stairs'), ('monster, fear'), ('old'), ('to cut'), and ('sibling'). These words were considered outdated because they were not included in the official book. However, , , , , and retained enough usage in the community that they were re-included in the lexicon as in Toki Pona Dictionary. Besides and , which replaced existing roots, a few roots were added to the original 118: ('grain, bread, pasta, rice'), ('market, shop, trade'), ('hunt, gather'), and ('extra, additional, spice'), another word for ('new, fresh'). Provenance Most Toki Pona roots come from English, Tok Pisin, Finnish, Georgian, Dutch, Acadian French, Esperanto, and Serbo-Croatian, with a few from Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese). Many of these derivations are transparent. For example, ('speech, language') is similar to Tok Pisin and its English source talk, while ('good, positive'), from Esperanto , reflects generic Romance , , English bonus, etc. However, the changes in pronunciation required by the simple phonetic system often make the origins of other words more difficult to see. The word ('to sleep, to rest'), for example, comes from Dutch and is cognate with English sleep; ('to use') is somewhat distorted from Dutch , and from ('lizard') is scarcely recognizable. [Because *ti is an illegal syllable in Toki Pona, Dutch di becomes si.] Although only 14 roots (12%) are listed as derived from English, a large number of the Tok Pisin, Esperanto, and other roots are transparently cognate with English, raising the English-friendly portion of the vocabulary to about 30%. The portions of the lexicon from other languages are 15% Tok Pisin, 14% Finnish, 14% Esperanto, 12% Serbo-Croatian, 10% Acadian French, 9% Dutch, 8% Georgian, 5% Mandarin, 3% Cantonese; one root each from Welsh, Tongan (an English borrowing), Akan, and an uncertain language (apparently Swahili); four phonesthetic roots (two which are found in English, one from Japanese, and one which was made up); and one other made-up root (the grammatical particle ). Signed Toki Pona and Luka Pona Signed Toki Pona, or , is a manually coded form of Toki Pona. Each word and letter has its own sign, which is distinguished by the hand shape, location of the hand on the body, palm or finger orientation, and the usage of one or both hands. Most signs are performed with the right hand at the required location. A few signs, however, are performed with both hands in a symmetrical way. To form a sentence, each of the