In mathematical physics, a null dust solution (sometimes called a null fluid) is a Lorentzian manifold in which the Einstein tensor is null. Such a spacetime can be interpreted as an exact solution of Einstein's field equation, in which the only mass–energy present in the spacetime is due to some kind of massless radiation. Mathematical definition By definition, the Einstein tensor of a null dust solution has the form where is a null vector field. This definition makes sense purely geometrically, but if we place a stress–energy tensor on our spacetime of the form , then Einstein's field equation is satisfied, and such a stress–energy tensor has a clear physical interpretation in terms of massless radiation. The vector field specifies the direction in which the radiation is moving; the scalar multiplier specifies its intensity. Physical interpretation Physically speaking, a null dust describes either gravitational radiation, or some kind of nongravitational radiation which is described by a relativistic classical field theory (such as electromagnetic radiation), or a combination of these two. Null dusts include vacuum solutions as a special case. Phenomena which can be modeled by null dust solutions include: a beam of neutrinos assumed for simplicity to be massless (treated according to classical physics), a very high-frequency electromagnetic wave, a beam of incoherent electromagnetic radiation. In particular, a plane wave of incoherent electromagnetic radiation is a linear superposition of plane waves, all moving in the same direction but having randomly chosen phases and frequencies. (Even though the Einstein field equation is nonlinear, a linear superposition of comoving plane waves is possible.) Here, each electromagnetic plane wave has a well defined frequency and phase, but the superposition does not. Individual electromagnetic plane waves are modeled by null electrovacuum solutions, while an incoherent mixture can be modeled by a null dust. Einstein tensor The components of a tensor computed with respect to a frame field rather than the coordinate basis are often called physical components, because these are the components which can (in principle) be measured by an observer. In the case of a null dust solution, an adapted frame (a timelike unit vector field and three spacelike unit vector fields, respectively) can always be found in which the Einstein tensor has a particularly simple appearance: Here, is everywhere tangent to the world lines of our adapted observers, and these observers measure the energy density of the incoherent radiation to be .