carpio) was shown to have a positive effect on the abundance of the Giant Banjo Frog, this could be due to indirect effects of Common Carp on the survival of predators to the tadpoles of the Giant Banjo Frog. Habitat The Giant Banjo Frog spends the majority of its time underground and tends to only emerge after rain to feed and lay eggs. Their natural habitat is usually close to freshwater floodplains, marshes, swamps and ponds but can also be found in dry temperate forests, grassland and dry savanna. The Giant Banjo Frog is dissimilar to many other arid-adapted amphibians in the fact that it spends a large stage of its life-cycle in aquatic environments. Eggs are spawned in water, found mostly in flooded burrows, dams, swamps, and ponds and; tadpoles live in either slow moving or still water. The Giant Banjo Frog occurrence was found to be higher at permanent wetlands away from the main river channel of the Murray River and with more complex vegetation structure. Diet The Giant Banjo frog is a carnivore. Adults feed on a wide variety of insects, worms and spiders. Its refuge among complex vegetation sources provides a substrate for food sources. Environmental Adaptations For individuals to survive during periods of extended drought, the Giant Banjo Frog has adapted stronger and shovel-shaped limbs to increase its burrowing ability. This is a specific adaptation of frogs that are found in arid regions with variable rainfall. The development of a larger body and capacity to burrow has allowed the relatively long-lived species to become more resilient to the arid climate and therefore it is seen to be of lower susceptibility to future climate changes. The Giant Banjo Frog is a non-cocoon forming species and therefore tends to dig deeper during periods of drought to maintain adequate moisture. Life-History Traits Lifespan Similar to other species of frogs, the Giant Banjo Frog lives an average lifespan of 10 years in the wild. During hotter and drier months, the frog spends prolonged periods aestivating where they are in a state of dormancy. Nesting Eggs are spawned in a nest made up of a large foamy mass situated on the surface of the static or slow flowing water in flooded burrows, ponds, dams or stream pools. The nest is constructed around vegetation to keep it from moving too far, the tadpoles are then able to drop into the still