The optative mood ( or ; abbreviated ) is a grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope regarding a given action. It is a superset of the cohortative mood and is closely related to the subjunctive mood but is distinct from the desiderative mood. English has no morphological optative, but various constructions impute an optative meaning. Examples of languages with a morphological optative mood are Ancient Greek, Albanian, Armenian, Georgian, Friulian, Kazakh, Kurdish, Navajo, Old Prussian, Old Persian, Sanskrit, Turkish, and Yup'ik. English Although English has no morphological optative, analogous constructions impute an optative meaning, including the use of certain modal verbs: May you have a long life! Would that I were younger. Periphrastic constructions include if only together with a subjunctive complement: If only I were rich! I would sing if only I weren't tone deaf. The optative mood can also be expressed elliptically: (May) God save the Queen! (May you) Have a nice day. (May) God bless America. The cohortative verb phrases let's (or let us) represent a syntactical mood as a subset of the optative mood: Let's try it. Let us pray. Indo-European languages Proto-Indo-European The optative is one of the four original moods of Proto-Indo-European (the other three being the indicative mood, the subjunctive mood, and the imperative mood). However, many Indo-European languages lost the inherited optative, either as a formal category, or functional, i.e. merged it with the subjunctive, or even replaced the subjunctive with optative. Albanian In Albanian, the optative (, lit. "wishing mood") expresses wishes, and is also used in curses and swearing. Wish: (May you reach/live 100 years) Curse: (May the devil take you) Ancient Greek In Ancient Greek, the optative is used to express wishes and potentiality in independent clauses (but also has other functions, such as contrary-to-fact expressions in the present). In dependent clauses (purpose, temporal, conditional, and indirect speech), the optative is often used under past-tense main verbs. The optative expressing a wish is on its own or preceded by the particle εἴθε (). The optative expressing potentiality is always accompanied by the untranslatable particle ἄν in an independent clause and is on its own in a dependent clause. In Koine Greek, the optative began to be replaced by the subjunctive; in the New Testament, it was primarily used in set phrases. Its endings are characterized by a diphthong such as (oi) in thematic verbs and in athematic