misattributing the familiarity to seeing the individual committing the crime. This is a source-monitoring error, where the familiarity is misattributed and unconsciously transferred to an innocent bystander.<ref>Read, J. Don (1994), Understanding bystander misidentifications: The role of familiarity and contextual knowledge, Adult Eyewitness Testimony, Cambridge University Press, pp. 56–79, , retrieved 2019-12-02</ref> See also Familiarity heuristic. Own-group recognition bias Witnesses are more likely to correctly identify the faces of those with whom they share common features, such as race, age, and gender.Chance, J. E., & Goldstein, A. G. (1996). "The other-race effect and eyewitness identification". https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-99115-006 See also Cross-race effect, In-group favoritism, Sex differences in eyewitness memory. Framing bias Subtle framing characteristics influence a witness' response to a question. For example, if a police officer asks which of the individuals in a lineup committed the crime, the wording of the question implies that one of the individuals is guilty, in a manner analogous to leading questions in court testimony. This suggestion increases the likelihood that the witness will pick someone from the lineup without positive recognition. Additionally, the overwhelming majority of witnesses will identify a suspect from a lineup even if the actual perpetrator is not included in the lineup, often depending on how the instructions for choosing a suspect are presented.Malpass, Roy S.; Devine, Patricia G. (1981). "Eyewitness identification: Lineup instructions and the absence of the offender". Journal of Applied Psychology. 66 (4): 482–489. . . See also Framing effect (psychology). Feedback Either confirming or refuting feedback to has been shown to distort witnesses' reported perception of a suspect. Providing feedback to a witness after identifying a suspect can change the way they recall the quality and clarity of their perception of the incident, the speed and certainty of their identification, and other factors, even when witnesses believed the feedback had not influenced their report. During questioning or viewing pictures in a lineup, it was found that an eyewitness made a tentative judgement that a certain picture might'' be the guilty suspect, to which an officer administering the lineup answered, "okay." However, upon returning to that picture months later at trial, the witness expressed no doubt that the previously hypothesized picture represented the suspect. Fillers According to a 2021 study, optimal lineups have fillers who are similar to the description of the perpetrator of a crime, but who are otherwise dissimilar to the suspect. When fillers are highly similar to