second generation, if living in Portugal for at least five years. It also removed differences between countries of origin, given the influx of immigrants from Eastern Europe, most notably Ukrainians. The law was announced in 2005 by Prime minister José Sócrates and granted Portuguese nationality to children born in Portugal of foreign parents, as he stated: "those children did not spoke another language other than Portuguese and only studied in Portuguese schools, but had nationality denied." In 2015, Francisca Van Dunem became the first black Portuguese minister in the Portuguese government. The arrival of these black Africans in Portugal, coupled with their difficulty in accessing full citizenship, enhanced, from the 1970s onwards, the processes of ethnic and racial discrimination. This is the result of multiple factors, from institutional and juridical, to socio-cultural (the construction of stereotypical ethno-racial differences), residential (with the concentration of black migrants in degraded ghettos in Lisbon area, although this does not occur elsewhere in the country) and economical (the poorly qualified professional and educational profile of the migrants). coupled with a parallel strengthening of black identity in African migrants, even surpassing national origins. In 2016, the UN committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination visited Portugal and recommended that Portugal implement specific measures for the Afro-descendent community, in as in cases where some black Portuguese, today full adults, are without citizenship even in cases where siblings can be full Portuguese citizens, such as those born before 1981 or after their parents become legal migrants. Notable Afro-Portuguese André Vidigal Ariza Makukula (Congolese naturalized Portuguese) Bebé Bruno Paz David Sualehe Félix Correia Florentino Luis Luís Nani Nilton Varela Nuno Nuno Tavares Bruno Alves Renato Sanches Ricardo Vaz Tê Costinha Grada Kilomba Luís Boa Morte Silvestre Varela Roderick Miranda Ruben Vezo Jack Paulo Model Viriato Pã Eusébio Fábio Carvalho Rafael Leão Tiago Djaló Ivan Cavaleiro Ricardo Batista Rudy Silvestre Varela Tiago Tomás Tomás Tavares David Tavares João Paulo See also Angolans in Portugal Cape Verdeans in Portugal Mozambicans in Portugal Bissau-Guineans in Portugal Nhara References Ethnic groups in Portugal Portuguese