reduced to practice by some of his predecessors, of committing one or another case or a group of cases to the examination, or to the decision, of several cardinals. By a judicious division of administrative matters, he established the permanent organization of these departments of the Curia. Immensa aeterni Dei called for the formation of 15 permanent congregations: Congregation for the Holy Inquisition Congregation of the Signatura Congregation for the Erection of Churches and Consistorial Provisions Congregation of the Annona, for the provisioning of Rome and the provinces Congregation for Sacred Rites and Ceremonies Congregation of the Sapienza Congregation for an Index of Forbidden Books Congregation for the Execution and Interpretation of the Council of Trent Congregation of the Public Welfare Congregation for the University of the Roman study (or school) Congregation for Regulations of Religious Orders Congregation for Regulations of Bishops and Other Prelates Congregation for Taking Care of Roads, Bridges, and Waters Congregation for the Vatican Printing-Press Congregation of State Consultations While the chief end of the Congregations of Cardinals was to assist the pontiff in the administration of the affairs of the Church, some of these congregations were created to assist in the administration of the temporal States of the Holy See. Immensa Aeterni Dei has since been superseded, most recently by Pope John Paul II's constitution Pastor Bonus. Reform of Pius X Other congregations were added by different popes, until a complete organization was established by Pope Pius X in his Constitution Sapienti Consilio of 29 June 1908, according to which there were thirteen congregations, counting that of the Propaganda as only one; however, the last-named congregation is divided into two parts: Congregation of the Propaganda for Affairs of the Latin Rite, and Congregation of the Propaganda for Affairs of the Oriental Rites, it may well be considered as two congregations, so that the total number of the congregations is fourteen. Sixtus V granted ordinary jurisdiction to each of the congregations which he instituted within the limits of the cases assigned to it, reserving to himself and to his successors the presidency of some of the more important congregations, such as the Congregation of the Holy Inquisition and that of the Signature of Grace. As time went on, the congregations of cardinals, which at first dealt exclusively with administrative matters, came to pass upon the legal points of the cases submitted to them, until the congregations