a male's age and development. Additionally, because foot flagging and flashing are physically demanding, the elaborateness and complexity of the foot display is indicative of the physical ability of the S. parvus male. Once the courtship ends, the male and female S. parvus will migrate to the water, engage in amplexus, and the female will lay her eggs. Because S. parvus females lay their eggs in fast-flowing waters, the female will choose a site under heavy leaf litter, between rocks, or within calmer side pools to prevent the eggs from getting swept away. Communication S. parvus individuals commonly live in noisy tropical rainforests near fast-flowing streams, which makes the usual acoustic means of communication less reliable. Therefore, S. parvus has an array of strategies used to effectively communicate in the presence of high background noise. One such strategy employed by S. parvus involves intensity amplification of their acoustic calls. If the background noise is too loud, then the Bornean rock frog is able to elevate the volume of its advertisement calls, up to 8 dB, in order to have its acoustic calls be heard by the receiver. On the other hand, S. parvus is able to modulate the pitch of its calls slightly away from its dominant calling frequency of 5578 Hz. It is hypothesized to do so in order to avoid jamming interference from the acoustic calls of conspecifics and heterospecifics. Additionally, S. parvus delivers a unique advertisement call that differentiates its call from that of similar relatives such as S. guttatus. Depending on the number of receivers and the background noise levels, S. parvus have been observed to increase the number of notes and the length of their calls. This presumedly is done to give the intended receiver more opportunity to recognize and identify the call.In extremely loud environments where vocal communication is not feasible, the Bornean rock frog is able to utilize visual modes of communication. S. parvus exhibit a large repertoire of visual communication displays, most commonly foot flagging and foot flashing. Less-common forms of visual communication by S. parvus include arm waving, upright posture, crouched posture, and an open-mouth display. Foot flagging is the act of raising either of the two hind limbs and rotating it outwards and backwards in an arc. During this behavior, which lasts on average 1.5 seconds, the frog’s webbed toes are spread, allowing for the frog’s conspicuous white webbing to