presentation was warmly received and, after thirty years of studies on pneumothorax, he obtained full international recognition of his work. Forlanini had an attractive personality, was a great conversationalist, and was cultured in music and art. He was very much the beloved physician to his hospital patients and was content to pursue his researches without desire for personal aggrandisement. In 1913 he was nominated senator of the Kingdom of Italy and member of the council of public education. His lifelong friend and fellow professor at the University of Pavia, Camillo Golgi, nominated him three times for the Nobel Prize in Medicine, remarking that the invention of pneumothorax was "of great benefit to humanity". However, the three years Golgi nominated Forlanini for the Prize (1915-1918) they were not being awarded at all. During this time, Forlanini's health rapidly declined; he experienced severe migraines and an abdominal malignancy, possibly a carcinoma of the pancreas. Of this he died in Nervi, on the Ligurian Riviera, at age 71 on 25 May 1918. Today the "Carlo Forlanini Institute" in Rome, founded in 1934, is named in his honour. Artificial Pneumothorax Early stages and inspiration From the early stages of his career, Forlanini's interest in tuberculosis has been a recurring factor in his professional and academic life, leading him to the invention of the artificial pneumothorax. The idea that an intentionally induced pneumothorax might have been useful in treating tuberculosis was first proposed in 1771 by French librarian Edmong Claud Bourru, who at the time was working on a French translation of Gilchrist's work The Use of Sea Voyages in Medicine, Particularly in a Consumption and Observations on that Disease. It was, however, only fifty years later (in 1822) that British physician James Carson started conducting experiments on rabbits to study the impact and potential applications of the pneumothorax on rabbit activities. Despite the risk of complete collapse of the diseased lung, Carson thought the attempt at producing an artificial pneumothorax in humans was justified due to the disease's death rate and how widespread it was. However, after a failed attempt at reproducing the experiment in a human subject the idea of collapse therapy was abandoned and it would only resurface several years later. When Forlanini first started exploring the idea of using an artificial pneumothorax as a treatment for tuberculosis, he wasn't aware of Carson's experiments (his work remained unnoticed until 1909). His interest