scholars, including Leonard Jenyns and John Ellor Taylor. In 1873 the family moved to Combe-Hay rectory, Bath, where her father was the Rector, and Layard continued her collecting. She travelled around the world via New Zealand in 1878–9. Archaeological work Remarkably for the time, Layard directed multiple archaeological excavations. Her first, in 1898, was the Blackfriars monastery, Ipswich. Here she succeeded in locating the foundations walls of the medieval buildings. From 1902-05, she conducted excavations at the paleolithic site of Foxhall Road (Ipswich), arguably her most important contribution to the disciplines of archaeology and prehistory. Layard's work at Foxhall Road provided important evidence for the antiquity of humans (existence before the Ice Age), and her analysis of the stone tools discovered there enhanced understandings of the process of stone tool manufacture. In 1906-07, she excavated the Hadleigh Road site (Ipswich), an Anglo-Saxon cemetery under threat from a road-expansion project. Her work here documented 159 graves and their grave goods. The objects recovered were sent to the Ipswich Museum and her work on the site was published by the Society of Antiquaries (London), although as a women, she herself was not allowed entry into the Society. Personal life Layard moved to Ipswich in about 1890. Around 1895 she met and began a relationship with author, lecturer, and watercolourist Mary Frances Outram, daughter of Indian Civil Service official Sir Francis Outram, of Chantry House, Felixstowe, and granddaughter of Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet. The two women- who "had private means, influential family and social connections, and the leisure to pursue their interests"- lived together at "The Dowches", Kelvedon, Essex. Outram helped Layard in her research, and provided illustrations and transcriptions. Outram died on 31 May 1935; Layard died soon after on 12 August 1935. They were buried in a shared grave. References Selected publications Sources S.J. Plunkett 1994, 'Nina Layard, Hadleigh Road and Ipswich Museum 1905-1908', Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology, 38(2), go to 164–166;167–192. S.J. Plunkett 1994, Guardians of the Gipping: Anglo-Saxon Treasures from Hadleigh Road, Ipswich (Ipswich Borough Council 1994). S.J. Plunkett 1995, 'Nina Layard and the Sub-Crag committee of 1910', in A. Longcroft and R. Joby (Eds), East Anglian Studies — Essays presented to J C Barringer (Norwich, Marwood), 211–222. S.J. Plunkett 1997, 'Hamlet Watling 1818-1908: artist and antiquary', Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 39, 48–75. S.J. Plunkett 1999, 'Nina Frances Layard, Prehistorian (1835-1953)', in