has prompted further interest into the use of AMPs in medicinal applications. Research conducted on 22 AMPs derived from relative Odorrana tiannanensis demonstrated low potency against bacteria that are relevant to human health. Researchers hypothesize that either 1) these bacteria are not harmful to the frog, and friendly colonization helps to defend the frog against harmful environmental pathogens, or 2) these bacteria are eliminated by an immune system other than AMP. Four Odorrana tiannanensis AMPs were tested for antioxidant properties against free radicals, which can arise due to factors such as oxidative stress of UV exposure. Three of the four exhibited significant radical scavenging activity. Level of radical scavenging activity was correlated with the number of cysteine residues and disulfide bridges present in the AMP. Unlike certain other amphibians, the Odorrana tiannanensis AMPs under study did not demonstrate any cytotoxic or tumor cell anti-proliferative properties. Gut microbiome Gut microbiota is affected by a large set of factors such as diet, habitat, health, and age. Temperature has been observed to induce direct changes in microbiome diversity and composition in terrestrial amphibians. Habitat proximity agriculture is known to impact expression levels of bacterial genes associated with pesticide degradation. In this way, the microbiome was observed to adapt in a way that increased frog health and survival. A 2022 study investigating gut microbiome determinants compared the compositions of O. graminea and closely related Odorrana tormota and Amolops wuyiensi . All three species are sympatric in Eastern China and tend to exist on rocks nearby running water. Researchers found significantly differing microbiota in all three species in terms of relative abundance of gut microbiota and predicted gene function. In all three species of this study, the present phyla include (in decreasing abundance): Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Firmicute. Proteobacteria is hypothesized to facilitate stress tolerance to cold streams. Relative abundance of various microbiota depends on habitat - but does not severely impact core microbiome functionality. Physiology Size sexual dimorphism As in 90% of frog species, female Odorrana graminea are significantly larger than males). Studies suggest that female frogs are under greater size-based selectional pressure due to an associated increase in fecundity. In certain frog species, larger males enjoy greater reproductive success due to victory in combat against smaller males; however, other traits such as forearm thickness and vocalization energy expenditure can be greater indicators of reproductive success in other species. Ear structure Odorrana graminea males