symbols, see English phonology). The first two are examples of affrication. Unlike yod-dropping, yod-coalescence frequently occurs with clusters that would be considered to span a syllable boundary and so commonly occurs before unstressed syllables. For example, in educate, the cluster would not usually be subject to yod-dropping in General American, as the is assigned to the previous syllable, but it commonly coalesces to . Here are a few examples of yod-coalescence universal in all English dialects: in most words ending -ture, such as nature in soldier in words ending with -ssure such as pressure (also in words ending with consonant+sure, consonant+sion, -tion) in words ending vowel+sure such as measure (also vowel+sion) In some other words, the coalesced pronunciation is common in English dialects around the world, but an older non-coalesced form still exists among some speakers of standard British English: educate (also in standard RP: ) azure (also in RP ) issue (also in RP ), the intermediate form being also common Coalescence can even occur across word boundaries, as in the colloquial "gotcha" (for got you ) and "whatcha" (for what're you ). In certain English accents, yod-coalescence also occurs in stressed syllables, as in tune and dune. That occurs only in Australian, Cockney, Estuary English, Zimbabwean English, some speakers of Hiberno-English, Newfoundland English, South African English, and to a certain extent in New Zealand English, many speakers in Scottish English, and even some varieties of English in Asia, like Philippine English (many speakers because of the influence by the phonology of their mother languages). That results in pronunciations such as the following: dew/due (RP: ) tune (RP: ) In certain varieties such as Australian and Ugandan English, stressed can also coalesce: resume (RP: ) assume (RP: ) That can lead to additional homophony; for instance, dew and due come to be pronounced the same as Jew. Yod-coalescence has traditionally been resisted in Received Pronunciation. It has certainly become established in words of the first group listed above (nature, soldier, pressure etc.), but it is not yet universal in those of the second group (educate etc.), and it does not generally occur in those of the third group (dew, tune etc.). See also List of yod-dropping and coalescence homophones on Wiktionary. Other initial cluster reductions Reduction of /wr/ and /wl/ Old and Middle English had an initial cluster (note that /r/ does not denote here), hence the spelling of