Modern analysts find that narcissistic transference develops in all patients, and to facilitate its full expression they recommend that the analyst not attempt to correct the patient's perceptions which would emphasize the differences between patient and analyst, undermining their narcissistic connection. Since patients who are struggling with bottled-up rage often hate themselves, they are apt to hate the analyst as well. The transference, which binds them to the therapist, permits the expression of feelings patients cannot own. In the negative narcissistic transference, they hate the analyst as they hate themselves. When the analyst is seen as an extension of the self, aggression may be more freely and safely expressed, lessening patients’ self-hatred and allowing them to slowly emerge from their narcissistic state. Patients are encouraged to have and express all their feelings toward their analysts, including the most hostile and negative ones. Analysts are expected to have, but not necessarily express, all possible feelings for their patients. Eventually the analyst's emotional responses (objective countertransference) will be used for therapeutic purposes but not until patients are able to hear them without narcissistic injury. In The Edinburgh International Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis, an entry describing modern psychoanalysis reads in part: "The analyst was advised to use induced countertransference emotions as the basis for responses to the patient rather than cognitive explanations….The modern talking cure emphasizes experiences lived and spoken in the analytic room: de-emphasizing reconstruction of the past." An outcome study by Meadow explored the relative effectiveness of two types of interventions: interpretation and reflection. In the presence of a transference resistance she randomly offered either an interpretation of unconscious motives or a joining of the defense. However, this type of quantitative statistical study is unusual in the psychoanalytic community. The qualitative research method recommended by modern analytic institutes is described in an issue of the journal Modern Psychoanalysis. Candidates conduct single case studies in which the psychoanalytic sessions are used as laboratories to investigate the unconscious motives of specific transference resistances. Other modern analytic writings consider such topics as a comparison of the work of Kernberg, Kohut and Spotnitz; the interactions of the psyche and soma; the application of modern techniques in schools; in analytic training; in groups; and gender studies. Spotnitz's repeated advice to clinicians he trained was to "just get the patient to say everything." A book Just Say Everything has contributions by those who were analyzed or supervised by