most active one hour after sunset, while adults peak one to two hours later. Each stage is carnivorous and eats small insects and invertebrates, including mites, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, and earthworms. Predators likely include snakes, birds, and small mammals. To escape predation, P. yonahlossee produces secretions from its tail that are noxious to birds and other mammals. Also, after initial contact, they become immobile, making them harder to detect, which may increase survival from visual predators. In laboratory settings, Yonahlossee salamanders demonstrated aggressive defense of their territories. Like most species in the genus, they exhibit vertical underground migration and move underground during cold winter. Conservation As of 2014, P. yonahlossee is listed as a least concern species. Criteria for this listing include occurrence in an area of extensive, suitable habitat which appears to not be under any substantial threat, an assumed large population, and a slow rate of decline. P. yonahlossee among other terrestrial salamanders has been reported to have no change in abundance in single or several locales over many years. Concurrently, others are viewing the same species over the entire range and are reporting that many populations have been lost to habitat destruction, which includes urban sprawl and increased forestry practices. Clearly, a possibility exists for one species to be locally abundant with stable populations, yet still be declining throughout the range. Salamander habitat loss is mainly due to outright destruction, fragmentation, forestry practice, and pollution. References Plethodon Amphibians of the United States Endemic fauna of the United States Taxa named by Emmett Reid Dunn Amphibians described in 1917 Taxonomy articles created by Polbot