is in preparation. Even without a recovery plan, critical habitat has been established. Four units of coastal habitat and 5 units of lowland dry habitat are listed as critical habitat for Bidens amplectens. The Hawaiʻi and Pacific Plants Recovery Coordinating Committee (HPPRCC) has outlined actions and goals for stages leading towards recovery. The first step in recovering the species is to prevent extinction. To do this, the plant must be managed to control threats, such as fencing. It must also have 50 individuals from each of three populations secured off-site, such as a nursery or seed bank collection. In addition, at least three populations should be documented on Oʻahu where Bidens amplectens now occur or occurred historically. Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing and increasing in number. There must be at least 100 mature, reproducing individuals per population. This recovery objective has not been met. The following recovery stages’ (Interim, Downlisting, and Delisting) objectives have not been met. Recommendations for future actions There are recommended actions for each threat against Bidens amplectens. Authorities should continue to survey for Bidens amplectens in historical locations and potentially suitable habitats. Suitable habitat may be affected in the future by climate change which must be accounted for. There is a need for control of harmful nonnative invasive plants that compete with Bidens amplectens. As fire is a major threat, conservationists must develop and put in place fire prevention management plans. As herbivory is another major threat, exclosures or strategic fencing at all populations of Bidens amplectens should be constructed. Similarly, implementation of effective control methods for rats is necessary. For preservation of this species, collection of seeds for storage and propagation efforts is highly important. These seeds can be used for maintenance and reintroduction. There is a high need to start planning and contribute to enacting ecosystem-level restoration and management for this species. There is an interim recovery outline for the island of O'ahu that includes Bidens amplectens'' and all other endemic species. The outline is provided by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The recovery outline suggests many of the actions listed by the HPPRCC plan. It lists many recovery efforts in place on the island, though most are small or underfunded. The Final Recovery Plan for O'ahu and Multi-Island listing is intended to be in place in 2026. References amplectens Endemic flora of Hawaii Biota of Oahu Waianae Range Taxonomy