literaturopern include Alexander Dargomyzhsky’s opera The Stone Guest (after Alexander Pushkin) and Modest Mussorgsky’s opera fragment The Marriage and his Boris Godunov (also after Pushkin). In French and Italian opera, which had possessed an established libretto tradition for centuries, the introduction of the literaturoper took place parallel to the discussions about the possibility of writing opera libretti in prose. Since the Italian tradition of operatic verse proved to be particularly resistant to the introduction of prose libretti, the first Italian literaturopern were created on the basis of Gabriele d'Annunzio’s verse dramas (Alberto Franchetti, La figlia di Iorio (1906), Pietro Mascagni, Parisina (1913), Riccardo Zandonai, Francesca da Rimini (1914), Ildebrando Pizzetti, Fedra (1915). The first composers to directly set plays include Charles Gounod, Pietro Mascagni, Claude Debussy, Richard Strauss and Alban Berg. After the Second World War, the genre flourished, especially in Germany, and composers often resorted to setting plays from previous centuries or from Greek Antiquity. The production of literary operas continues to this day. Literaturopern based on plays Modest Musorgsky The Marriage after Alexander Pushkin's play, 1868 (unfinished) Boris Godunov after Alexander Pushkin's play, 1874 Alexander Dargomyzhsky The Stone Guest (Каменный гость) after Alexander Pushkin's play of the same name, 1872 Charles Gounod: George Dandin, after the comedy George Dandin by Molière, unfinished (?), 1874 Pietro Mascagni: Guglielmo Ratcliff after Heinrich Heine in the Italian translation by Andrea Maffei, 1895 Parisina after Gabriele d’Annunzio, 1913 Claude Debussy: Pelléas et Mélisande after Maurice Maeterlinck, 1902 Richard Strauss: Salome after Oscar Wilde, 1905 Elektra after Hugo von Hofmannsthal, 1909 Alberto Franchetti: La figlia di Iorio after Gabriele d’Annunzio, 1906 Nadia Boulanger / Raoul Pugno, La ville morte after the drama La città morta by Gabriele d’Annunzio, composed 1914, first performance 2008 Riccardo Zandonai: Francesca da Rimini after Gabriele d’Annunzio, 1914 Ildebrando Pizzetti: Gigliola after Gabriele d’Annunzio’s drama La fiaccola sotto il moggio (1914, unfinished) Fedra after Gabriele d’Annunzio, 1915 La figlia di Iorio after Gabriele d’Annunzio, 1954 Assassinio nella cattedrale after Thomas Stearns Eliot in der Übersetzung von Alberto Castelli, 1958 Alexander von Zemlinsky: Eine florentinische Tragödie after Oscar Wilde, 1917 Italo Montemezzi: La nave after Gabriele d’Annunzio, 1918 Domenico Alaleona: after the tragedy by Vittorio Alfieri, 1920 Sergei Prokofiev: The Love for Three Oranges after Carlo Gozzi’s fiaba teatrale L'amore delle tre melarance , 1921 Darius Milhaud, Les Euménides after the drama The Eumenides by Aischylos, composed 1917–1922, performed 1949