(2017), the following symptoms are characteristic in children with listening difficulties, and they are typically problematic with adolescents and adults. They include: Difficulty hearing in noise Auditory attention problems Better understanding in one on one situations Difficulties in noise localization Difficulties in remembering oral information According to the New Zealand Guidelines on Auditory Processing Disorders (2017) a checklist of key symptoms of APD or comorbidities that can be used to identify individuals who should be referred for audiological and APD assessment includes, among others: Difficulty following spoken directions unless they are brief and simple Difficulty attending to and remembering spoken information Slowness in processing spoken information Difficulty understanding in the presence of other sounds Overwhelmed by complex or "busy" auditory environments e.g. classrooms, shopping malls Poor listening skills Insensitivity to tone of voice or other nuances of speech Acquired brain injury History of frequent or persistent middle ear disease (otitis media, 'glue ear'). Difficulty with language, reading or spelling Suspicion or diagnosis of dyslexia Suspicion or diagnosis of language disorder or delay Finally, the New Zealand guidelines state that behavioral checklists and questionnaires should only be used to provide guidance for referrals, for information gathering (for example, prior to assessment or as outcome measures for interventions), and as measures to describe the functional impact of auditory processing disorder. They are not designed for the purpose of diagnosing auditory processing disorders. The New Zealand guidelines indicate that a number of questionnaires have been developed to identify children who might benefit from evaluation of their problems in listening. Examples of available questionnaires include the Fisher's Auditory Problems Checklist, the Children's Auditory Performance Scale, the Screening Instrument for Targeting Educational Risk, and the Auditory Processing Domains Questionnaire among others. All of the previous questionnaires were designed for children and none are useful for adolescents and adults. The University of Cincinnati Auditory Processing Inventory (UCAPI) was designed for use with adolescents and adults seeking testing for evaluation of problems with listening and/or to be used following diagnosis of an auditory processing disorder to determine the subject's status. Following a model described by Zoppo et al. (2015) a 34-item questionnaire was developed that investigates auditory processing abilities in each of the six common areas of complaint in APD (listening and concentration, understanding speech, following spoken instructions, attention, and other.) The final questionnaire was standardized on normally-achieving young adults ranging from 18 to 27 years of