Early (up to ) Characteristics of early The term early usually refers to , and , all of which were published before 1775. At this period the pictures were considered to be of more importance than text. The text itself was mainly written in hiragana, although some kanji also appear. These early works are not of a high literary value, and are often derivative. However, they are often of interest to scholars from other fields as they provide a unique insight into the life, customs, and interests of the ordinary people of the time. The size of is referred to by the term , similar to the modern B6 size of paper. The volumes are made up of pieces of folded paper bound together, and each piece of paper is known as a . It is thought that these early works were enjoyed by a wide readership, and were especially appreciated by women and children. Later 's entitled marked a new era in the development of . developed out of the earlier , and in fact the form of the books of these two genres is exactly the same. Works of these genres are conventionally categorised by the date of publication, with works dated before 1775 deemed and those published in or after 1775 . At first sight, appears to be a simple retelling of the Chinese tale of Lu Sheng (, in Japanese: ), a young man who falls asleep in the Zhao capital of Handan, and dreams of glory but wakes to find that the millet at his bedside has not even begun to boil. However, in the manner of a roman à clef the reader is given visual and textual clues that the characters actually represent contemporary figures such as the kabuki actor , and these figures' personal lives are parodied. This is a development which changed the course of the genre profoundly, and henceforth it is thought that the works were increasingly read by educated male