chest and lateral sternum. In the US, the two basic projections are a 15 to 20 degree Right Anterior Oblique and a Lateral. Sternoclavicular Joints - Are usually ordered as a single PA and a Right and Left 15 degree Right Anterior Obliques in the US. Shoulders These include: AP-projection 40° posterior oblique after Grashey The body has to be rotated about 30 to 45 degrees towards the shoulder to be imaged, and the standing or sitting patient lets the arm hang. This method reveals the joint gap and the vertical alignment towards the socket. Transaxillary projection The arm should be abducted 80 to 100 degrees. This method reveals: The horizontal alignment of the humerus head in respect to the socket, and the lateral clavicle in respect to the acromion. Lesions of the anterior and posterior socket border or of the tuberculum minus. The eventual non-closure of the acromial apophysis. The coraco-humeral interval Y-projection The lateral contour of the shoulder should be positioned in front of the film in a way that the longitudinal axis of the scapula continues parallel to the path of the rays. This method reveals: The horizontal centralization of the humerus head and socket. The osseous margins of the coraco-acromial arch and hence the supraspinatus outlet canal. The shape of the acromion This projection has a low tolerance for errors and accordingly needs proper execution. The Y-projection can be traced back to Wijnblath’s 1933 published cavitas-en-face projection. In the UK, the standard projections of the shoulder are AP and Lateral Scapula or Axillary Projection. Extremities A projectional radiograph of an extremity confers an effective dose of approximately 0.001 mSv, comparable to a background radiation equivalent time of 3 hours. The standard projection protocols in the UK are: Clavicle - AP and AP Cranial Humerus - AP and Lateral Elbow - AP and Lateral. Radial head projections available on request Radius and Ulna - AP and Lateral Wrist - DP and Lateral Scaphoid - DP with Ulna deviation, Lateral, Oblique and DP with 30° angulation Hip joint: AP and Lateral. The Lauenstein projection a form of examination of the hip joint emphasizing the relationship of the femur to the acetabulum. The knee of the affected leg is flexed, and the thigh is drawn up to nearly a right angle. This is also called the frog-leg position. Applications include X-ray of hip dysplasia. Hand - DP and Oblique