after transformation, however they probably overwinter nearby in stream channels and associated vegetation (willows, sedges, and grasses). Many juveniles (1+ years in age) probably disperse farther upland into adult foraging habitat, especially by mid-summer of their second year, but they can also be found nearby breeding ponds. Adult upland foraging habitat tends to be covered in seeps and springs, willows, tall forbs, granitic boulders, or (at lower elevation) forest clearings. Rodent burrows play an essential role in providing shelter from predation and weather, as do willows, logs, and rocks. Overwintering habitat is also includes the burrows of rodents such as pocket gophers, voles, and Belding's ground squirrels, along with willow root tangles, which all probably keep an optimal thermal and mesic environmental for hibernating toads. Movement patterns Yosemite toads show high site fidelity to both breeding and upland foraging habitat, often using the same breeding pools and refuges in subsequent years. After breeding, adults forage in upland riparian areas of the breeding meadows, or (less commonly) disperse into the surrounding forest or subalpine environmental matrix. Although adult toads are capable of significant dispersal away from breeding pools, they are generally found within 90 m of permanent water; occasionally they are found in xeric forest habitat. Female toads disperse farther than males, and have been found to move up to 1.26 kilometers from their breeding grounds in one season. However, dispersal between meadows appears to be very low, estimated to be about 2% between 400 m meadows. Over wintering This is possibly due to unfavorably dry habitat between meadow complexes. Overwintering sites are rodent burrows or willow thickets (see "Habitat Utilization"), and the first freezing nighttime temperatures seem to cue adult toads to seek hibernacula. Hibernation usually begins in the late summer or early fall, between September and October. Feeding Like other toads, Yosemite toads are ambush predators. They lunge at prey and open their mandibles, causing their sticky tongue to unfold, flip downward, and pull the animal into their mouths. Adult stomach contents have included: tenebrionid beetles, ladybird beetles, weevils, craneflies, mosquitos, caterpillars, carpenter ants, dragonfly naiads, centipedes, julid millipedes, and spiders. Juvenile stomach contents have included: ants, spiders, and wasps. Metamorph stomach contents have included: owl flies, flies, springtails, spider mites, and spiders. There appears to be an ontogenetic shift from eating mostly spider mites (metamorphs), to eating a mix of spider mites, spiders, and tiny wasps (2 months