of his life he rewrote the orchestration to his Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra. Pijper died in Utrecht on 18 March 1947. Music Pijper quickly chose his own path as a composer. The difference in style between his First Symphony (Pan; 1917) (in which Mahler's influence is evident) and the Second (1921) is significant, and between 1918 and 1922 he grew into one of the more advanced composers in Europe. In each successive work he went a step further, starting from his conception that every work of art arises out of a number of "germ cells" (somewhat akin to Igor Stravinsky's early "cell technique"). From 1919, Pijper's music can be described as polytonal. Yet there is no question of Pijper's consciously abandoning tonality; rather his polyphonic way of thinking and his sense of counterpoint made his harmonic style evolve in that direction. In that sense, he stands quite close to the music of his contemporary Matthijs Vermeulen, but his music does not quite reach the ecstatic level of Vermeulen's. Nonetheless, Pijper remained a composer of strong emotional character, to which his Third Symphony (1926) bears witness. In Pijper's later works the harmonic expression seems at times to approach monotonality. The octatonic scale has been called the "Pijper scale" in Dutch. As a teacher, Pijper had a great influence on modern Dutch music, teaching many prominent Dutch composers of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. He was senior teacher of instrumentation at the Amsterdam Conservatoire, and from 1930 until his death in 1947 he acted as principal of the Rotterdam Conservatoire. List of works Orchestral music Symphony No. 1 Pan (1917) Symphony No. 2 (1921) Symphony No. 3 (1926) Six Adagios (1940) Six Symphonic Epigrams (1928) Concerto for Piano & Orchestra (1927) Orchestral Piece with Piano (1915) Concerto for Violin & Orchestra (1938–39) Concerto for Violoncello Solo & Orchestra (1936/47) Chamber music Septet for flute/piccolo, oboe/English horn, clarinet, bassoon, horn, double bass & piano (1920) Sextet for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1923) Phantasie for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn & piano (1927) on Mozart's Phantasie für eine Spieluhr, 1791 Quintet for woodwinds: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon & horn (1929) String Quartet No. 1 (1914) String Quartet No. 2 (1920) String Quartet No. 3 (1923) String Quartet No. 4 (1928) String Quartet No. 5 (1946) Quattro Pezzi Antichi for 3 violins & violoncello (1923) Trio for flute, clarinet & bassoon