crab (Potamocarcinus richmondia). In order to protect themselves from the predators, they develop protective coloration depending on the region of the habitat. Túngara frogs have two distinct color patterns: unstriped pattern and striped pattern. The frequency of color patterns differs along the urbanization gradient of the region. Increased urbanization has affected anti-predator coloration of túngara frogs, especially leading to increase of striped individuals. Striped frogs are more abundant in urban areas than in forest areas. Specifically, striped frogs are more likely to be abundant in areas than forest areas where avian predation is prevalent. In addition, frogs in forest areas have lower numbers of attacks by birds compared to frogs in urban areas, but predation rates are similar for unstriped and striped frogs. The research also suggests the factors other than urbanization should be considered in understanding the change of coloration dynamics in region, such as different predator communities and predation pressure. The protective coloration will continuously change its frequency and pattern depending on the various factors. Conservation Within the extinction risk categories (“Least Concern”, “Near Threatened”, “Vulnerable”, “Endangered”, or “Critically Endangered”) assigned by the IUCN Red List to organisms with adequate demographic data, Engystomops pustulosus is listed as “Least Concern” regarding conservation status. Although its IUCN status seems to lessen the concern of population conservation of túngara frogs, the fact that amphibians are the most at risk among vertebrates, with at least 43% of species experiencing decline, increases alertness. The major stressors of amphibian declines include the following: habitat loss/degradation, pollution, climate change, and invasive species. Among all causes, habitat loss/degradation and pollution are known to be the most important. These causes also show cooccurrence in that intensified agricultural and urbanized landscape lead to both habitat change and increased pollutant release. However, the specific effects of these causes on amphibians, especially their health, are scarcely known. There is ongoing research being done on understanding the relationship between habitat change and amphibian health, including that of the túngara frog. Some research suggests the negative impact of agricultural sites on túngara frog health, displayed by decreased egg number, reduced hatching success, and undersized/smaller body size and male secondary sexual characteristics. Such findings in research significantly relates to the conservation of amphibians, including túngara frogs, since lower reproduction is highly likely to be correlated with higher population decline. Further research is needed to prove the link between lower reproduction and higher amphibian