and more often, than those who had lost their ability to detect the pheromones. This showed that pheromones help cats form a bond with their immediate environment. Additionally, feline appeasing pheromones released by the mother while nursing may chemically enhance mother-kitten bonding and help maintain peace within the litter. The feline appeasing pheromones are also called mother cat's pheromones, and are secreted in the mammary glands near her nipples. These pheromones help the kittens feel content and secure, and further helps the mother identify her kittens if they are separated from her. In short these pheromones are used to reduce tensions and conflict in cats. Past the newborn stage, chemical stimuli are commonly released through different forms of scent marking or scent rubbing. Specific scent rubbing behaviours include bunting, in which an animal butts the front of its head against an object or individual, and allorubbing, where two cats rub against each other. Another scent rubbing behaviour that releases pheromones is social rolling, in which a cat flops over and rolls onto its backside to extend its body. These types of pheromone releasers helps a cat to familiarize itself with a foreign area or individual, and diminish stress associated with being in a new or conflict-containing location. When this behaviour occurs between two cats in a colony, it is likely an attempt to exchange scents and chemical stimuli such as pheromones. It has been proposed that this behaviour of dispersing pheromones through scent rubbing also plays a role in visual communication, since the behaviour often coincides with a known individual coming near the cat. Feline facial and appeasing pheromones There are five feline facial pheromones that have been identified from the chin, lip, and cheek sebaceous secretions; F1–F5. Although the chemical components have been identified for F1 and F5, their natural function and behavioural implications are not yet known. As a whole, facial hormones F2–F4 assist with the marking of territories, however, they also have more specific individual functions. F2 The feline facial pheromone F2 has been shown to be deposited during a mating behaviour conducted by males. It is released as form of sexual marking, such that the male will rub its face on an object that is in proximity of a potential female partner. Releasing the F2 pheromone at the same time as its visible mating display may make the cat more effective at obtaining a mate. F3