waste. To prepare the adherend for bonding, the surface can be sanded or grit blasted with an abrasive material to roughen the surface and remove any loose material. Rough surfaces produce stronger bonds because they have an increased surface area for the adhesive to bond to as compared to a relatively smooth surface. In addition, roughening the surface will also increase mechanical interlocking. Following abrasion, the adherend should always be wiped with solvent or an aqueous detergent solution to clean the surface of any oils and loose material and then dried. After this process is complete, the adhesive can be applied. Peel ply For a peel ply, a thin, woven piece of material is applied to the adherend during fabrication. Because the material is woven, it will leave a torturous surface when removed, which will improve bonding by mechanical interlocking. Prior to adhesive bonding, the woven material acts to protect the surface of the adherend from contaminates. When an adhesive is ready to be applied, the material can be peeled off, leaving a rough and clean surface for bonding. Corona discharge treatment Corona discharge treatment (CDT) is typically used to improve adhesion of ink or coatings on plastic films. In the CDT, an electrode is connected to a high voltage source. The film travels on a roller that is covered with a dielectric layer and is grounded. When a voltage is applied, the electrical discharge causes ionization of air, and a plasma is formed. In doing so, the surface of the film is oxidized, thus improving wetting and adhesion. Additionally, the discharge reacts with molecules of the adherend to form free radicals, which react with oxygen and eventually form polar groups that increase the surface energy of the adherend. Another way CDT improves bonding is that it roughens the adherend by removing the amorphous regions of the surface, which increases the surface area and improves adhesive bonding. Depending on the type of adherend being treated with CDT, the treatment times may differ. Some adherends may require longer treating times to achieve the same surface energy. Flame treatment In flame treatment, a mixture of gas and air is used to produce a flame that is ran over the surface of the adherend. The flame that is produced must be oxidizing in order to produce an effective treatment. This means that the flame is blue in color. Flame treatment can be performed