Like Weber, Troeltsch stresses the "objective institutional character" of the church compared to the "voluntary community" of the sect, and distinguishes the "universal all-embracing ideal" of the church, its desire to control great masses of people, from the gathering of "a select group of the elect" by the sect, which is placed "in sharp opposition to the world." To these Weberian ideas Troeltsch adds a new distinguishing feature, which is the different attitude towards compromise and accommodation with societal demands. The church adapts to the secular world and exhibits a high degree of compromise with the larger society and with the civil authorities, which it supports in order to maintain itself and gain influence; in contrast to this, the sect is born out of protest, rejects any compromise and tends to be smaller and composed of underprivileged people. Sectarian commitments are motivated by the social protests of the lower classes. Troeltsch arrives at his definitions of church and sect on the basis of an examination of the history of Christian Europe prior to about 1800, and conceives of church and sect as independent sociological expressions of two different interpretations of Christianity. The sect emphasizes the eschatological features of Christian doctrine, which it interprets literally and in a radical manner; it is a small, voluntary fellowship of converts who seek to realize the divine law in their own behaviour, setting themselves apart from and in opposition to the world, and refusing to draw a sharp distinction between clergy and laity; it embraces ideals of frugality, prohibits participation in legal and political affairs, and appeals principally to the lower classes. In theology and liturgy, the sect refrains from bureaucratic dogmatism and ritualism and, compared to the church, it adopts a more inspirational, informal and unpredictable approach to preaching and worship. Church and ecclesia Johnstone provides the following seven characteristics of churches: Claim universality, include all members of the society within their ranks, and have a strong tendency to equate "citizenship" with "membership" Exercise religious monopoly and try to eliminate religious competition Are very closely allied with the state and secular powers; frequently there is overlapping of responsibilities and much mutual reinforcement Are extensively organized as a hierarchical bureaucratic institution with a complex division of labor Employ professional, full-time clergy who possess the appropriate credentials of education and formal ordination Primarily gain new members through natural reproduction and the socialization of children into