black Madonna holding the baby Jesus in his church and renamed the church The Shrine of the Black Madonna. In 1970, the Shrine of the Black Madonna was later renamed Pan African Orthodox Christian Church, the black Christian nationalist movement. More shrines were made in Kalamazoo, Atlanta and Houston. The mission of the shrines was, and is, to bring the black community back to a more conscious understanding of their African history, in order to effect positive progression as a whole. Cleage then changed his name to Jaramogi Abebe Agyeman, meaning "liberator, holy man, savior of the nation" in Swahili. Agyeman did not believe in integration for the blacks. He thought that it was important for them to be able to obtain and maintain an economic, political, and social environment of their own. He founded the City-wide Citizens Action Committee to help with black business. He promoted the education of the black children by black teachers. Writings Cleage's book The Black Messiah, which depicted Jesus as a revolutionary leader, was published in 1968. Cleage thought it was important to change the idea of a "white" Jesus to a "black" Jesus to help the African-American population and establish the truth behind Jesus' racial identity. The book may be based on the book Ethiopian Manifesto by Robert Young. Cleage's second book, published in 1972, was called Black Christian Nationalism. It was focused on the idea that Jesus was black and that he was to save the black population. He stated that if blacks believed this then they would be able to correct their economic and political issues. This book taught that it was the black population as a whole that mattered not as an individual as Christianity taught. Cleage wanted to save the black people as a whole. This book introduced the Black Christian Nationalist Movement as its own denomination. Selected bibliography "The Death of Fear. "Focus on Detroit" edition. November 1967. Vol. 17, No. 1. Johnson Publishing Company. The Black Messiah . New York: Sheed and Ward, 1968. (Reprint: Africa World Press, 1989.) Myths about Malcolm X: Two Views (with George Breitman). University of California: Merit Publishers, 1968. Black Christian Nationalism: New Directions for the Black Church New York: W. Morrow, 1972 Notes External links Shrine of the Black Madonna Bookstore and Cultural Center Jaramogi Abebe Agyeman Albert Cleage Albert Cleage biography, Detroit African-American History Project "Intro to Afro-American Studies" "Cleage,