shown to have significant complications. In contrast, all of the components of VBI-1 are naturally occurring and/or metabolizable. To date, tests have shown the safety profile of VBI-1 to be superior to all other fluid therapy including blood and Ringer's lactate. Since 2011 multiple US and international patents for VBI-1 and its derivatives have been granted to Dr. Simpkins. As of May 2022 ten US patents and thirty-five patents in international jurisdictions have been issued to him as the inventor. The US patents and pending applications are listed at, https://patents.justia.com/inventor/cuthbert-o-simpkins. Vivacelle Bio has received clearance from the FDA to enroll patients into clinical trials of two products in its pipeline. One is VBI-1 which is designed to treat shock caused by blood loss and VBI-S which is designed to treat shock caused by sepsis. VBI-S is now in clinical trial and is registered on, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04257136?term=VBI-S&draw=2&rank=1. References External links Introduction to Vivacelle Bio, Inc Image of Simpkins 1994 Baltimore Sun article on the Violence Intervention Program Cuthbert Simpkins Interviews on John Coltrane, Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University Jazz Archive at Duke University Photo of the bombed Simpkins family home (retrieved May 9, 2008) Article reference to Simpkins' Coltrane Biography (retrieved May 9, 2008) Article about the experimental musician/composer Sun Ra using material found in Simpkins' Coltrane Biography (retrieved May 9, 2008) Letter from Ella Baker the civil rights activist to Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., discussing Simpkins' father and a planned hearing of the United States Civil Rights Commission on the denial of the African American right to vote. Dated July 20, 1960. Listing of Simpkins' Amherst College Chemistry Honors thesis Research article published by Simpkins while in the Navy The article documents his discovery of the anti-inflammatory effect of naloxone and the existence of a naloxone receptor on neutrophils. 1947 births Living people Amherst College alumni Harvard Medical School alumni Writers from Chicago Writers from Shreveport, Louisiana Writers from Washington, D.C. Military personnel from Illinois American surgeons American non-fiction writers United States Navy Medical Corps officers Physicians from Illinois Physicians from Washington, D.C.