Raymond Arnold Winbush a.k.a. Tikari Bioko (born March 31, 1948) is an American scholar and activist known for his systems-thinking approaches to understanding the impact of racism/white supremacy on the global African community. He is currently Research Professor and Director of the Institute for Urban Research at Morgan State University in Baltimore, Maryland. Biography Early life and education Winbush is one of five children and the middle of three sons born to Harold Winbush, a Cleveland, Ohio steel worker, and Dorothy Winbush, a housewife. A depressed economy, low wages, and racial discrimination produced financial hardships for the family and in 1948 (the year of Winbush's birth), the family left Pittsburgh and moved to the east side of Cleveland, Ohio to begin anew. At the request of his elementary school art teacher, Winbush was tested and scored high on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. Life changed for Winbush when he was bussed from his poor, Hough Avenue neighborhood to an accelerated school in a middle-class and predominantly Jewish neighborhood seven miles from his family's home. At twelve years old, Winbush realized differences between his educational experiences and those of his brothers. Much of Winbush's early childhood narrative is detailed in his first book, The Warrior Method. After graduating from Cleveland's John Adams High School in 1966, Winbush entered Oakwood College (now Oakwood University) in Huntsville, Alabama where he won consecutive Ford Foundation Intensive Summer Studies Program scholarships to Harvard and Yale universities in 1968 and 1969 respectively. In 1970, Winbush graduated with honors and received his BA in psychology from Oakwood and later served the college as professor and chair of Behavioral Sciences from 1973 until 1977. Winbush earned his MA (1973) and PhD (1976) in clinical psychology from the University of Chicago. His thesis, "A Quantitative Exploration into Proxemic Behavior," was a study of the cross-cultural differences of spacing behavior in public. His dissertation, "A Quantitative Exploration into the Theoretical Formulations of Erik H. Erikson Concerning Black Identity," examined Erikson's fifth "Age of Man" and empirically refuted Erikson's ideas concerning identity development in young Blacks. Career After serving as chair and Assistant Professor of Behavioral Sciences at Oakwood University and as Associate Professor of psychology at Alabama A&M University from 1973 to 1980, Winbush was named Assistant Provost and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Psychology at Vanderbilt University in 1980. From June 1986 until July 1989, he served as the