Craugastor rugosus is a species of rain frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in Costa Rica and southwestern Panama, and possibly southern Nicaragua. Vernacular names A local Spanish vernacular name is ranita de hojarasca. Frank and Ramus (1995) invented the name Veragua robber frog for use in English for the taxon Eleutherodactylus biporcatus (now the name of a Venezuelan species, but in 1995 the name for four other species of frog, including this one, see taxonomy), Veragua being a province of Colombia in the 1860s (now in central Panama) where in 1995 the holotype of E. biporcatus was thought to have been obtained. Because of the taxonomic reshuffling which occurred after Frank and Ramus coined the name "Veragua robber frog", their name is presently applied to Craugastor rugosus, despite the fact that it does not occur in Veraguas Province, and now shares this name with other species derived from E. biporcatus. Taxonomy This frog is thought to have first been collected in Chiriquí whilst the region was still Colombian (Panama succeeded a few decades later) by one H. Ribbe, who sent a collection of herpetological specimens to Berlin in the early 1870s. It was then given the name Hylodes rugosus by Wilhelm Peters in 1873 in a lecture read before the Royal Prussian Academy of Science. A formal description was published in an untitled summary of this lecture (later titled as Über eine neue Schildkrötenart, Cinosternon effeldtii und einige andere neue oder weniger bekannte Amphibien) a year later (although dated to the previous year) by an anonymous author (edited by Ernst Kummer) in the monthly notice of the academy. Peters is considered the authority of the taxon. According to Bauer, Günther, and Klipfel in 1995 the holotype is ZMB7812, stored at the Berlin Zoological Museum (ZMB), however the ZMB itself has the holotype specimen being ZMB133470. In 1877 the famous US fossil baron Edward Drinker Cope, having received a frog specimen from somewhere on the west coast of Central America (fide Cochran (1961)), described it as Lithodytes pelviculus. This specimen is preserved as USNM32326 according to Darrel R. Frost, Noble has it as USNM3236. In 1881 Paul Brocchi reclassified this taxon under the genus Hylodes. In 1893 Cope described the frog a second time as a new species under the name Lithodytes florulentus, having acquired a single juvenile specimen, with the head damaged, from the "Boruca" in the