German ). In High Alemannic, only the geminate is preserved as an affricate, whereas in the other positions, has been simplified to , e.g. High Alemannic 'to adhere, stick' (cf. German ). Initial does occur to a certain extent in modern High Alemannic in place of any k in loanwords, e.g. 'Caribbean' (?), and occurs where + , e.g. 'laborious work', from the verb . Phase 3 The third phase, which had the most limited geographical range, saw the voiced plosives become voiceless. b > p d > t g > k Of these, only the dental shift d > t universally finds its way into standard German (though with relatively many exceptions, partly due to Low and Central German influence). The other two occur in standard German only in original geminates, e.g. , vs. Dutch , "rib, bridge". For single consonants, b > p and g > k are restricted to High Alemannic German in Switzerland, and south Bavarian dialects in Austria. This phase has been dated as early as the 4th century, though this is highly debated. The first certain examples of the shift are from the (, oldest extant manuscript after 650), a Latin text of the Lombards. Lombard personal names show > , having , , for , , . According to most scholars, the pre-Old High German runic inscriptions of show no convincing trace of the consonant shift. This shift probably began in the 8th or 9th century, after the first and second phases ceased to be productive; otherwise the resulting voiceless plosives would have shifted further to fricatives and affricates. In those words in which an Indo-European voiceless plosive became voiced as a result of Verner's law, phase three of the High German shift returns this to its original value (*t > d > t): PIE * > early Proto-Germanic (t > /θ/ by the first Germanic consonant shift) > late Proto-Germanic (/θ/ > /ð/ by Verner's law) > West-Germanic * (/ð/ > d by West Germanic sound change) > Old High German (d > t by the second Germanic consonant shift) Examples: OE : OHG (English do, Dutch , Low German , German ) OE : OHG (English mother, Dutch , Low German , German ) OE : OHG (English red, Dutch , Low German , German ) OE : OHG or (English bid, Dutch , Low German , German , Bavarian )