a few stratagems as specimens for anyone in the future who might care to write a similar essay. He also included, in Parerga and Paralipomena, Volume 2, § 26, an outline of what is essential to every disputation. The Manuscript Remains left after Schopenhauer's death include a forty–six page section on "Eristic Dialectics". It contains thirty–eight stratagems and many footnotes. There is a preliminary discussion about the distinction between logic and dialectics. E. F. J. Payne has translated these notes into English. A. C. Grayling edited T. Bailey Saunders' English translation in 2004. Synopsis The following lists the 38 stratagems described by Schopenhauer, in the order of their appearance in the book: The Extension (Dana's Law) The Homonymy Generalize Your Opponent's Specific Statements Conceal Your Game False Propositions Postulate What Has to Be Proved Yield Admissions Through Questions Make Your Opponent Angry Questions in Detouring Order Take Advantage of the Nay-Sayer Generalize Admissions of Specific Cases Choose Metaphors Favourable to Your Proposition Agree to Reject the Counter-Proposition Claim Victory Despite Defeat Use Seemingly Absurd Propositions Arguments Ad Hominem Defense Through Subtle Distinction Interrupt, Break, Divert the Dispute Generalize the Matter, Then Argue Against it Draw Conclusions Yourself Meet Him With a Counter-Argument as Bad as His Petitio principii Make Him Exaggerate His Statement State a False Syllogism Find One Instance to the Contrary Turn the Tables Anger Indicates a Weak Point Persuade the Audience, Not the Opponent Diversion Appeal to Authority Rather Than Reason This Is Beyond Me Put His Thesis into Some Odious Category It Applies in Theory, but Not in Practice Don't Let Him Off the Hook Will Is More Effective Than Insight Bewilder Your opponent by Mere Bombast A Faulty Proof Refutes His Whole Position Become Personal, Insulting, Rude (argumentum ad personam) See also Big Lie Informal logic Logical fallacies Philosophical logic Reasoning Notes References Grayling, A. C. (2004) The Art of Always Being Right: Thirty Eight Ways to Win When You Are Defeated Parerga und Paralipomena, 1851; English Translation by E. F. J. Payne, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974, Vol 2, Arthur Schopenhauer, Manuscript Remains, Volume III, English Translation by E. F. J. Payne, Berg Publishers Ltd., External links Online version from Coolhaus.de, translated by T. Bailey Saunders in 1896. It shows the English translation parallel to the German text. Works by Arthur Schopenhauer