have antiinflammatory properties. Several researchers have studied this taxon. Heinrich Carl Haussknecht in the late 19th century and Peter H. Raven about a century later researched the phylogeny, systematics, and taxonomy of willowherbs. Peter Michaelis' studies of this genus paved the way for understanding of extranuclear inheritance in plants. Species The National Museum of Natural History recognizes an intermediate number of about 197 species in 10 sections, and consider the former section Chamaenerion (=Chamerion), as a distinct genus. Other sources may list one or two dozen species, more or less: Section Boisduvalia Epilobium densiflorum – denseflower willowherb, dense spike-primrose, dense boisduvalia Epilobium pallidum – largeflower spike-primrose Epilobium pygmaeum – pygmy willowherb, smooth boisduvalia Epilobium subdentatum Epilobium torreyi – Torrey's willowherb, brook spike-primrose Section Cordylophorum Subsection Nuttalia Epilobium suffruticosum – shrubby willowherb Subsection Petrolobium Epilobium nevadense – Nevada willowherb Epilobium nivium – Snow Mountain willowherb Section Crossostigma Epilobium foliosum – leafy willowherb, California willowherb Epilobium minutum – chaparral willowherb, desert willowherb, smallflower willowherb Section Epilobiopsis Epilobium campestre Epilobium cleistogamum – selfing willowherb Section Macrocarpa Epilobium rigidum – stiff willowherb, Siskiyou Mountains willowherb Section Xerolobium Epilobium brachycarpum – tall willowherb, tall annual willowherb, tall fireweed, panicled willowherb Section Zauschneria Epilobium canum – Zauschneria, California-fuchsia, hummingbird flower, hummingbird trumpet Epilobium septentrionale – northern willowherb, Humboldt County fuchsia Section Epilobium Epilobium aitchisonii Epilobium algidum Epilobium alpinum Epilobium alpestre Epilobium alsinifolium – chickweed willowherb Epilobium alsinoides Epilobium alsinoides ssp. alsinoides Epilobium alsinoides ssp. atriplicifolium Epilobium alsinoides ssp. tenuipes Epilobium amurense Epilobium amurense ssp. amurense Epilobium amurense ssp. cephalostigma Epilobium anagallidifolium – alpine willowherb, pimpernel willowherb Epilobium anatolicum Epilobium anatolicum ssp. anatolicum Epilobium anatolicum ssp. prionophyllum Epilobium angustum Epilobium arcticum – Arctic willowherb Epilobium astonii Epilobium atlanticum Epilobium australe Epilobium barbeyanum Epilobium billardierianum – glabrous willowherb Epilobium billardierianum ssp. billardierianum Epilobium billardierianum ssp. cinereum Epilobium billardierianum ssp. hydrophilum Epilobium billardierianum ssp. intermedium Epilobium blinii Epilobium brevifolium Epilobium brevifolium ssp. brevifolium Epilobium brevifolium ssp. trichoneurum Epilobium brevipes Epilobium brevisquamatum Epilobium brunnescens – New Zealand willowherb Epilobium brunnescens ssp. beaugleholei Epilobium brunnescens ssp. brunnescens Epilobium brunnescens ssp. minutiflorum Epilobium capense Epilobium chionanthum Epilobium chitralense Epilobium chlorifolium Epilobium ciliatum – fringed willowherb, American willowherb Epilobium clarkeanum Epilobium clavatum – talus willowherb, clavatefruit willowherb Epilobium collinum Epilobium coloratum – purpleleaf willowherb Epilobium confertifolium Epilobium confusum Epilobium conjungens Epilobium crassum Epilobium curtisiae Epilobium cylindricum Epilobium davuricum – Daurian willowherb Epilobium densifolium Epilobium denticulatum Epilobium detzneranum Epilobium duriaei Epilobium fangii Epilobium fastigiatoramosum