behaviors that take place in the male A. femoralis territory, the tadpole development must happen in a water area large and deep enough for metamorphosis to occur completely. Such area is seldom found directly or close to male territories of A. femoralis, so A. femoralis, especially males, must search for extraterritorial regions and resources that are suitable for tadpole development sites, which put constraints on male spatial behavior. Furthermore, the orientation of tadpole deposition sites to male territories can introduce directionality in a spatial setup. A. femoralis routinely shuttle tadpoles from terrestrial territories to dispersed aquatic deposition sites, and the transport can take from several hours to days. for successful reproduction, they rely on utilizing multiple, widely dispersed, temporary deposition sites. While the tadpole transport is mainly done by males, females are also observed to shuttle tadpoles in cases of mate loss. Males transport tadpoles as far as 180 m away from their own territory, and the more distant the deposition site is, the more tadpoles males transport each time. Since the time it takes to shuttle tadpoles comes with a cost of losing territories and reproductive opportunities, this activity requires A. femoralis to have strong spatial memory and learning and the ability to use the learning flexibly in terms of processing information about distances and directions, finding new routes in familiar and unfamiliar area, and ultimately navigating themselves and finding the most ideal route for transport. Returning back to the original male territory after tadpole transport is known as the homing performance. Under polygyny system, A. femoralis males often attend multiple (up to five) clutches of eggs, which plays a major role in the selectiveness for a high homing performance in males. Failure of homing performance (failing to return to the original male territory) would cause a severe cost in reproductive output due to loss of clutches, Therefore, having good spatial learning and directionality is crucial in A. femoralis. Conservation Status The IUCN lists Allobates femoralis as being of "Least Concern" regarding conservation status. This is because it has a wide range and is common throughout much of that range. Its population seems to be steady and no particular threats have been identified. References Further reading Pašukonis, A., et al. (2014). Homing trajectories and initial orientation in a Neotropical territorial frog, Allobates femoralis (Dendrobatidae). Frontiers in Zoology 11 29. Ringler, E., et al. (2013). Tadpole transport logistics in a