Imperial Russia Imperial Russian jurists Semyon Efimovich Desnitsky (1740–1789) Konstantin Alekseevich Nevolin (1806–1855) Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen (Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен) (1812–1870) was a major Russian political philosopher and is known as the "father of Russian socialism". Boris Nikolayevich Chicherin (Борис Николаевич Чичерин) (1828–1904) was a Russian jurist and political philosopher, who worked out a theory that Russia needed a strong, authoritative government to persevere with liberal reforms. By the time of the Russian Revolution, Chicherin was probably the most reputed historian and philosopher in Russia. Uncle of Georgy Chicherin. Friedrich Martens (Фёдор Фёдорович Мартенс) (1845–1909), one of the so-called fathers of international law and Russia's representative to the Hague convention. Sergey Muromtsev (1850–1910) Leonid Alekseevich Kamarovsky (1846-1912), professor of international law at Moscow State University Maksim Maksimovich Kovalevsky (1851–1916), a Russian jurist and one of the founders of the Progressist Party. Kovalevsky taught international law at Moscow University. Paul Vinogradoff (1854–1925), professor of Jurisprudence at University of Oxford. Vasily Maklakov (1869–1957), studied with Pavel Vinogradoff and played an active part in the organization of the Russian Constitutional Democratic Party. Elected to the Second State Duma in 1907. Following the February Revolution of 1917, Maklakov aspired to take the office of Minister of Justice in the Provisional Government. After the post went to another professional lawyer, Alexander Kerensky, Maklakov was put in charge of the government's "legal commission". He also wrote several books on the history of social thought and the Russian liberal movement. Ioanikii Aleksieevich Malinovskii (1868–1932) was a historian of law, legal scholar, academician of All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Non-Russian scholars in Imperial Russian law Soviet era Soviet jurists Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (1888–1937), among other things, drafted the Constitution of the Soviet Union. Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin (1872–1936) Evgeny Pashukanis (1891–1937) Andrey Vyshinsky (1883–1954) Non-Soviet scholars in Soviet law Edward Hallett Carr (1892–1982). Carr's writings include biographies of Fyodor Dostoevsky (1931), Karl Marx (1934), and Mikhail Bakunin (1937), as well as important studies on international relations and his History of Soviet Russia (14 vol., 1950–78). During World War II, Carr was favourably impressed with what he regarded as the extraordinary heroic performance of the Soviet people, and towards the end of 1944 Carr decided to write a complete history of the Soviet Russia from 1917 comprising all aspects of social, political and economic history in order to explain how the Soviet Union withstood the challenge of the German