Å (~7.5 nm) thick. The inner membrane of a mitochondrion must be overcome to permit signals (in the form of electrons, protons, H+) to transfer from the site of emittance (internal to the mitochondria) and the site of acceptance (i.e. the electron transport chain proteins). In order to transfer particles, the membrane of the mitochondria must have the correct density of phospholipids to conduct a relevant charge distribution that attracts the particle in question. For instance, for a greater density of phospholipids, the membrane contributes to a greater conductance of protons. More technically, the form of the mitochondria is the matrix, with inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM) and inner membrane spaces (IMS), all housing protein sites. Mitochondria produce ATP by the oxidation of hydrogen ions from carbohydrates and fats. This process utilizes electrons in an electron transport chain (ETP). The genealogy of electron transport proceeds as follows: Electrons from NADH are transferred to NADH dehydrogenase (complex I protein), which is located in the IMM. Electrons from complex I are transferred to coenzyme Q to make CoQH2; next, electrons flow to cytochrome-containing IMM protein (complex III), which further pushes electrons to cytochrome c, where electrons flow to complex IV; complex IV is the final IMM protein complex of the ETC respiratory chain. This final protein allows electrons to reduce oxygen from an O2 molecule to a single O, so that it can bind to the hydrogen ions to produce H2O. The energy produced from the movement of electrons through the ETC induces proton movement (known as H+ pumping) out of the mitochondria matrix into the IMS. Because any charge movement creates a magnetic field, the IMS now houses a capacitance across the matrix. The capacitance is akin to potential energy, or what is known as a potential barrier. This potential energy guides ATP synthesis via complex V (ATP synthase), which conflates ADP with another P to create ATP by pushing protons (H+) back into the matrix (this process is known as oxidative phosphorylation). Finally, the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) houses a voltage-dependent anion channel called the VDAC. This site is important for converting energy signals into electro-chemical outputs for ATP transfer. Molecular solitons in proteins Alexander Davydov developed the quantum theory of molecular solitons in order to explain the transport of energy in protein α-helices in general and the physiology of muscle contraction in particular. He showed that the molecular solitons are