sites and machines present in a region proportional to population, and a focus on placing them in leisure venues such as billiard halls and bowling alleys to "promote socialization and group entertainment". The Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG), a long hold-out, introduced VLTs branded as "Tap 'N Play" (formerly "TapTix") in the mid-2010's. Unlike the VLTs in other Canadian jurisdictions, they are deployed at charity gaming centres rather than licensed establishments, and based on the outcomes of a bingo or pull-tab game, using slots as an entertainment display (similarly to "Class II" gaming devices used at some tribal casinos in the United States). OLG deployed the machines as part of a modernization program for Ontario's charity bingo halls; in turn, some of these halls rebranded themselves as gaming centres to emphasize the machines and appeal towards younger adult demographics not associated with bingo. The Moncton, New Brunswick-based Spielo has been heavily involved in the Canadian VLT market; it was acquired in 2004 by GTECH Corporation, which was in turn acquired by Lottomatica of Italy, which then acquired and merged with IGT in 2015. Alberta and the Atlantic Lottery both deployed modernizations to their VLT networks in the early-2010s, entering into supply deals with multiple gaming vendors, collectively including Aristocrat, and the present IGT (IGT, Spielo) and Scientific Games (Bally Technologies and WMS). United States Lotteries in the U.S. were considering VLTs as early as 1981, when a planned experiment with 20 machines by the New York State Lottery was scrapped, after the Attorney General determined they would be illegal. A similar plan by the New Jersey Lottery died in 1983 after ties between state officials and VLT manufacturers raised conflict of interest concerns. The first VLTs in the country were installed in late 1983 by Bellevue, Nebraska as part of its municipal lottery. Eleven other local lotteries in Nebraska followed suit, until the state banned the devices, effective 1985. South Dakota became on October 16, 1989, the first state to adopt VLTs. In a unique arrangement with private industry, the machines are owned by private companies but monitored by the South Dakota Lottery via a centralized computer system that assures the integrity of the games. South Dakota imposes a substantial tax on the net income (gross income minus player winnings) of the games. Beginning in 1992, four attempts were made to repeal South Dakota's video lottery; all were widely