native-born Patriarch in 1978. Legality Upon independence in 1947 India had accorded recognition to the Portuguese sovereignty over Goa. After annexing Goa India's case was built around the illegality of colonial acquisitions. This argument was correct according to the legal norms of the twentieth century, but did not hold to the standards of sixteenth century international law. India gained sympathy from much of the international community, but this did not, however, signify any legal support for the invasion. The Supreme Court of India recognised the validity of the annexation and rejected the continued applicability of the law of occupation. In a treaty with retroactive effect, Portugal recognised Indian sovereignty in 1974. Under the jus cogens rule forceful annexations including the annexation of Goa are held as illegal since they have taken place after the UN Charter came into force. A later treaty can not justify it. Sharon Korman argues that the principle of self-determination may bend the rule to accommodate the new reality but it will not change the illegal aspect of the original annexation. See also Cuncolim Revolt Goa Inquisition Goa liberation movement History of Goa NRP Afonso de Albuquerque Portuguese Colonial War Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510) Portuguese India Portuguese Indian escudo Portuguese Indian rupia 12th Amendment of the Constitution of India Indonesian invasion of East Timor References Citations General bibliography (Partial online version at GoaBooks2) Further reading Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Vol. 3: 1956–1964 (Harvard University Press, 1984) pp 190–203. Heimsath, Charles H. and Surjit Mansingh. A Diplomatic History of Modern India (1971) pp 324–339. Pöllath, Moritz. "‘Far away from the Atlantic...': Goa, West New Guinea and NATO's out-of-area policy at Bandung 1955." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 11.4 (2013): 387–402. External links Time magazine coverage of the conflict Photo gallery of the Liberation of Goa Image: Ram Manohar Lohia Image: The Protests of 18 June 1946 Image: Foreign journalists rescue a protester shot by Portuguese police officers Portugal-India relations (Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India) 1961 in India 1961 in Portugal Annexation of Goa Aerial operations and battles involving India Annexation Battles involving Portuguese India Annexation of Goa Conflicts in 1961 December 1961 events in Asia Annexation of Goa History of the Republic of India India–Portugal relations Invasions by India Military history of India Military history of Portugal Nehru administration Operations involving Indian special forces Political integration of India Annexation of Goa Wars involving