model of corneal kindling, which exhibits the anticonvulsant capability of generalized motor seizures, doses as low as 0.07 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection (i.p.), and ED50 of 0.31 mg/kg i.p. were effective. Occurrence of audiogenic seizures—those induced by white noise—in mice were also significantly reduced by an ED50 of 0.17 mg/kg i.p., which suggests that selectracetam reduces convulsions caused by clonic seizures. In hippocampal kindling model rats, seizure severity was significantly reduced by seletracetam oral doses of 0.23 mg/kg. This provides further evidence of the potential benefits of selectracetam on generalized motor seizures. Seletracetam also performed well as a method to reduce the suppression of spontaneous spike-and-wave discharges that are often associated with absence epilepsy activity. This was demonstrated by its effect on Strasbourg genetic absence epilepsy rats (GAERS). This model had an ED50 of 0.15 mg/kg i.p. Rodents were found to have negligible behavioral deficits as a result of seletracetam administration, as measured by performance on a rotarod task. Adverse effects and tolerance Unlike currently prescribed anticonvulsants such as phenytoin, valproate, and phenobarbital, seletracetam shows few central nervous system (CNS) side effects and is predicted to have low levels of drug-drug interactions due to its low binding (<10%) to plasma proteins. There have been, however, no formal studies conducted on drug-drug interactions with seletracetam. Other than SV2A and the high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channels, seletracetam does not significantly bind to other CNS receptors, ion channels, or uptake mechanisms. Seletracetam has, however, shown a slight selectivity for glycine receptors. This drug neither inhibits nor unnecessarily induces the action of any major human metabolizing enzymes, which further reduces adverse effects. Early data from phase I trials were optimistic, and found seletracetam to be well tolerated by human volunteers. In phase II trials side effects were limited to the CNS in origin, were of mild to moderate severity, and most were resolved within 24 hours and with no medical intervention. The most frequently reported adverse effects of seletracetam were dizziness, feeling drunk, euphoria, nausea, and somnolence. Seletracetam was well tolerated by healthy individuals after single oral doses ranging from 2 to 600 mg, as well as after b.i.d. (twice daily) doses of 200 mg. Toxicology studies have shown that this drug has low acute oral toxicity and no significant negative effects on the CNS, cardiac, or respiratory systems. High doses of 2000 mg/kg per day (in mice and rats) and greater than 600 mg/kg per day