small church dedicated to the Madonna. Nearby was found a cylindrical boundary stone, also of Roman origin. The markings show this area once served as a transit point for people, animals, and goods that made their way from the mountain areas to the nearby city of Teramo. On the trail leading upwards to the overlooking hill called Caselle were uncovered several earthenware terracotta pieces along with coins from the late Roman era. The first document citing Villa Ripa dates back to the year 1178, this being a listing of the landholdings under the jurisdiction of Attone, who at the time was the bishop of Teramo. This decree demonstrates that the history of Villa Ripa has long been intertwined with that of nearby Teramo, and the Diocese of Teramo-Atri. Portions of these documents indicate that the lay jurisdiction and administration of Villa Ripa was entrusted to powerful local families who in turn exercised the power bequeathed to them. Somewhat later, the land was overseen jointly by the Catholic Church in collaboration with several dukes and counts who were closely connected via feudal ties with the kings and queens residing in Naples. One very important ducal document attributed to Giosia d'Aqcuaviva dates to 1424 and gives confirmation to fact that Villa Ripa was at that time incorporated into the Commune (at that time referred to as the "university") of Teramo. In 1607 the new parish church, located in the center of the village, was consecrated. It was dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours with a festival in his honor taking place every year on 11 November. Prior to this time another church likely existed at a lower elevation on the border of the Tordino plain. This church on the Tordino plain, along with a small church in the neighboring village Rocciano on an adjacent hill, constituted one united church parish. The church of Saint Martin and the accompanying bell tower was renovated in the years 1755, 1762, 1852, 1968 and, most recently, in 2007. Notes and references Frazioni of the Province of Teramo Teramo