little consistency, excluding the significant decrease in modulation toward the end of the call. Scientists believe that the descent in modulation results from the closing of the frog's mouth at the conclusion of the call. Six of the calls indicated a rapid increase in modulation, with a rapid decrease in modulation immediately after. Little to no modulation followed by a rapid decline in modulation was seen in three of the calls. In two of the calls, a rapid increase in modulation occurred at the beginning of the call, which ended with no modulation. Threats Highland frogs are classified as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List. Itatiaia Highland frogs are threatened by a variety of factors, which may have led to their possible extinction. Highland frogs have been reported to be affected by extreme frosts. Potential factors that decimated this species include deforestation, expansion of agriculture leading to habitat loss and/or fragmentation, UV radiation, urbanization and/or development of infrastructure, mining, natural disasters such as wildfires. The main, overarching threat is habitat loss. In the late 1980s, there were increased reports about drops in amphibian populations, which can be tied to the rise in pervasiveness of chytrid fungi. Deforestation in particular is exacerbated by the cattle ranching/the beef industry. About 3/4 of clearing of Amazonian forests comes from cattle ranches. In addition, forest degradation contributes to a general decrease in biodiversity and global warming, which can significantly impact wildlife, including Itatiaia Highland Frogs. In order to lessen these impacts, the Brazilian government must implement stricter policies and fines to deter deforestation efforts. Other possibilities that are not often considered in Brazil include pesticides, invasive species, the trade of wild species, disease, pollution, and climate change. In addition, amphibians have been showed to be more vulnerable to any potential threats than mammals and birds. The extreme change in temperature has led to the rapidly decreasing population. Holoaden bradei are found on the Brazilian, Global, Rio De Janeiro, and Minas Gerias red lists. Brazil is home to the greatest number of amphibian species, not to mention the home of the greatest number of species across the board. As a nation, Brazil has adopted conservation efforts such as the use of red lists and designating areas for conservation in ecologically divergent areas. Since the 1980s, states have been able to take conservation initiatives in to their own hands, rather than being monopolized by the