soil or in dried plant roots where they can remain dormant for more than 10 years making the elimination of this virus very difficult. Modeling the spread of BNYV allows roguing of infected plants on the basis of surveillance. Stacy et al 2004 provides a model of BNYV in the United Kingdom and management strategies to be implemented. The most important form of management for BNYVV is water management. Because P. betae thrives in moist conditions, heavy rain and irrigation creating high soil moisture cause the most severe cases of disease inoculation. This makes water management crucial at the beginning of the growing season to the point where cultivators are encouraged to restrain from any type of irrigation for up to six weeks after first germination of the plant. Irrigation can also create runoff which can transfer infectious P. Betae to other healthy fields that will result in destruction of that field as well which makes water runoff management just as important as irrigation management. Another form of dispersal is a result of human interactions. The resting spores of P. Betae located in the soil can be picked up by farm contaminated machinery/tools, human movement, and livestock movement making the identification of infected fields very important. This infected soil can also be found in manure which can infect fields by using it as a fertilizer. Currently, treating infected soil is not only very difficult, but also very expensive. Some chemical use and fumigation has been found to only be somewhat effective, but the cost of either grossly outweighs the potential benefit. This makes avoiding cross contamination crucial for disease management. Infected fields should be isolated as much as possible due to the spread of the pathogen being possible via only small amounts of soil. Due to P. Betae being very difficult to kill, if avoiding contaminated soil is not possible than the use of disposable or rubber footwear is advised in order to ensure proper cleaning. Cleaning of footwear and machinery should be done at the infected site due to the little amount of pathogen it takes to start a widespread infection. Due to the difficulty of managing P. Betae, the most promising form of management is the pursuit of resistant crops. There has been a focus on two genes in particular, Rz1 from B. vulgaris spp. vulgaris and Rz2 from B. vulgaris spp. maritima. These genes focus on restricting