many jobs taken by immigrants without language skills in the larger cultures. Chin contrasts aspects of the industry and employer-employee relations of Chinese-owned garment factories in Chinatown and Korean-owned factories outside the Korean enclave. She concludes that within the ethnic enclave, workers are more limited to low wages by familial and community relations. By contrast, Hispanics working for Korean owners may gain higher market wages, but be limited from advancing to supervisory positions by belonging to a different ethnicity than owners. New York City planning The researcher Ronald J.O. Flores, along with A.P. Lobo and J.J. Salvo of the New York City Department of Planning, have noticed since 1970 increasing succession among various Hispanic nationalities in residential neighborhoods in New York. Since about 1970, Hispanic ethnic groups have predominated among immigrants entering inner-city neighborhoods of New York City, succeeding whites of European ancestries. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans tended to settle in their own ethnic neighborhoods, perhaps because of a concentration of numbers. Immigrants from a variety of South American nations have integrated more in multi-ethnic neighborhoods. In the 21st century, numerous national groups of South American Hispanic ethnicity have begun to succeed the Puerto Ricans and Dominicans in some areas, creating the first Hispanic succession in the city. Footnotes References Chin, Margaret May, Sewing Women: Immigrants and the New York City Garment Industry, Columbia University Press, 1998, reprint 2005 Pattillo-McCoy, Mary (1999), Black Picket Fences : Privilege and Peril Among the Black Middle Class, University of Chicago Press. . Stark, Rodney (2007), "Sociology", 10th edition, Thompson Wadsworth. . Wong, Bernard (1987) "The Role of Ethnicity in Enclave Enterprises: A Study of the Chinese Garment Factories in New York City", Human Organization, Volume 46, Number 2 / Summer 1987, Society for Applied Anthropology, pp. 120–130, accessed 18 April 2011 Zhou, Min, "The Significance of Ethnicity in Immigrant Enterprises", Review of Margaret M. Chin, Sewing Women, Sociological Forum, September 2006, Vol. 21, No. 3 Sociological theories Internal migration