Biomedical Graduate Research Organization is led by interim director Moshe Levi, M.D. The Biomedical Graduate Education division is a subset of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. The degrees offered range from traditional PhDs and MS programs to MS specializations in such areas as Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Complementary/Alternative Medicine, and Certificate programs in Biotechnology, Biodefence & Public Policy, or Biohazardous Threat Agents. The Biohazardous Threat Agents graduate certificate is currently the only fully recognized graduate program at Georgetown that is available online. In 2008, the graduate programs enrolled 160 PhD students, 189 students in master's programs, and 159 students in the Special Masters Program in Physiology and Biophysics. Biomedical Graduate Programs PhD, MS, Cert. Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Biodefense & Public Policy Bioethics (Philosophy) Biohazardous Threat Agents & Emerging Infectious Diseases Biomedical Science Policy & Advocacy Biostatistics Biotechnology Cell Biology Health Physics Microbiology & Immunology Neuroscience Physiology & Biophysics Pharmacology Tumor Biology Notable Research and Development Researchers at Georgetown have been behind several well-known medical innovations. Conditionally Reprogrammed Cells (CRC) technology was developed by Drs. Schlegel and Liu, it has become known as the "Georgetown Method". This cell technology holds vast scientific and clinical potential. The HPV vaccine was partially developed by a team of Georgetown researchers led by Dr. Richard Schlegel, at the Lombardi Cancer Center. The anti-histamine Allegra was created by Dr. Raymond Woosley, former chairman of the Department of Pharmacology. Robert Ledley, DDS, developed the Full-Body Scanner and the Automatic Genetic Analyzer during his time at Georgetown. •Intravascular Surgical Treatment was developed by Alfred Luessenhop MD, former chief of neurosurgery, who pioneered the field of interventional neuro-radiology, creating an entirely new approach to the treatment of vascular disease using blood vessels in the brain. First Artificial Heart Valve and Implant Surgery was created by Charles Hufnagel MD, professor of experimental surgery. In 1960, Hufnagel introduced the first artificial heart valve and successfully performed the implantation surgery the following year. Partnership with MedStar Health On June 30, 2000, Georgetown University Medical Center and MedStar Health, Inc., finalized a clinical partnership agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, MedStar Health owns, operates, and has financial responsibility for Georgetown University's clinical enterprise, which includes the Georgetown University Hospital, a faculty practice group, and a network of community physician practices. The Medstar part of the Medical Center (but not the GU part) is posted as smoke free both indoors and