term for all levels. Classification types Clinical coders may use many different classifications, which fall into two main groupings: statistical classifications and nomenclatures. Statistical classification A statistical classification, such as ICD-10 or DSM-5, will bring together similar clinical concepts, and group them into one category. This allows the number of categories to be limited so that the classification does not become too big, but still allows statistical analysis. An example of this is in ICD-10 at code I47.1. The code title (or rubric) is Supraventricular tachycardia. However, there are several other clinical concepts that are also classified here. Amongst them are paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, paroxysmal junctional tachycardia, auricular tachycardia and nodal tachycardia. Nomenclature With a nomenclature, for example SNOMED CT, there is a separate listing and code for every clinical concept. So, in the tachycardia example above, each type and clinical term for tachycardia would have its own code listed. This makes nomenclatures unwieldy for compiling health statistics. Education and professional qualification In some countries, clinical coders may seek voluntary certification or accreditation through assessments conducted by professional associations, health authorities or, in some instances, universities. The options available to the coder will depend on the country, and, occasionally, even between states within a country. Australia Canada United Kingdom Clinical coders start as trainees, and there are no conversion courses for coders immigrating to the United Kingdom. The National Clinical Coding Qualification (NCCQ) is an exam for experienced coders, and is recognised by the four health agencies of the UK. England In England, a novice coder will complete the national standards course written by NHS Digital within 6 months of being in post. They will then start working towards the NCCQ. Three years after passing the NCCQ, two further professional qualifications are made available to the coder in the form of NHS Digital's clinical coding auditor and trainer programmes. Scotland In 2015, National Services Scotland, in collaboration with Health Boards, launched the Certificate of Technical Competence (CTC) in Clinical Coding (Scotland). Awarded by the Institute of Health Records & Information Management (IHRIM); the aims of the certificate include supporting staff new to clinical coding, and providing a standardised framework of clinical coding training across NHS Scotland. The NCCQ is a recognized coding qualification in Scotland. Wales The NCCQ is a recognized coding qualification by NHS Wales. Northern Ireland Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland recognizes the NCCQ as a