since the 1980s The HCoV-OC43, belonging to the species Betacoronavirus 1 (BetaCoV1), normally causes episodes of common cold in humans (this excludes SARS and MERS), but has also been detected in ungulates, carnivores, and lagomorphs. Therefore, it is completely plausible that researchers or poachers could have inadvertently spread the virus to the chimpanzees thus revealing yet another interface in coronavirus host switching. Rhinovirus C Chimpanzees: Though previously considered a uniquely human pathogen, human Rhinovirus C was determined to be the cause of a 2013 outbreak of respiratory infections in chimpanzees in Uganda. Examination of chimpanzees from all over Africa found that they show a universal homozygosity for the 3 CDHR3-Y529 allele (cadherin related family member) which is a receptor that drastically increases susceptibility to rhinovirus C infection and asthma in humans. If respiratory viruses of human origin are capable of maintaining circulation in non-human primates, this would prove to be harmful should the infection spillback into human communities. Tuberculosis Elephants: A necroscopy of a free-ranging African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in Kruger National Park in South Africa found significant lung damage due to a human strain of M. tuberculosis. Elephants explore their environment with their trunks therefore it was very likely that aerosolized pathogens from domestic waste, contaminated water from a human community upstream, human excrement, or contaminated food from tourists was the source of the infection. Pneumoviruses Chimpanzees: In Uganda, reports of respiratory viruses of human origination infected two chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) communities in the same forest. It was later discovered to be caused by a human metapneumovirus (also known as MPV, Pneumoviridae, Metapneumovirus) and a human respirovirus 3 (also known as HRV3, Paramyxoviridae, Respirovirus, or formerly known as parainfluenza virus 3). Reverse zoonosis in gorillas Gorillas: Conservational areas subject to ecotourism in Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, free-ranging gorillas have become increasingly accustomed to the presence of humans whether that be in the form of ranger guides, tourists, trackers, veterinarians, poachers, or researchers. Iodamoeba buetschlii, Giardia lamblia, Chilomastix sp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, and Entamoeba histolytica have been found in the feces of gorillas and promiscuous defecations left behind by humans encroaching on the habitat. Additionally, increased numbers of Cryptosporidium sp. and capillaria infections were found in gorillas that maintained more frequent contact with humans than those that did not. Together these findings suggest the occurrence of reverse zoonoses. See also Cross-species transmission Spillover