Wilhelm I leading to the Ems Telegram. Emma was the mother of Agénor de Gramont, 11th Duke of Gramont William Alexander Mackinnon (1813–1903), who was also an M.P. Lauchlan Bellingham Mackinnon (1814–1877), who was a Royal Navy captain and wrote three books. Louisa Harriet Mackinnon (–1902), who married Thomas Cochrane, 11th Earl of Dundonald. Daniel Lionel Mackinnon (1824–1854) was killed at Inkerman in 1854. As his wife predeceased her father, Mackinnon inherited Joseph Palmer's estates on his death. The inheritance included the estates of Greenscoe and Greenhaume near Dalton in Furness. Mackinnon and the RSPCA Mackinnon's religious and ‘gentlemanly’ morals drove his enthusiasm for animal welfare. During the late eighteenth century, a new type of humanitarianism was developed through evangelical piety and romanticised ideology, which advertised the plight of animals. In Britain, animals had generally been regarded ‘as man’s property, to be treated as he pleased’, however, according to Arthur W. Moss, during the nineteenth century, various organisations progressed in daring ‘to take as their objectives the prevention of cruelty to animals’. Founded in London as the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals by Reverend Arthur Broome and Richard Martin in 1824, the charity was granted Royal status by Queen Victoria in 1840 and became the RSPCA as it is known today. From 1824, the RSPCA began concentrating on cruelty in London's meat markets, but its ambitions were not restricted to Britain's borders. Humanitarians such as William Alexander Mackinnon were eager to reduce Britain's national association with cruel sports as well as tackling cruelty overseas. Brian Harrison notes that during the 1836 annual meeting of the Society, Mackinnon took pride in the fact that ‘to Englishmen alone is the credit due, of having been the first to take up the cause of the suffering dumb creation’. Mackinnon's role in the RSPCA was invaluable. The Society could not promote legislation of Acts of Parliament to protect animals and birds, so instead relied on the prerogative of individual MPs and governments. Mackinnon was able to present a Parliamentary Bill ‘for consolidating and amending the laws relating to the cruel and improper treatment of animals’. This initial Bill was initially unsuccessful, however, it paved the way for a partnership with Joseph Pease, MP for South Durham, who, like Mackinnon, was a member of the Society of Friends, and on the RSPCA Committee. The two worked in conjuncture, creating another Bill –