frequent abreactions of birth trauma in his patients and this was to guide his research for the rest of his life. He said: I was assured by neurologists that the nervous system of the baby was such that it was out of the question that any memory to do with birth could be reliably recorded as fact. I relayed my incredulity to my patients, and, as always happens in such cases, they tended thereafter to suppress what I was evidently unprepared, for so-called scientific reasons, to believe. But then a number of cases emerged in which the reliving of specific birth injuries, of forceps delivery, of the cord round the neck, of the stretched brachial plexus, and various other dramatic episodes were so vivid, so unmistakable in their origin, and afterwards confirmed by the mother or other reliable informants, that my suspicion was shaken... At the end of the sixties the value of Reichian and bio-energetic techniques broke upon us, and we discovered that deeper breathing alone was a sufficient catalyst for primal recapitulation and assimilation. Nothing more 'chemical' than that was necessary, so we stopped using LSD. Clinical Theology, xx, quoted in Maret, op. cit. Lake's LSD research was conducted from 1954 to 1970. In the later decade he evaluated many new techniques including transactional analysis, primal therapy, gestalt therapy, and Re-evaluation Counseling. Lake died from pancreatic cancer in May 1982. See also Pre- and perinatal psychology Body psychotherapy Somatic psychology References Bibliography Geoffrey Victor Whitfield, The Prenatal Psychology of Frank Lake and the Origins of Sin and Human Dysfunction (Lexington, KY: Emeth Press, 2007). Frank Lake. Clinical Theology – A Theological and Psychiatric Basis for Clinical Pastoral Care (Lexington, KY: Emeth Press, 2007). 1914 births 1982 deaths People from Aughton, Lancashire British psychiatrists Indian Medical Service officers Alumni of the University of Edinburgh 20th-century English medical doctors