sender and receiver influences how credible the receiver thinks the sender is and how suspicious the sender thinks the receiver is. 17. Receiver detection accuracy, bias, and judgments of sender credibility after an interaction are functions of receiver cognition (suspicion and truth bias), receiver decoding skill and final sender behavior. 18. Sender perceived deception success is a function of final sender cognition (perceived suspicion) and receiver behavior. Strategic and Non Strategic Linguistic Behavior Strategic linguistic behavior: Information and image management is most relevant to language use during deception; there are three sub-strategies that can be used for this: Reticence (reserving or restraining) Reticence is a very common way of creating deception; it is withholding truthful information, and/or reducing the amount of specificity in content details. Vagueness and Uncertainty The message becomes evasive and ambiguous through language choices. Non-Immediacy Reduces the degree of directness and intensity of the interaction between the communicator and the object or the event communicated about. This has the effect of distancing senders from their messages. Receiver's role Although most people believe they can spot deception, IDT posits that they cannot. A deceiver must manage his or her verbal and nonverbal cues to ensure that what they are saying appears true. According to IDT, the more socially aware a receiver is, the better he or she is at detecting deceit. Humans have a predisposition to believe what they are told. This is referred to as a "truth bias." In a common social agreement, people are honest with one another and believe that others will be honest with them. If a deceiver begins a deceptive exchange with an accurate statement, the statement may induce the receiver to believe the rest of the deceiver's story is also true. The sender prepares the receiver to accept his or her information as truth, even if some (or all) of the dialogue is false. If the sender repeats the same tactic, the receiver will become more aware that the sender is lying. When suspicion is aroused in the receiver, there are a variety of ways that this suspicion can be expressed. Buller and Burgoon (1996) emphasized that there is no uniform receiver style to express suspicion, but instead is expressed through a variety of ways that they had discovered in previous research. According to Buller et al. (1991), receivers often utilize follow-up questions to question their deceivers if they begin to detect