without fornication; the man who eats a forbidden thing like blood, or dead animal which suffers natural death, or meat that is slaughtered in an unlawful manner; the man who steals a thing lying in open or one whose value is unclear; the man who debases the commodities such as foodstuffs and clothes, or who gives short measure of capacity or weight; the man who bears false witness or encourages others to bear false witness; the judge who judges contrary to what Allah has enjoined; the non-Muslim or Muslim engaged in espionage; the man who questions Qadi's opinion or challenges the views of other Muslims; Numerous other offenses are included in Tazir category. Tazir punishments Tazir punishments were common in Sharia courts. Punishments vary with the nature of crime and include a prison term, flogging, a fine, banishment, and seizure of property. The sixteenth-century Egyptian jurist Ibn Nujaym said that taʿzīr could consist of lashing, slapping, rubbing the ears, a stern telling-off, disparagement short of slander, or an angry look from the judge. Execution is allowed in cases such as practices which split the Muslim community, espionage on behalf of an enemy of the Muslim state. All four schools of fiqh (Madhhab), namely Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali, permit the death penalty at the discretion of the state or Qadi, for certain Tazir offenses if it is proven by at two least witnesses or a self confession. Contemporary application Brunei introduced Tazir into its Syariah Penal Code Order effective 2014. Tazir crimes in Brunei now include offenses such as failing to perform Friday prayers by anyone above 15 years old, any Muslim disrespecting the month of Ramadan, and khalwat (dating or any form of close proximity between unrelated members of opposite sex). Iran introduced Tazir into its legal code after the 1979 Revolution, naming the section as Qanon-e Tazir. These Tazir laws allow prosecution of offenses such as illicit kissing, failing to wear proper head dress such as hejab, and making critical statements against judges and members of the Council of Guardians. See also Hudud Qisas Sharia Further reading Wael Hallaq (2009), An introduction to Islamic law. Cambridge University Press. . References Arabic words and phrases Islamic criminal jurisprudence Punishments in religion Islamic terminology Islam and capital punishment