in heavily altered areas such as small strips of trees in pastureland. The species has been recorded from Panama to Costa Rica. However, it is unknown if the species is discontinuous throughout this distribution or if the three disjunct ranges that have been found in south-central Panama or extended over the Panamanian canal zone over Colombia to Ecuador represent failure to make collections of the species. At its largest, the distribution of H. rosenbergi may stretch from central Panama to western Ecuador. It is sympatric with H. boans and sometimes H. pugnax, and co-occur with both of these species in the headwaters of Rio Sinu and in Parque Nacional Natural de Katios in the northern Choco region of Colombia. Conservation It is considered an adaptable species that is not facing any significant threats. H. rosenbergi has been found in Piedras Blancas National Park and Corcovado National Park in Costa Rica, providing it with protected habitat to alleviate concerns of habitat loss. Diet Individuals of H. rosenbergi eat arthropods that are found close to the ground. Known and suspected insect prey reach their peak abundance during the wet season. Reproductively mature frogs do not grow during the breeding season, this is due to increased energy expenditure rather than food shortage. Females allocate energy towards growing eggs, and males allocate energy towards advertising for mates, building nests, and defending territory - all of which simultaneously detracts from hunting time. During the breeding season, females tend to hunt for food around the forest canopy, while males find food at lower elevations. Reproduction and life-cycle Females of H. rosenbergi lay clutches approximately once every 25 days, with an average clutch size of around two thousand eggs. These eggs have a dark animal pole and yellow-white vegetal pole surrounded by two clear capsules, and are laid singly onto the surface of the water where they spread to form a monolayer. The offspring form tail buds around 40 hours after fertilization, which then grow rapidly until 150 hours after fertilization, after which the tail bud lengthened more slowly. In addition, the offspring start hatching from the eggs around 40 hours after fertilization, followed by swimming motions around 85 hours after fertilization, and active swimming by 140 hours after fertilization. The tadpoles had large filamentous gills. Tadpoles of H. rosenbergi undergo metamorphosis at a size of 21mm SVL, approximately 40 days after fertilization, resulting in extremely large