The Panama cross-banded tree frog or pug-nosed tree frog (Smilisca sila) is a species of frog in the family Hylidae found in the humid Pacific lowlands of southwestern Costa Rica to eastern Panama and in the Caribbean lowlands of Panama and northern Colombia. Males of the species utilize synchronous calling to hide their position from predators. Females create basins during amplexus and deposit fertilized eggs onto the surface of the water. Description Males grow to and females to in snout–vent length. They are gray, tan or reddish brown in dorsal colouration, with tuberculate skin. White or green flecks as well as darker blotches and markings may be present. Ventral surface is creamy white. The males possess a grey, paired vocal sac used to participate in their characteristic choruses, while the females have a singular white vocal sac flecked with brown. The underside of the thighs and groin are brown with blue spots, while the underside of the arm has yellow spots. The irises of the frog's eyes are brown with a black netted pattern. Toes are webbed on front and back legs with large pads at the tip. Adult S. sila individuals are morphologically very similar to their sister species S. sordida, but possess a flatter snout and bumpier skin. Tadpoles are relatively round, with weak muscles and broad, short tails adapted for small ponds. They possess mouthparts used for scraping and chewing. Habitat and distribution S. sila is found in the lowlands of southwest Costa Rica, Panama, and Northern Colombia and prefers transitional zones between wet and dry lowland tropical forests close to shallow rocky pools and stream banks. It can also occur in secondary forest, and sometimes in relatively open areas. These frogs are found between the elevations of 10–970 m. They breed during the dry season from January to April at low elevations and may breed during the rainy season at high elevations. S. sila females prefer gravel islands or banks alongside first-order streams for breeding and laying eggs. Males of the species tend to call alongside streams with ambient noise and overhanging vegetation to mask calls from predators and hide if needed. Tadpoles live in clear pools and slow-moving water near the bottom. Conservation This species is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List and was last assessed in 2019. Although they are listed as Least Concern, Panama cross-banded tree frogs are still