to avoid the ban. A 2016 analysis of data from the 1999–2013 National Youth Tobacco Surveys suggests that the ban reduced adolescent cigarette use—both probability of smoking a cigarette and number of cigarettes used by smokers—although there was an increase in adolescent use of menthols, smokeless tobacco, flavored cigars, and pipes, suggesting substitution towards the remaining legal flavored tobacco products. That said, the ban was associated with a reduction in overall tobacco product use by youth of 6.1 percent. Canada banned flavored additives in combustible tobacco products—cigarettes, little cigars, and rolling papers—in 2009, excluding menthol. Canada banned menthol cigarettes in 2017. Preliminary research in Ontario Province indicates that this ban increased the number of smokers who quit. Because the law only banned flavors in combustible tobacco products under 1.4 grams, some tobacco companies began producing flavored products slightly larger than 1.4 g. In March 2012, Brazil became the first country to outlaw all flavored cigarettes, including menthol cigarettes. In May 2016, the European Union banned flavored cigarettes including menthols. The ban took effect in 2020. In 2015, Ethiopia, Moldova, and Chile have passed legislation banning flavored tobacco products. Turkey also implemented the world's first ban on menthol in all tobacco products in that year. In June 2018, San Francisco residents voted to outlaw the sale of flavored tobacco products, including e-liquids and menthol cigarettes, in the city. The measure, Proposition E, passed with 68.5 percent of the vote, in spite of Big Tobacco company R.J. Reynolds spending more than $12 million on ads against the measure. The ban was supported by groups including the American Cancer Society, the American Heart Association, the American Lung Association, African American American Tobacco Control Leadership Council, and Tobacco-Free Kids Action Fund. Similar bans have passed in California in the cities of Oakland and Sonoma as well as in San Mateo, Contra Costa and Yolo counties. , 180 localities in California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, and Rhode Island as well as two US states—Maine and New Jersey—restrict the sale of flavored tobacco products. In June 2019, San Francisco became the first major U.S. city to put a ban on the sale and distribution of all e-cigarettes including flavored ones. The major e-cigarette company in San Francisco, JUUL spent over $18.6 million to the Proposition C campaign into a November ballot initiative in hopes to overturn the ban. This Proposition C would take launch starting