control that is worth considering if agents to control the Crematogaster ants are developed, since they should not target Oecophylla ants as well. Importance Cacao swollen shoot virus has had a major impact on cocoa production in Africa. Since its discovery in 1936, it has not been effectively contained, despite costly eradication efforts, especially in Ghana. With yield losses of 25% and 50% the first and second years, respectively, and eventual death of the plant, this has been a persistent issue affecting the livelihoods of cocoa farmers. The partially effective methods of management mentioned above were not realized until the late 1960s and 1970s. Between 1936 and that time the cocoa industry of Ghana almost completely broke down, causing much rural discontent and political uproar. Today CSSV is responsible for 15% of total cocoa crop loss in the world. References External links ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Cacao swollen-shoot virus Family Groups - The Baltimore Method Viral plant pathogens and diseases Cacao diseases Caulimoviridae