Rebecca Jeanne Riley (April 11, 2002 – December 13, 2006) was a four-year-old girl from Massachusetts. In December 2006, Riley's parents gave Riley—who had been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and pediatric bipolar disorder between two and three years old—a lethal dose of clonidine. Her death sparked significant controversy over diagnosis of psychiatric conditions and subsequent prescription of psychotropic medication in children. Background Rebecca Jeanne Riley was born on April 11, 2002, in Springfield, Massachusetts, to Carolyn (née DiSalvo) and Michael Riley. Riley lived with two older siblings, Gerard and Kaitlynne. She also had an older half-sister Ashley, who Carolyn had surrendered in an open adoption at two years old. Most of the Riley family had been diagnosed with mental illness. Michael, who had unmedicated bipolar disorder and "intermittent rage disorder", had reportedly been arrested for assault and battery in 1998. Carolyn took medication for migraines and Paxil for depression and anxiety. Gerard and Kaitlynne were reportedly under care of child psychiatrist Kayoko Kifuji for pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Kaitlynne had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder in April of 2003, when she was two years old, and prescribed the mood stabilizer Depakote (valproate). A social worker disagreed with Kaitlynne's diagnosis, stating that her behavior was normal for a toddler. Both parents were unemployed, lived in Section 8 housing and received monthly Social Security Disability Income. Gerard and Kaitlynne both qualified for Supplemental Security Income payments, which totaled about $2,300 per month. The family received an estimated total of $2,700 per month. Relatives and Kifuji noted that the Riley parents did not administer medication according to doctor's orders. Both parents reportedly nicknamed mood stabilizers and clonidine "happy medicine" and "sleep medicine," respectively. Carolyn allegedly offered her Paxil and migraine medications to a housemate, and had given Kaitlynne some of Gerard's clonidine tablets before Kifuji had prescribed the medication for her. Psychiatric treatment Beginning of psychiatric treatment On August 27, 2004, when Riley was two years old, her parents reported to Kifuji (then working at the Tufts-New England Medical Center) that the girl was hyperactive, getting little sleep, and acted violently towards her older siblings. Kifuji, who had already been treating the older two Riley children, stated that she believed Carolyn was accurately reporting her children's behaviors and reactions to the medications. Riley was diagnosed with ADHD and prescribed one tablet of clonidine, an antihypertensive drug that is