the use of chemical weapons in the 1920s by the Spanish army. In 1958, some Riffians revolted against the government. In the decades that followed, the Rif region has witnessed popular demonstrations and demands for better education, healthcare and job opportunities. A resurgent Riffian popular movement in 2010, their protests in 2013 and protests in 2017 for hogra – a humiliating treatment by an abusive state, has drawn public attention, as well as claims of brutal suppression by Moroccan authorities. Tribes and tribal groups The Rifians are divided into these tribes and tribal groups: Ait Ammart Ait Touzine Ait Waryagher Ait Boufrah Mestassa Metiwa Targuist Ait Stout (Arabic speaking) Ait Bouyahyi Ait Said Ait Tourich Ait Itteft Igzenayen Ibdarsen Ibaqouyen Ikebdanen Iqer'iyen Ait Tafarsite Ait Temsamane People of Rifian descent Anwar Elyounoussi M'hamed Ababou Mohamed Ababou Ahmed Aboutaleb Ibrahim Afellay Selim Amallah Mohamed Amekrane Sellam Amezian Mohammed Ameziane Nordin Amrabat Sofyan Amrabat Oussama Assaidi Mohamed Aujjar Jamal Ben Saddik Mohamed Choukri Najat El Hachmi Massinissa Akandouch Munir El Haddadi Mounir El Hamdaoui Ilyas El Omari Omar Elabdellaoui Mohamed ibn Abdelkrim El-Khattabi El Mortada Iamrachen Mohamed Ihattaren Khalid Izri Abdelouafi Laftit Ali Lmrabet Ahmed Marcouch Mohamed Medbouh Munir Mohamedi Achraf Ouchen Adel Taarabt Driss Temsamani Najat Vallaud-Belkacem Nasser Zefzafi Mohammed Ziane Salima Ziani See also Ghomara language. Senhaja de Srair language. Senhaja de Srair in Central Rif. Ghomara in Western Rif. Jbala in Western Rif. Beni Iznasen in Eastern Rif. Beni Snous Tlemcen, Western Algeria. References External links Berber peoples and tribes Berbers in Morocco Indigenous peoples of North Africa Ethnic groups in Morocco Muslim communities in Africa