microps in another reserve in Benin would exhibit reproductive activity at different rainfall rates. However, more rain always leads to increased spawning. After a day of sufficient heavy rainfall, males emerge out of their burrows at night to call while they migrate towards ponds. They will call at most for 1-3 nights. A female arrives and spawning lasts 20-34 minutes. One to nine spawning bouts produce a clutch, which the couples spread by swimming around the pond where they mated. In order to lessen the risk of losing the entire clutch to predation, it is spread into multiple clutches. This is done within one pond or even between ponds. The clutch size therefore varies considerably, ranging from 30 to 1400 eggs – sometimes representing the reproductive investment of two females. Tadpoles that hatch are translucent to camouflage from predators, but will also swarm in the presence of a possible predator. Swarms can reach up to 4000 individuals. Despite this, the survival rate of clutch to adult is only about 0.1%. This is also due to ponds drying up, killing any remaining tadpoles. While other frog species predict the viability of ponds before laying their eggs, it appears Phrynomantis microps does not. Phrynomantis microps also live much farther away from ponds than other frog species, which could make visiting ponds to check their viability more costly. Parental care Although it appears Phrynomantis microps are careful when laying their clutches, they return to their burrows after spawning and offer no parental care. Smaller clutches are left closer to the surface and usually attached to vegetation, while larger clutches are laid deeper and where there is no vegetation. Social behavior As mentioned before, adult Phrynomantis microps are solitary. However, when they are tadpoles Phrynomantis microps exhibit swarming behavior if a predation threat emerges. Tadpole predators usually rely on their vision to discern prey, such as the dragonfly larvae of Anax imperator. Swarming could be confusing the predator, making it harder to discern prey from one another, as well as increasing the chances of survival for tadpoles within the group. Swarms can reach up to 4000 individuals and can last either seconds or a few minutes. When swarming, tadpoles of all stages join but form subgroups based on size. Kinship does not seem to play a role in the swarming behavior. Enemies Tadpoles are very susceptible to predation, which leads to their swarming behavior.