The combination was shifted to only in some varieties of OHG. Written OHG normally has shifted (e.g. "to bind"), but in Middle High German and modern standard German the unshifted pronunciation prevails (cf. ). (Although in OHG both and "to find" are encountered, these represent earlier forms and , respectively; note the corresponding alternation in Old Saxon and . In this case, corresponds to original Proto-Germanic while * is a later, specifically West Germanic, form, created by analogy with the Verner's law alternant , as in Proto-Germanic "they found", "found".) Noteworthy exceptions are modern , and , for which however Middle High German preferred , , . (As all of these three words end in , the modern unvoiced pronunciation might be caused by analogy with , whose stems from original Germanic unshifted before .) In other cases, modern is due to the later loss of a vowel (e.g. from OHG ) or borrowing (e.g. from Low German). It is possible that pizza is an early Italian borrowing of OHG (Bavarian dialect) , a shifted variant of (German , 'bite, snack'). Other changes Other consonant changes on the way from West Germanic to Old High German are included under the heading "High German consonant shift" by some scholars who see the term as a description of the whole context, but are excluded by others who use it to describe the neatness of the threefold chain shift. Although it might be possible to see > , > and > as a similar group of three, both the chronology and the differing phonetic conditions under which these changes occur speak against such a grouping. > (phase 4) What is sometimes known as the fourth phase shifted the dental fricatives to plosives. This shift occurred late enough that unshifted forms are to be found in the earliest Old High German texts, and thus it can be dated to the 9th or 10th century. This shift spread much further north than the others, eventually reaching all continental West Germanic languages (hence excluding only English). It is therefore not uniquely High German; it is nonetheless often grouped together with the other shifts, as it did spread from the same area. The shift took several centuries to spread north, appearing in Dutch only during the 12th century, and in Frisian and Low German not for another century or two after that. In early Old High German,