denounced as an enemy of reason, as a pietist, and as a Jesuit in disguise, and was especially attacked for his use of the ambiguous term Glaube (German: "belief, faith"). Willi Goetschel argues that Jacobi's publication significantly shaped the reception of Spinoza's doctrine for centuries following its publication, obscuring the nuance of Spinoza's philosophic work. The Pantheism controversy is also notable for its development of and influence upon prominent philosophical terms in German culture, including the idea of nihilism and claims that God is dead. Jacobi's next important work, David Hume Über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (1787), was an attempt to show not only that the term Glaube had been used by the most eminent writers to denote what he had employed it for in the Letters on Spinoza, but that the nature of the cognition of facts as opposed to the construction of inferences could not be otherwise expressed. In this writing, and especially in the appendix, Jacobi came into contact with the critical philosophy, and subjected the Kantian view of knowledge to searching examination. The attraction of Spinoza's philosophy to late eighteenth-century Europeans was that it provided an alternative to materialism, atheism, and deism. Three of Spinoza's ideas strongly appealed to them: the unity of all that exists, the regularity of all that happens, and the identity of spirit and nature. At the dawn of the first remarkable Spinoza revival in history, the break of the Pantheismusstreit marked the moment in which Baruch Spinoza's radical thinking moved from the clandestine underground to the center of the public debate and Spinoza's impact on Western thinking became public. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Spinoza's thought was a vital force in the development of German philosophy and culture in general. From the age of Leibniz–Wolff to Lessing–Mendelssohn–Jacobi–Herder to Fichte–Schleiermacher–Hegel–Schelling to Feuerbach–Hess–Marx–Engels to Nietzsche to Haeckel, Spinoza's philosophy was especially both an immense source of inspiration and challenge for almost every major German thinker, including both the idealists and materialists. Spinoza's influence on German literary luminaries, particularly the Romantics, was highly significant from the age of Lessing to Goethe–Hölderlin–Novalis–Schlegel–Heine. See also Atheism dispute Spinozism References German idealism 1780s in the Holy Roman Empire History of philosophy controversy Neo-Spinozism Spinoza studies Philosophical debates