of in words which end in in modern Standard German, e.g. , . These stems had in OHG inflected forms (, ). For the subsequent change of , written , see below. These affricates (especially ) have simplified into fricatives in some dialects. was simplified to in a number of circumstances. In Yiddish and some German dialects, this occurred in initial positions, e.g., Dutch : German : Yiddish 'horse'. In modern standard German, the pronunciation for word-initial is also a very common feature of northern and central German accents (i.e. in regions where does not occur in the native dialects; compare German phonology). There was an even stronger tendency to simplify after and . This simplification is also reflected in modern standard German, e.g. 'to throw' ← OHG ← , 'to help' ← OHG ← . Only one standard word with remains: 'carp' ← OHG . The shift of > occurs throughout the High German area, and is reflected in Modern Standard German. The shift of > occurs throughout Upper German, but there is wide variation in Central German dialects. In West Central German dialects, initial p and the clusters -pp- and -mp- are unaffected by the shift (cf. Luxembourgish ~ Standard German ); in Ripuarian, the clusters rp and lp also remain unaffected, while in Moselle Franconian and Rhine Franconian, they have become rf and lf (e.g. Ripuarian ~ Moselle/Rhine Franconian ). In East Central German, the clusters and remained untouched. The shift > is reflected in standard German, but there are many exceptions to it, i.e. forms adopted with Central or Low German consonantism (, , , etc.). Moreover, this affricate is infrequent in word-initial position: fewer than 40 word stems with are used in contemporary standard German, mostly early borrowings from Latin. This rareness is partly due to the fact that word-initial was virtually absent in Proto-Germanic. Note, however, that the Upper German dialects have many more such words and that they have used productively, which is not the case in standard German. The shift of > is today geographically highly restricted and seen only in the southernmost Upper German dialects. In mediaeval times, it was much more widespread (almost throughout Upper German), but was later "undone" from the north southward. Tyrolese, the Southern Austro-Bavarian dialect of Tyrol, is the only dialect in which the affricate has been preserved in all positions, e.g. Cimbrian 'not any' (cf.