UT probes, EMAT probes can be used in pulse-echo, pitch-catch, and through-transmission configurations. EMAT probes can also be assembled into phased array probes, delivering focusing and beam steering capabilities. Advantages Compared to piezoelectric transducers, EMAT probes have the following advantages: No couplant is needed. Based on the transduction mechanism of EMAT, couplant is not required. This makes EMAT ideal for inspections at temperatures below the freezing point and above the evaporation point of liquid couplants. It also makes it convenient for situations where couplant handling would be impractical. EMAT is a non-contact method. Although proximity is preferred, a physical contact between the transducer and the specimen under test is not required. Dry Inspection. Since no couplant is needed, the EMAT inspection can be performed in a dry environment. Less sensitive to surface condition. With contact-based piezoelectric transducers, the test surface has to be machined smoothly to ensure coupling. Using EMAT, the requirements to surface smoothness are less stringent; the only requirement is to remove loose scale and the like. Easier for sensor deployment. Using piezoelectric transducer, the wave propagation angle in the test part is affected by Snell's law. As a result, a small variation in sensor deployment may cause a significant change in the refracted angle. Easier to generate SH-type waves. Using piezoelectric transducers, SH wave is difficult to couple to the test part. EMAT provide a convenient means of generating SH bulk wave and SH guided waves. Challenges and disadvantages The disadvantages of EMAT compared to piezoelectric UT can be summarised as follows: Low transduction efficiency. EMAT transducers typically produce raw signal of lower power than piezoelectric transducers. As a result, more sophisticated signal processing techniques are needed to isolate signal from noise. Limited to metallic or magnetic products. NDT of plastic and ceramic material is not suitable or at least not convenient using EMAT. Size constraints. Although there are EMAT transducers as small as a penny, commonly used transducers are large in size. Low-profile EMAT problems are still under research and development. Due to the size constraints, EMAT phased array is also difficult to be made from very small elements. Caution must be taken when handling magnets around steel products. Applications EMAT has been used in a broad range of applications and has the potential to be used in many others. A brief and incomplete list is as follows. Thickness measurement for various applications Flaw detection in