a unifying theme among LTNPs and is observed in an exceedingly small number of these patients. HLA type has also been correlated with long-term non-progressor cohorts. In particular, strong correlations have been found between possessing the class 1 HLA-B*5701, HLA-B*5703, and/or HLA-B*2705 alleles and ability to exert control over HIV. Antibody production: All individuals with HIV make antibodies against the virus. In most patients, broadly neutralizing antibodies do not emerge until approximately 2–4 years after the initial infection. At this point, the latent reservoir has already been established and the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies is not enough to prevent disease progression. In some rare patients, these antibodies emerge earlier and can result in a delayed disease course. These patients, however, are not typically classified as LTNPs, but rather as slow progressors, who will eventually develop AIDS. Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies in healthy individuals is a potential strategy for a preventive HIV vaccine, as is the elicitation of these antibodies through rationally designed immunogens. Direct production of these antibodies in somatic tissue through plasmid transfection also poses a viable method for making these antibodies endogenously. APOBEC3G protein production: In a small number of people infected with HIV, the virus is naturally suppressed without medical treatment. These people may carry high quantities of a protein called APOBEC3G that disrupts viral replication in cells. APOBEC3G, or "A3" for short, is a protein that sabotages reverse transcription, the process HIV relies on for its replication. This process involves the virus transcribing its single-stranded RNA genome into double-stranded DNA that is incorporated into the cell's genome. A3 usually stops dormant viruses in the human genome, called endogenous retroviruses, from reawakening and causing infections. The 'long-term nonprogressors' term is used for HIV carriers only but the wide term asymptomatic carrier is well known for many other infections. Clearance of the virus Recently, there have been reports of elite controllers who maintain undetectable viral loads. In 2019, an American named Loreen Willenberg was announced as the first such case. In 2021, an Argentinian dubbed "the Esperanza patient" after the town in which she lives was also identified. Willemberg had received antiretroviral therapy but stopped treatment at some point. The Argentinian patient took antiretroviral therapy only while pregnant, but her viral load was nevertheless reported to be undetectable years after treatment discontinuation. This could inform the development of a "sterilising cure." See also Innate resistance to