inhabit the shores of rivers, streams, and lakes with small, round pebbles and rocks. They tend to nest on small temporary shingle islands or pebble spits that form between the different branches of meandering mountain rivers. These islands cannot be prone to frequent flooding, and need to be at least in area. The islands also need to have large patches of stones and pebbles that are in size. Their habitats are often surrounded by shrubs, willows, and young forests. Long-billed plovers can also be found in freshwater wetland habitats and rice fields in the winter. These birds tend to avoid sandy beaches, mudflats, and areas with large boulders. Behavior Vocalization The long-billed plover has a wide variety of calls for different situations. They tend to get highly vocal during the breeding season. They can be seen flapping their wings rapidly, flying over their territories, and emitting a "fi-fi-fi-fi-fi" call. Males sometimes make a quiet "gee gee" call when they expand their chest to intimidate other rival males. When they are vigilant, they make a single rising "pyuoo-" call. When they are sheltering themselves from a predator or any threat, they emit a call like, "pip-pip-pip". Diet Very little information is available on the feeding habit of the long-billed plover. Its diet is thought to primarily include aquatic insects and other invertebrates. These birds have been observed to prey on midges, dragonflies, larvae of beetles, flies, and earthworms. Long-billed plovers forage along the shoreline and when they spot a prey, they move towards it quickly and capture it with their long bill. They do not seem to consume any plant material. Similar species in the genus Charadrius such as the Common ringed plover and the Kentish plover have been observed to prey on mysid shrimps. The diet of long-billed plovers may also consist of similar crustaceans. Reproduction Long-billed plovers exhibit a monogamous breeding system in which a male and a female form a pair and establish a territory that they maintain. Females, however, can abandon their nests sometimes to breed with other males. Males generally do not leave their territories. Both males and females take part in territorial disputes. They fly around their territory and let out loud calls. They puff their chest, and often jump, and peck to ward off any unwelcoming intruder. Males begin their breeding activity towards the end of February or in early March. The male displaces