have a non-recessed tympanic membrane. This is contrary to previous theories that recessed tympana specifically enable perception of high-frequency sounds (recessed tympanic membranes are exhibited in both other species of ultrasonic-communicating frogs: Odorrana tormota, Huia cavitympanum). Similarly to O. tormota, the tympanic membrane of O. graminea is relatively thin and transparent compared to other frog species, which could partially explain the ultrasonic hearing ability of both species. Growth defects and ocular abnormalities Growth defects and malformations are an increasing phenomenon for amphibians worldwide, particularly in high-polluted areas (oil and gas sites, agricultural land with pesticide use or livestock). Odorrana graminea have also been observed with various limb malformations, for example stunted forelegs attributed to physical disruptions during the larval stage. Adult O. graminea have also been observed with cataracts, a clouding of the lens of the eye. This is rarely observed in adult frogs, as vision is essential for the individual's ability to find prey and avoid predation. References graminea Amphibians described in 1900 Amphibians of China Amphibians of Vietnam Taxonomy articles created by Polbot