licence in 1935 and became an American citizen in 1940. In 1937 she began to research obesity in children, having obtained a fellowship from the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. This would mark the beginning of her career involvement with eating disorders. From 1941 to 1943, Bruch studied psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University, a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. She underwent psychoanalytic training, studying under a number of notable psychiatrists, including Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Harry Stack Sullivan, Theodore Lidz and Lawrence S. Kubie. In 1943 Bruch returned to New York, opened a private psychoanalytic practice and taught at Columbia University, where she became affiliated with the College of Physicians and Surgeons. She was appointed clinical associate professor in 1954 and professor in 1959. In 1964, Bruch accepted a position as Professor of Psychiatry at the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston. She would live the remainder of her life in Houston; however, before departing New York, she purchased a Rolls-Royce, saying she would "never kowtow to Texans in Cadillacs." Views on hunger For Bruch, the psychological experience of hunger "is not innate, but something that contains important elements of learning." She believed that this learning takes place during early child-mother interaction, and that disordered hunger awareness resulted from the "absence or paucity of appropriate and confirming responses to signals indicating their needs and other forms of self-expression." When food is used to pacify every instance when the child is upset, or is withheld as punishment the child will be "unable to differentiate between various needs, feeling helpless in controlling his biological urges and emotional impulses." References External links Hilde Bruch in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia 1904 births 1984 deaths American psychoanalysts Columbia University faculty Physicians from North Rhine-Westphalia Jewish psychoanalysts Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States American women psychiatrists American psychiatrists People from Viersen 20th-century American women 20th-century American people American women academics Baylor College of Medicine faculty