Digital motion X-ray (Digital Motion X-Ray: Non-fluoroscopic) Conventional radiography is now used for the recording of motion studies. This method does not employ the use of fluoroscopy that has been the most common use of X-rays but rather uses conventional X-rays. The manner of recording a motion study is to couple an X-ray system with a digital computer and a detection system that records images in real time. Example: The A2D2, Inc. Model 1713 is a digital system that is capable of recording static images or a dynamic sequence. Static images are recorded in a 5,000 by 4,000 pixel array with 14 bit capacity. These images are stored in the computer memory for recording and/or playback. Dynamic studies are recorded in real time at a rate of 30 frames per second with resolution of 1990 by 1200 pixels. Typically, one second of data recording is required for a complete motion study at 30 frames per second. Sophisticated software is used to automatically record the study and then to cause it to playback in a bi-directional format. Patient radiation dose is minimal over the one second time frame. Typical radiation dose is approximately 2 mSv for this one second period. Any form of joint motion can be recorded and analyzed. References (Motion X-Ray) 1. Bill O'Neill inventor of and leader in non-fluoroscopic digital motion x-ray technology. (DMX) 1. Hino H, Abumi K, Kanayama M, Kaneda K. Dynamic Motion analysis of normal and unstable cervical spines using cineradiography. An in vivo study. Spine, 1999 Jan 15;24(2): 163–8. 2. Motomochi M, et al., Diagnosis of Abnormal Spine Motion with Cineradiography. No Shinkei Geka. 1978 Nov; 6(11): 1077–82. 3. Ruey-Mo Lin, MD, et al., Characteristics of Sagittal Vertebral Alignment in Flexion Determined by Dynamic Radiographs of the Cervical Spine. Spine, 2001 Vol 26, (3), 256–261. 4. Youhimoto H, et al., Kinematic Evaluation of Atlantoaxial Joint Instability: An In Vivo Cineradiographic Investigation. Journal of Spinal Disorders 14, (1), 21–31. 5. Gavin, T. et al., Biomechanical analysis of cervical orthroses in Flexion: A comparison of cervical collars and Cervicothoracic orthroses. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development. Vol 40 (6), Nov/Dec 2003, 527–538. 6. Krakenes J, et al., MRI Assessment of the Alar Ligaments in the Late State of Injury: A Study of Structural Abnormalities and observer Agreement. Neuroradiology. 2002, 44: 617–624. 7. Panjabi M, et al., Injury Mechanisms of the Cervical Intervertebral Disc During Stimulated Whiplash.