Epicaridea is a former suborder of isopods, now treated as an infraorder in suborder Cymothoida. They are ectoparasites that inhabit other crustaceans, namely ostracods, copepods, barnacles and malacostracans. Epicarideans are found globally. Epicaridea are generally less well researched than other isopods. There is a high degree of sexual dimorphism within epicarideans. The female is commonly very asymmetrical, often losing segmentation. Two pairs of rudimentary antennae are carried on the head. Mouthparts show little development, with only mandibles and maxillipeds present, sometimes with a second pair of rudimentary maxillae. Males are of smaller size than females and of different appearance. Development is through regressive metamorphosis, undergoing two or three larval stages. The oldest trace fossils of epicarideans, comprising preserved damage to gills of fossilised crustaceans, goes back to the Late Jurassic, and a lost specimen from the Toarcian of Western New Guinea suggests that it may go back further to the Early Jurassic. Fossil epicaridean larvae are known from the Vendée amber of France and the Burmese amber of Myanmar, dating to the early Late Cretaceous, and also from Miocene aged Chiapas amber. Classification Eleven families are currently recognised within the suborder Epicaridea, divided into two superfamilies. Superfamily Bopyroidea Rafinesque, 1815 Bopyridae Rafinesque, 1815 Colypuridae Richardson, 1905 Entoniscidae Kossmann, 1881 Ionidae H. Milne Edwards, 1840 Superfamily Cryptoniscoidea Kossmann, 1880 Asconiscidae Bonnier, 1900 Cabiropidae Giard & Bonnier, 1887 Crinoniscidae Bonnier, 1900 Cryptoniscidae Kossmann, 1880 Cyproniscidae Giard & Bonnier, 1887 Dajidae Giard & Bonnier, 1887 Entoniscidae Kossmann, 1881 Hemioniscidae Bonnier, 1900 Podasconidae Giard & Bonnier, 1895 Stellatoniscidae Oanh & Boyko, 2020 References External links Isopoda