Romanesque is the architecture of Europe which emerged in the late 10th century and evolved into Gothic architecture during the 12th century. The Romanesque style in England is more traditionally referred to as Norman architecture. The style can be identified across Europe with certain significant architectural features occurring everywhere. There are other characteristics that differ greatly from region to region. Most of the buildings that are still standing are churches, some of which are very large abbey churches and cathedrals. The majority of these are still in use, some of them having been substantially altered over the centuries. This list presents a comparison of Romanesque churches, abbeys and cathedrals of different countries. The second section describes the architectural features that can be identified within pictures of major architectural elements. Romanesque architecture, regional characteristics Features of Romanesque architecture that is seen in different areas around Europe. Small churches are generally without aisles, with a projecting apse. Large churches are basilical with a nave flanked by aisles and divided by an arcade. Abbey churches and cathedrals often had transepts. Round arches in arcades, windows, doors and vaults. Massive walls. Towers. Piers. Stout columns. Buttresses of shallow projection. Groin vaulting. Portals with sculpture and mouldings. Decorative arcades as an external feature, and frequently internal also. Cushion capitals. Murals. Features which are regionally diversified These features often have strong local and regional traditions. However, the movement of senior clergy, stonemasons and other craftsmen meant that these traditional features are sometimes found at distant locations. Ground plan. Facade. Position and number of towers. Shape of towers. Presence and shape of spires. Shape of the east end. Shape of columns. Shape of piers. Building material. Local diversity in decorative details that was dependent on local craftsmen. Romanesque churches in Italy Influences Pre-Romanesque is demonstrated in Italy by the construction of churches with thick walls of undressed stone, very small windows and massive fortresslike character. Early Christian and Italian Byzantine architecture formed a stylistic link with the architecture of Ancient Rome, through which the basilica plan and the Classical form of column were transmitted. The architecture of Northern Italy has features in common with French and German Romanesque. The architecture of Southern Italy and Sicily was influenced by both Norman and Islamic architecture. Building stone was available in mountainous regions, while brick was employed for most building in river valleys and plains. The availability of marble had