list is longer than the five yamas listed by Patañjali in Yogasūtra, but similar to those found in other Hindu texts such as the Shandilya Upanishad and other ancient and medieval-era Yoga texts. Verses 1.50–51 of Yoga Yajnavalkya list the following ten Yamas (the restraints), while verses 1.52–70 explain what these virtues mean and why they are necessary: Ahiṃsā (अहिंसा): nonviolence, nonharmfulness by action, with word or in thought Satya (सत्य): truthfulness Asteya (अस्तेय): not stealing Brahmacharya (ब्रह्मचर्य): celibacy, fidelity to one's partner Dayā (दया): kindness, compassion Ārjava (आर्जव): no hypocrisy, sincerity Kṣamā (क्षमा): forgiveness Dhṛti (धृति): fortitude Mitāhāra (मितहार): moderation in diet Śauca (शौच): purity, cleanliness Verse 1.69 asserts that in a cleansed body resides a peaceful mind, and when this mind achieves purity, Atmavidya (knowledge of soul) becomes feasible. Niyamas: virtuous observances of a yoga student The chapter 2 begins with a list of ten Niyamas (the Observance, Do-these list, positive duties), followed by an explanation of each in the rest of the chapter. The list is again longer than the list of five found in Patanjali's Yogasutras, but similar to those found in the Shandilya and Varaha Upanishads, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, and verses 552 to 557 in Book 3 of the Tirumandhiram of Tirumular, in the sense of positive duties, desirable behaviors and discipline. The list of the ten niyamas are: Tapas: austerity, persistence and perseverance in one's purpose Santoṣa: contentment, acceptance of others and of one's circumstances as they are, optimism for self Āstika: faith in merit and demerit Dāna: generosity, charity, sharing with others Īśvarapūjana: worship of the Ishvara (Brahman, Vishnu, Rudra, God/Supreme Being, True Self) Siddhānta śrāvaṇa: listening to the Vedas and Upanishads, texts about virtues and principles Hrī: shyness, modesty, remorse and acceptance of one's past, humility Mati: faith in self and duties, reflection to reconcile conflicting ideas Japa: steady reading of the Vedas, repetition of mantras or sacred sounds set in poetic meters, either with sound or silently in one's mind Vratam: vows and self-promise to focus and achieve appropriate self set goals on Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. Richard Rosen, yoga teacher and a contributing editor at Yoga Journal, states that the first two chapters provides the moral foundations of its yoga teachings, and are more detailed than many other yoga texts in the Indian traditions. Asanas: the yoga postures Chapter 3 is short, and opens with a list of