also is only partly completed in Central German, with Ripuarian and Moselle Franconian retaining a fricative pronunciation. For example: Colognian , Luxembourgish , meaning "he lives". > The Proto-Germanic voiced dental fricative , which was an allophone of in certain positions, became a plosive in all positions throughout the West Germanic languages. Thus, it affected High German, Low German, Dutch, Frisian and Old English alike. It did not spread to Old Norse, which retained the original fricative. Because of its much wider spread, it must have occurred very early, during Northwest Germanic times, perhaps around the 2nd century. English has partially reversed this shift through the change > , for example in father, mother, gather and together. In dialects with th-stopping, either disappears and merges with or becomes a dental plosive that contrasts with the alveolar . In phase 3 of the High German consonant shift, this was shifted to , as described above. > The West Germanic voiced velar fricative shifted to in Upper German dialects of Old High German in all positions. This change is believed to be early and complete by the 8th century at the latest. Since the existence of a was necessary for the south German shift > , this must at least predate phase 3 of the core High German consonant shift. The same change occurred independently in Anglo-Frisian (c. 10th century for Old English, as suggested by changing patterns of alliteration), except when preceding or following a front vowel where it had earlier undergone Anglo-Frisian palatalisation and ended up as . Southern Dutch has retained the original , despite the fact it is spelled with , rendering it indistinguishable in writing from its counterparts in other languages. In Northern Dutch, all instances of initial have merged with the voiceless due to the lack of minimal pairs (in dialects that strongly distinguish between the two sounds, word-initial appears only in loanwords). Southern Dutch , Northern Dutch : German , English good Southern Dutch , Northern Dutch : German : English yesterday , West Frisian The shift is only partly complete in Central German. Most Central German dialects have fricative pronunciation for between vowels () and in coda position (). Ripuarian has word-initially, e.g. Colognian "good". In standard German, fricative is found in coda position in unstressed ( "blessed" but feminine ). One will still very frequently hear fricative in coda position in other cases