consumption and predator attraction. Enemies Predators Because D. branneri inhabit and breed at the fringes of ponds, they are highly accessible to both aquatic and terrestrial predators. D. branneri are particularly vulnerable to predation during their metamorphic stages as they are transitioning from water to land. Dendropsophus species are generally smaller or similar in size to their predators. The vertebrate predators of D.branneri include snakes, birds, and other frogs. Whereas, the invertebrate predators include giant aquatic bugs and spiders. The most documented instances of spider predation of Dendropsophus frogs reside in the southern Atlantic Forest. Spiders can serve as either predators or prey to D. branneri, depending on the size of the frog. Most arachnid predators of Dendropsophus species belong to the family Ctenidae, but also include: Araneidae, Lycosidae, Nephilidae, Pisauridae, and Trechaleida. A field predation event of a theraphosid spider (84.12mm) on a juvenile of D. branneri’s close relative Dendropsophus marinus (90.52mm) exhibited bite hemorrhages in the prey’s gular region. Two hours after the ambush, the prey was still alive but paralyzed in one eye and hind limb. Small frogs are likely a vital component of Ctenidae diets during the rainy season, when there are many temporary ponds accessible to spiders. Parasites Anurans play a central role in the parasitic worm (helminth) life cycle because they both consume and are preyed upon by a large variety of animals, which allows for widespread transmission of helminth across host species. A 2017 study investigated the presence of helminth in various tree frog species in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and they found five different genera of helminth in a sample of 33 D. branneri specimens. Encysted larvae of parasitic roundworm genuses Brevimulticaecum and Porrocaecum were observed in D. branneri gastrointestinal tissues. Vocalizations Amphibian vocalization characteristics are defined by both frog physiology (e.g., mass, SVL) and environmental factors (e.g., humidity, temperature). Multiple studies offer slightly different values for the basic vocalization metrics of D. branneri. An older study by Nunes et al. documents average values of: 4 pulses per call, 0.03 second call duration, 6.35 kHz dominant call frequency, and 0.37 second interval between calls. A more recent study by De Oliveira-Santos et al. documents average values of: 11 pulses per call, 0.73 second call duration, 6.7 kHz dominant call frequency, and 93 calls per minute. Analysis of call characteristics as a function of body metrics surprisingly demonstrated no relationship between SVL and