aitch-bone, through aphaeresis of n. Creation of productive affixes Many productive affixes have been created by rebracketing, such as -athon from Marathon, -holic from alcoholic, and so on. These unetymological affixes are libfixes. Examples The word hamburger's origins were in a form of ground meat dish originating from Hamburg, Germany (where it is still called Tartar steak). A possible bracketing for the original may be [[ham+burg]+er], but after its introduction into the United States, it was soon factorized as [ham+burger] (helped by ham being a form of meat). This led to the independent suffix -burger: chickenburger, fishburger, etc. In the original etymology, burg was town and burger was a resident, or something related to the town; after refactorization it becomes a chunk of meat for a sandwich, although a hamburger does not contain ham. The English word outrage is a loanword from French, where it was formed by combining the adverb outre (meaning "beyond") with the suffix -age; thus, the original literal meaning is "beyondness" – that is, beyond what is acceptable. The rebracketing as a compound of out- with the noun or verb rage has led to both a different pronunciation than the one to be expected for such a loanword (compare umbrage) and an additional meaning of "angry reaction" not present in French. The English helico•pter (from Greek heliko- ('turning') and pteron ('wing')) has been rebracketed to modern heli•copter (as in jetcopter, heliport). cybern•etics: (from Greek kubernān and -ētēs) has become modern cyber•netics (as in cyberspace). prosthodontics (= false teeth) is from prosth(o)- + Greek odont-; odont- = "tooth", and prostho- arose by misdivision of "prosthetic", which was treated as supposed stem prosth- and suffix -etic, but actually came from Greek pros = "in front of" and thē- (the root of the verb tithēmi = "I place"). The dog breed, Labrad•oodle (a cross between a Labrador Retriever and Poodle) has been rebracketed to Labra•doodle, leading to the "doodle" suffix in other Poodle crossbreeds such as the Goldendoodle and Aussiedoodle. The word alco•holic derives from alcohol (itself a junctureless rebracketing of Arabic al-kuḥl) and -ic. Words for other addictions have formed by treating holic as a suffix: workaholic, chocoholic, etc. In Romance languages, repeated rebracketing can change an initial l to an n (first removing the l by analyzing it as the definite article l, and then adding n by rebracketing from the indefinite article un), or the reverse.