and is consistently found in wastewater from around the world at concentrations greater than 1 million copies per milliliter of raw sewage. Quantitative PCR is used to determine the abundance of PMMoV in raw sewage, treated wastewater, seawater exposed to wastewater, and fecal samples and/or intestinal homogenates from a wide variety of animals. PMMoV is commonly found in surface waters impacted by anthropogenic activity (namely wastewater), such as in groundwater, streams, lakes, rivers, esturaries and some oceans. PMMoV is found in drinking water, including at trace levels in countries such as the USA, Japan and Sweden. Compared to other indicator viruses and bacteria associated with wastewater such as Escherichia coli or adenovirus, PMMoV is more resistant to established water and wastewater treatment processes, making it ideal for tracking anthropogenic pollution in the environment. References External links Family Groups - The Baltimore Method Tobamovirus Viral plant pathogens and diseases