and self-steering antennas are used aboard ships, vehicles, or aircraft to maintain contact with satellites. See also Antenna diversity Smart antenna Multiple antenna research Multiple-input multiple-output communications Cooperative wireless communications Precoding includes spatial coding (SC) and spatial beamforming (SB) Space–time code Spatial multiplexing Dirty paper coding (DPC) Beamforming Wsdma Smart antenna for 3G MIMO benefits References Dr. Erik Dahlman, LTE, 3G Long Term Evolution External links Smart Antennas and Related Technologies Briefing published by Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies IEEE 802 Information theory Radio resource management