that A. vagrans was introduced to Vancouver Island during the nineteenth century as the result of the import of large sheets of tanoak bark from California for the tanning industry. In the next century the salamander spread to nearly all the small offshore islets round Vancouver Island, probably on rafts of logs. However, many of the first detections of this species on Vancouver Island were made well before logging roads for transporting tanoak wood would have been developed, making this hypothesis unlikely. It is thus most probable that the disjunct distribution of A. vagrans has a natural cause, most likely by A. vagrans populations from California rafting to Vancouver Island during the Holocene on logs carried by the Davidson Current. It is also possible that A. vagrans was formerly more widespread along the West Coast until its range was fragmented by glaciation, with populations surviving in refugia in both California and Vancouver Island and expanding their range following glaciation, although this would likely lead to genetic divergence, which contrasts with genetic analysis supporting a very close genetic similarity between California and Vancouver populations. Biology The wandering salamander climbs up to in the branches of trees. It feeds at night on small invertebrates such as ants, mites, adult beetles and their larvae, snails, springtails and woodlice. During the day it hides under fallen trees, under rocks, in crevices, under bark and in rotten wood. It has no lungs or gills, and breathes through its skin. For this reason it must keep moist at all times. In California it may aestivate in summer and be active in winter while in Vancouver Island it may be active in summer and hibernate in winter. Breeding takes place in spring and early summer. The female lays a clutch of six to nine eggs in some concealed location such as under bark. She guards them as they develop and they eventually hatch directly into miniature adult salamanders with no aquatic larval stage. Wandering salamanders will jump from the tree canopy when disturbed. They slow their speed through the air by splaying their limbs and are also able to exert some directional control in gliding by adjusting the position of their limbs and tail. This enables them to land on the trunk of a tree — often the same tree that they jumped from — instead of falling all the way to the ground. Status The wandering