until it was appropriated by the Rastafari movement in the middle of the 20th century. The Rastafari considered cannabis smoking to be a way to come closer to God, or Jah, an association that was greatly popularized by reggae icons such as Bob Marley and Peter Tosh in the 1960s and 70s. Economics Estimates claim that smokers cost the U.S. economy $97.6 billion a year in lost productivity and that an additional $96.7 billion is spent on public and private health care combined. This is over 1% of the gross domestic product. A male smoker in the United States that smokes more than one pack a day can expect an average increase of $19,000 just in medical expenses over the course of his lifetime. A U.S. female smoker that also smokes more than a pack a day can expect an average of $25,800 additional healthcare costs over her lifetime. See also Cigarette smoking for weight loss Electronic cigarette Outline of smoking Plain tobacco packaging Reverse smoking Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking Smoke social Varenicline Smoker's paradox Smoking in association football References Notes Ashes to Ashes: The History of Smoking and Health (1998) edited by S. Lock, L.A. Reynolds and E.M. Tansey 2nd ed. Rodopi. Coe, Sophie D. (1994) America's first cuisines Gately, Iain (2003) Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization Goldberg, Ray (2005) Drugs Across the Spectrum. 5th ed. Thomson Brooks/Cole. Greaves, Lorraine (2002) High Culture: Reflections on Addiction and Modernity. edited by Anna Alexander and Mark S. Roberts. State University of New York Press. James I of England, A Counterblaste to Tobacco Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: "The Book of General Ignorance". Faber & Faber, 2006 Marihuana and Medicine (1999), editor: Gabriel Nahas Robicsek, Francis (1978) The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History, and Religion Wilbert, Johannes (1993) Tobacco and Shamanism in South America Burns, Eric. The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007. Kulikoff, Allan. Tobacco & Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. External links BBC Headroom - Smoking advice Cigarette Smoking and Cancer – National Cancer Institute Smoking & Tobacco Use – Centers for Disease Control Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence – U.S. Department of Health and Human Services How to stop smoking – National Health Service UK NY Times: Responses to the targeting