than £10-£15 for a pair. Closings includes various forms of lacing and rolled leather toggles, and vary by time period. Topbands (a method of edging at the ankle opening) are also common. More than half of Northern-European turnshoes were embroidered, with the embroidery recessed into the leather. Silk is the most common material for embroidery; linen was also used. Turnshoes can be made with basic sewing skills but no shoemaking experience, though practice, and using a broken-in, well-worn turnshoe as a pattern, improves fit. Historically, they were often initially roughly-cut, and fine cutting and fitting were done over wooden lasts; modernly they are usually cut carefully to shape, then sewn without lasts. In the latter case, it is the pattern, instead of the last, which needs to match the shape of the foot. Turnshoes were most often made in the home. See also Shoe Crakow; pointy toes Duckbill shoe; wide toes Bast shoe, used from prehistory to the 20th century References External links (reconstructions) (includes pattern-drafting) (pre-drawn patterns) An example of turnshoe construction Medieval European costume Shoes Articles containing video clips