be ideal fuel for further fires. Additionally, these nonnative species can outcompete native species like Bidens amplectens. Hurricanes Due to the low number and small range of Bidens amplectens, hurricanes are a big threat. Hurricanes can cause destruction of plants and habitats. Extreme weather, like hurricanes, can damage or destroy Bidens amplectens plants and seeds. Hurricanes also destroy other vegetation, creating new gaps in forest canopies. The change in sunlight is a disturbance that can allow nonnative species to invade. Invasive species Since their introduction by humans to Hawaii, feral pigs and goats have become major threats to native plants. Feral pigs and livestock goats may eat Bidens amplectens. Additionally, they can damage or kill Bidens amplectens through rooting or trampling. When pigs root in the dirt, they disturb soil, and when they defecate, they fertilize soil. Pigs often carry nonnative plants on their hooves and coats, as well as in their feces. This creates opportunities for nonnative plants to invade. Nonnative feral goats pressure these native plants through foraging and movement through vegetation. Listing under the Endangered Species Act Bidens amplectens was first listed as a candidate for protection under the Endangered Species Act as threatened in 2004. The final rule for the species listed it as endangered under the ESA in September 2012, along with 22 other species on O'ahu. At listing, critical habitat was established for the plant in two habitat types (1,508 ac, 607 ha). The species' status has not been revised since listing. 5-Year review The first 5-year review for Bidens amplectens was initiated in October 2018. The plant was originally listed as endangered with a priority number 2. The recovery priority number is based on the high degree of threat and a high potential for recovery with threats that are well understood and can be alleviated. Bidens amplectens remains in danger of extinction throughout its range. The Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) monitors Bidens amplectens. Previously, outplanting has been attempted with more than 400 individuals, and efforts are ongoing. Currently there is a lack of information on the success of outplanted populations. There are seeds and propagules in collections for this species available for continued research and outplanting attempts. The reviewing party suggests additional management actions are needed to conserve this species in the future. Species Status Assessment Not available for this species. Recovery plan The draft recovery plan for Bidens amplectens