For instance, and were lost due to rudder damage; the relatively large and "soft" unarmored bow structures of Japanese superbattleships and proved to be their Achilles' heel as flooding there rendered them unstable and unmaneuverable long before they were actually in danger of sinking. The superstructure housing command facilities, communications, and radar also remained vulnerable; for example, Hiei was rendered ineffective by a saturation bombardment of small projectiles which set her superstructure afire, suffered extensive topside damage in Operation Tungsten, and was forced to withdraw from a night battle when relatively superficial damage to her superstructure knocked out her radars and disrupted her already-compromised electrical systems, and killed 58 and wounded 60 crew members. The secondary batteries (including dual-purpose guns and heavy anti-aircraft guns) had less protection being outside the main armor citadel, and the light anti-aircraft gun were on exposed mounts with little or no armor (especially the extra AA guns added in the 1944 refit of the Yamato class), so dive bombing and fighter strafing attacks on Tirpitz (Operation Tungsten) and Yamato (Operation Ten-Go) caused heavy casualties among anti-aircraft gunners. Such are the trade-offs with "all or nothing" armor, that some vulnerabilities are accepted in exchange for greater protection elsewhere. In action The battleship fleet versus battleship fleet showdown that all sides had anticipated never came about, so the benefits of the all-or-nothing ship's design in such a battle were never fully tested. However, at Pearl Harbor the resilience of the American Standard-type battleship to survive damage was demonstrated, though they would have been lost in open seas. Although all eight American battleships were hit and damaged and four were sunk, it was possible to return six of the ships back into service, due to being in shallow water. was lost due to a catastrophic explosion of her magazine spaces. Competing theories exist as to how this occurred, but ultimately no practical thickness of deck armor could protect any battleship from a vertical bombing attack. Few battleship-to-battleship encounters took place in the Second World War. In the Atlantic these included the Battle of Mers-el-Kébir in July 1940, Battle of Dakar in September 1940, the Battle of the Denmark Strait and the last battle of the Bismarck in May 1941, the Battle of Casablanca in November 1942, and the Battle of North Cape in 1943. In the Pacific, there was the Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in November 1942