relationship between this specific frog, Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata, and Xenesthis immanis appears to be a special one as these tarantulas attack similar frog species, therefore showing the dotted humming frog must have a special feature attractive to tarantulas. This mutualism between microhylids and large spiders also occurs in other parts of the world. Tarantulas emerging from their burrows and dotted humming frogs closely follow, and although the tarantula would be expected to attack, they do not. It is still debated whether or not the relationship is mutualistic or commensal. Frogs clearly benefit from the association with the spider species: tarantulas protect the frogs from predators yet cause no harm to the spiders, they allow frogs easy access to foraging locations, and even provide them shelter from climate variations, desiccation, and temperature changes. It has been hypothesized that the tarantulas might benefit from this relationship due to the fact these frogs are ant specialists, which can help them protect female spider’s eggs from predation, increasing the fitness of female spiders who have these frogs in their burrows. Alternative suggestions include the skin of these frogs containing antimicrobial chemicals which help keep the spider eggs healthy and that because these frogs can attract predators, tarantulas with frogs in their burrows have access to more food because these predators are attracted to the frogs and the tarantulas will eat these predators. Furthermore, there is contention on the species of spider that these frogs coexist with. Originally thought to be Xenethis immanis, further research has found that this species of spider would not be found in the regions of Peru where the original research was conducted. Instead, new research suggests that the tarantula is some species of Pamphobeteus. The tarantulas have been recorded attacking similar frog species to Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata, but have been never recorded attacking Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata by mistake. The movements of Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata do not stimulate the host tarantulas to attack and there is an unknown chemical present in the frog’s skin that acts as a cue to the tarantulas that the species of frog is not prey. These spiders did attempt to catch and eat 5 species of anurans from the families Bufonidae, Hylidae, and Leptodactylidae. It is noted that the frogs will remain more active in areas with some vegetation while the spiders used the open area. Enemies Predators As tadpoles, Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata are often preyed upon by freshwater crustacean species