beatified hundreds of the victims (498 in one 2007 ceremony, the largest single number of beatifications in its history). There was infighting between the Republican factions, and that the Communists following Stalinism under the Communist Party of Spain, declared the POUM, the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (an anti-Stalinist communist party), to be an illegal organization, along with the Anarchists. The Stalinists betrayed and committed mass atrocities on the other Republican factions, such as torture and mass executions. George Orwell would record this in his Homage to Catalonia as well as write Nineteen Eighty-Four and Animal Farm to criticize Stalinism. Background The revolution of 1931 that established the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Constitution of 1931 also brought to power an anticlerical government. The relationship between the new, secular Republic and the Catholic Church was fraught from the start. Cardinal Pedro Segura y Sáenz, the primate of Spain, urged Catholics to vote in future elections against the ruling political parties that wanted to destroy religion. Those who sought to lead the 'ordinary faithful' had insisted that Catholics had only one political choice, the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA): "Voting for the CEDA was presented as a simple duty; good Catholics would go to Mass on Sunday and support the political right". The constitution respected civil liberties and representation, but in articles 26 and 27 placed restrictions on the church's use of its own property and banned religious orders from running schools or engaging in education. Even advocates of church/state separation saw the constitution as hostile; one such advocate, José Ortega y Gasset, stated, "the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me". In a speech delivered on 28 November 1932, at the Madrid Ateneo, the poet Miguel de Unamuno, one of the founding fathers of the Second Spanish Republic, angrily denounced the increasingly repressive and illegal domestic policies of Prime Minister Manuel Azaña: "Even the Inquisition was limited by certain legal guarantees. But now we have something worse: a police force which is grounded only on a general sense of panic and on the invention of non-existent dangers to cover up this over-stepping of the law." In 1933, Pope Pius XI also condemned the Spanish Republican Government's deprivation of the religious toleration for Catholics in the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis. Since the left considered reform of the anticlerical aspects of