among passerines. Taxonomy and systematics Traditionally, seven subspecies of the tropical boubou were recognized – that is, if L. aethiopicus was considered a distinct species at all. As late as the mid-20th century for example, some authors included the entire tropical boubou complex within L. ferrugineus, which nowadays refers to the southern boubou only. Recent cladistic analysis of nDNA BRM15 intron-15 and mtDNA NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 sequence data indicates that the tropical boubou was traditionally recognized is a polyphyletic cryptic species complex, and that three additional species have been recognized, the Ethiopian boubou, the black boubou, and the East Coast boubou. Contrary to what one might expect in a purely phenetic analysis, the conspicuous variation of wing stripes is no good indicator of relationships among these and related boubous. Vocalizations and habitat preferences, on the other hand, allow a good delimitation of the clades conventionally grouped as tropical boubou. The four proposed species are: Black boubou, L. nigerrimus – S Somalia. Includes L. liberatus Outer tail feathers never have white tips. Short wings stripe across the median coverts. Breast and belly pinkish. The liberatus morph has long white wing stripe like aethiopicus, and a yellowish-buff chin to chest and supercilium. A quite ancient lineage, part of a rather basal group of mostly allopatric relict forms – the dark-bellied mountain sooty boubou (L. poensis), Fuelleborn's boubou (L. fuelleborni) and perhaps slate-colored boubou (L. funebris), and the sympatric light-bellied red-naped boubou (L. ruficeps) to which it might be closest. The western members of this group inhabit montane forest, the others dry shrubland. The liberatus morph may be an atavism of plesiomorphic alleles retained from a common ancestor with L. ruficeps, as the type specimen showed no indication of recent hybridization whatsoever. Many taxonomists now consider it to be a distinct species East Coast boubou or dimorphic boubou, L. sublacteus – Coastal Kenya, Zanzibar Vestigial or no white wing stripe. Outer tail feathers may have white tips. Juveniles have no barring on underside. An all-black morph occurs in the area around the lower Jubba and Tana Rivers and on the Lamu Archipelago. Ethiopian boubou, L. aethiopicus – E Sudan through Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and W Somalia to N Kenya Breast and belly pinkish. Narrow wing stripe, extending across the median and larger wing coverts, and often a bit onto the secondary remiges. Outer tail feathers never