therefore has valency zero: it is in the impersonal passive voice. Here as well there is a class of "impersonal verbs", which only exist in this impersonal form: Ивана тошнит. (Ivana toshnit.) "Ivan is feeling nauseous." Literally, "[It] is making Ivan nauseous." The verb тошнить (toshnit) has no standard personal form: instead of *Эта рыба меня тошнит (*Eta ryba menya toshnit), to say "This fish is making me nauseous" one must say От этой рыбы меня тошнит (Ot etoy ryby menya toshnit) "Because of this fish, [it] is making me nauseous", where "it" is not "fish" but something that remains unspecified. (The personal form has, however, entered Russian vernacular, in the meaning "to irritate" or "to pester".) Мне везет в картах. (Mne vezyot v kartakh.) "I am lucky at cards." Literally, "[It] transports [things] for me at cards." Afroasiatic languages In the Arabic language the form VII has the anticausative meaning. "yanqalibu" means "he himself changes" (the cause of his change is not known). Urdu Urdu also abounds in such verbs. A very large number of antiaccusative verbs are used in it. "khānā pak rahā he" "کھانا پک رہا ہے" "The food is cooking." "pānī ubal rahā he" "پانی ابل رہا ہے'" "The water is boiling." Japanese In Standard Japanese, productive morphology highly favors transitivization, in the sense that it has productive causativization, but no anticausativization. In the Hokkaido dialects and Northern Tōhoku dialect, however, the anticausative morpheme /rasar/ is employed with some verbs, such as maku 'to roll', tsumu 'to load', and okuru 'to send' as a means of producing an intransitive verb from a transitive verb. Bardi Bardi is an Australian Aboriginal language in the Nyulnyulan family which uses the root -jiidi- 'go' to denote anticausatives as part of complex predicate constructions. For example, whereas one might causatively 'close' a door with the following construction: boonda - ma - (y ERG closes x ABS) a door might 'close' with the following construction boonda - jiidi - (x ABS closes) In the underived construction, the light verb -ma- "put" is used with a coverb (or preverb) boonda'' 'close'. In the anticausative construction, the light verb reduces the valency of the predicate and the item which is closed becomes the subject. This is a regular alternation among complex predicates. See also Grammatical voice Mediopassive voice Unaccusative verb External links and references Changing valency: Case studies in transitivity (edited by R.