Carlo Forlanini (11 June 1847 – 26 May 1918) was a medical doctor and professor at the Universities of Turin and Pavia. He was also the inventor of artificial pneumothorax, which was the primary treatment method of pulmonary tuberculosis for the first half of the 20th century and remained in use for severe cases of tuberculosis into the 1970s. Early life Carlo Forlanini was born in Milan on 11 June 1847, the eldest of four brothers and one sister. His father, Giuseppe Forlanini, was a physician belonging to a bourgeosie family of Milan. His mother, Marianna Rossi, died of pulmonary phthisis. Forlanini attended secondary school in Como, received his pre-doctoral education at Calchi Taeggi in Milan, then attended the Borromeo College at the University of Pavia. He interrupted his medical studies in 1866 to serve under Garibaldi as part of Garibaldi's unification of Italy. Forlanini participated in the Battle of Monte Suello and the Bezzecca. After his return to Pavia he published his first scientific work in 1868 and became friends with Giulio Bizzozero and Camillo Golgi while studying under Paolo Mantegazza at the Mantegazza institute and ophthalmologist Antonio Quaglino. Career at Maggiore & initial experiments On 9 August 1870 he graduated from the University of Padua. Despite his tutelage under an ophthalmologist and his dissertation (reworked and published the following year) furthering research in ophthalmology, Forlanini elected to end his pursuit of that specialty and instead returned home to Milan, where he secured a position at the Maggiore hospital in 1871. At the Maggiore hospital, Forlanini worked in the departments of chronic diseases and eye diseases, then became the head of the skin department in 1881. While in these roles, Forlanini treated and observed a number of patients with tuberculosis, as the disease was a major health crisis in his lifetime. Aided by one of his brothers, Enrico, he designed and experimented with a number of devices and methods for treating tuberculosis. These included attempts to treat tuberculosis and similar diseases of the lungs with forced respiratory movement to increase blood flow to the lungs and improve the patient's air supply, though he found these methods unfruitful. However, something beneficial did emerge from these experiments and from his collaboration with Enrico; some of the world's first hyperbaric chambers. In 1875—to further research and treatment of tuberculosis—Forlanini founded both the Pneumotherapy Society and the Pneumatic Institute of Milan. In the