monument's site. It was the only Unionist monument dedicated by locals in the territory formerly controlled by the Confederacy. Battle or massacre? One title for the incident, the "Battle of Nueces" or the "Nueces Massacre", has been a contested issue since the engagement. Recently, historian Stanley McGowen has addressed both sides of the debate. He recognizes that the Germans were well-armed, judging by their ability to repulse a superior force. The initial engagement, he affirms, can be called the Battle of the Nueces. But the execution of Germans following the battle, he states, lends credence to the title Nueces Massacre. No name has garnered definitive support, and McGowen admits the debate on Confederate and German actions continues among descendants on both sides of the incident. See also List of massacres in the United States Notes Bibliography Further reading Downing, David C. A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy. Nashville: Cumberland House, 2007. "Massacre on the Nueces" (11 August 1862), by Richard Parker and Emily Boyd, The New York Times (2012), New York: The New York Times Company. External links Massacre on the Nueces River; story of a Civil War tragedy. Hosted by the Portal to Texas History List of names inscribed on the Treue der Union monument War crimes in the United States Confederate war crimes Massacres of the American Civil War Southern Unionists in the American Civil War German-American culture in Texas History of Texas Kinney County, Texas 1862 in Texas 1862 in the American Civil War Military operations of the American Civil War in Texas August 1862 events