as white-necked hawk because of the former species’ more upland and extensive range. Although agricultural conversion and deforestation for mining and plantation production have led to large population declines, these are regarded as historical threats. Currents threats to the species include urbanisation, industrialisation, agricultural expansion, colonisation and associated road-building. However, this hawk may be able to adapt to patchworks of pine plantations and native forest. Its ability to persist in fragmented forests is a topic of ongoing investigation and an extension of the protected area network to include remaining core areas of forest, alongside increased protection of remaining forest patches, has been suggested. In culture and relation to humans This raptor displays marked territorial behaviour in human presence, defending its territory against human intruders by regurgitating stomach contents or by pursuit. In human presence, mantled hawks are fairly vocal and call repeatedly, which makes them relatively easy to detect when present a few kilometres away. Status This raptor has been evaluated as Near Threatened by the IUCN since 2004 because of the small and strongly declining population. The overall population is estimated at 3500-15000 individuals. References mantled hawk Birds of the Atlantic Forest mantled hawk Taxonomy articles created by Polbot