the presence of adult fish. The growth of spring salamanders is reduced by as much as 90% in areas where spring salamanders and brook trout coexist. Enemies include the Ocoee salamander, who is more likely to flee when it encounters the spring salamander. Other predators of this species include the Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) and the Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon). Larger specimens of this species will also exhibit cannibalism of smaller individuals. This species will also put off a toxin through their skin to try and ward off predation. Conservation status The IUCN Red List categorizes the Spring salamander as least concern, and the United States Federal list has no specific status noted for G. porphyriticus. However in the state of Connecticut G. porphyriticus is listed as threatened. These populations are threatened in Connecticut primarily due to deforestation, agriculture, and introduction of fish for sport such as trout. Subspecies Northern spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus) Kentucky spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi) Blue Ridge spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus danielsi) Carolina spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus dunni) References Further reading Green, Jacob (1827). "An account of some new species of salamanders". Contributions of the Maclurian Lyceum to the Arts & Sciences 1: 3–8. Conant, Roger, and Joseph T. Collins (1998). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Third Edition, Expanded. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. External links NewScientist.com: Salamanders formed new species despite interbreeding Spring Salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus), Natural Resources Canada Gyrinophilus Cave salamanders Amphibians of Canada Amphibians of the United States Fauna of the Northeastern United States Fauna of the Southeastern United States Cenozoic amphibians of North America Extant Pleistocene first appearances Pleistocene animals of North America Pleistocene United States Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Amphibians described in 1827