corresponding to each of these conditions. Factors controlling shear strength of soils The stress-strain relationship of soils, and therefore the shearing strength, is affected by: soil composition (basic soil material): mineralogy, grain size and grain size distribution, shape of particles, pore fluid type and content, ions on grain and in pore fluid. state (initial): Defined by the initial void ratio, effective normal stress and shear stress (stress history). State can be described by terms such as: loose, dense, overconsolidated, normally consolidated, stiff, soft, contractive, dilative, etc. structure: Refers to the arrangement of particles within the soil mass; the manner the particles are packed or distributed. Features such as layers, joints, fissures, slickensides, voids, pockets, cementation, etc., are part of the structure. Structure of soils is described by terms such as: undisturbed, disturbed, remoulded, compacted, cemented; flocculent, honey-combed, single-grained; flocculated, deflocculated; stratified, layered, laminated; isotropic and anisotropic. Loading conditions: Effective stress path, i.e., drained, and undrained; and type of loading, i.e., magnitude, rate (static, dynamic), and time history (monotonic, cyclic). Undrained strength This term describes a type of shear strength in soil mechanics as distinct from drained strength. Conceptually, there is no such thing as the undrained strength of a soil. It depends on a number of factors, the main ones being: Orientation of stresses Stress path Rate of shearing Volume of material (like for fissured clays or rock mass) Undrained strength is typically defined by Tresca theory, based on Mohr's circle as: σ1 - σ3 = 2 Su Where: σ1 is the major principal stress σ3 is the minor principal stress is the shear strength (σ1 - σ3)/2 hence, = Su (or sometimes cu), the undrained strength. It is commonly adopted in limit equilibrium analyses where the rate of loading is very much greater than the rate at which pore water pressure - generated due to the action of shearing the soil - dissipates. An example of this is rapid loading of sands during an earthquake, or the failure of a clay slope during heavy rain, and applies to most failures that occur during construction. As an implication of undrained condition, no elastic volumetric strains occur, and thus Poisson's ratio is assumed to remain 0.5 throughout shearing. The Tresca soil model also assumes no plastic volumetric strains occur. This is of significance in more advanced analyses such as in finite element analysis. In these advanced analysis methods, soil models other