one chuck to a simple whine by more than fivefold. In terms of female choice for low frequency chucks, the experiment is set up in a way that a female is given identical whines, but the single chuck following the whine is in either low or high frequency. The results show that females prefer whine followed by low frequency chuck. Additionally, females prefer low frequency whine to high frequency whine. The test with reconstructed ancestral cells endorses the female call preference for conspecific whine. The results show that females give strongest response to calls of phylogenetically closest species, indicating the more significant influence of evolutionary history than acoustic similarity. Male/male interactions Despite the benefit of satisfying the female choice and increasing mating success, complex calls also follow with a cost of increased risk of predation and parasitism because frog-eating bats, Trachops cirrhosus, and blood-sucking flies, Corethrella spp., prefer complex calls to simple calls.Like females, these predators prefer complex calls and will use them to locate and prey upon male túngara frogs; thus, males have been found to alternate between complex and simple calls depending on the situation. Males produce complex calls more often when there are other calling males nearby, forming what is known as a chorus. Males that use such calling strategies are able to maximize the possibility of finding a mate and minimize predation risk. Therefore, the males must find a strategy that resolves the conflict between natural selection and sexual selection. While portraying a trait that increases its attractiveness, the male must also remain inconspicuous through strategic variance of call complexity. When males are alone, they produce mostly simple calls, but when they are in choruses, they increase their call complexity and produce complex calls. Research suggests the relationship between the chorus size and the costs and benefits of frog chorusing behavior. The benefit of frog chorusing behavior is increased in larger chorus size because increase of chorus size leads to increase of operational sex ratio, probability of mating, and decrease of predation risk. While predation rate and chorus size do not have a correlation, predation risk and chorus size do have correlation. The cost of frog chorusing behavior is increased in smaller chorus size, as shown in the negative correlation between predation risk and chorus size. The tendency of acoustically orienting predators to attack choruses influences the individual’s predation risk in a way that when the