which do not fit into the three groups above, but are still classified as Oceanic are: St. Matthias Islands linkage. ? Yapese language: of the island of Yap. Perhaps part of the Admiralties? Ross & Næss (2007) removed Utupua–Vanikoro, from Central–Eastern Oceanic, to a new primary branch of Oceanic: Temotu linkage, named after the Temotu Province of the Solomon Islands. Blench (2014) considers Utupua and Vanikoro to be two separate branches that are both non-Austronesian. Ross, Pawley, & Osmond (2016) Ross, Pawley, & Osmond (2016) propose the following revised rake-like classification of Oceanic, with 9 primary branches. Oceanic Yapese language Admiralty languages St Matthias languages (Mussau and Tench) Western Oceanic linkage Meso-Melanesian linkage New Guinea Oceanic linkage North New Guinea linkage Papuan Tip languages Temotu languages Southeast Solomonic languages Southern Oceanic linkage North Vanuatu linkage Nuclear Southern Oceanic linkage Central Vanuatu linkage South Vanuatu languages Loyalties-New Caledonia languages Micronesian languages Central Pacific languages Western Central Pacific linkage Rotuman language Western Fijian languages Eastern Central Pacific linkage Eastern Fijian languages Polynesian languages Non-Austronesian languages Roger Blench (2014) argues that many languages conventionally classified as Oceanic are in fact non-Austronesian (or "Papuan", which is a geographic rather genetic grouping), including Utupua and Vanikoro. Blench doubts that Utupua and Vanikoro are closely related, and thus should not be grouped together. Since each of the three Utupua and three Vanikoro languages are highly distinct from each other, Blench doubts that these languages had diversified on the islands of Utupua and Vanikoro, but had rather migrated to the islands from elsewhere. According to Blench, historically this was due to the Lapita demographic expansion consisting of both Austronesian and non-Austronesian settlers migrating from the Lapita homeland in the Bismarck Archipelago to various islands further to the east. Other languages traditionally classified as Oceanic that Blench (2014) suspects are in fact non-Austronesian include the Kaulong language of West New Britain, which has a Proto-Malayo-Polynesian vocabulary retention rate of only 5%, and languages of the Loyalty Islands that are spoken just to the north of New Caledonia. Blench (2014) proposes that languages classified as: Austronesian, but perhaps actually non-Austronesian are spoken in northern Vanuatu and southern Vanuatu (North Vanuatu languages and South Vanuatu languages). Austronesian, but may have experienced bilingualism with non-Austronesian are spoken in central Vanuatu and New Caledonia (Central Vanuatu languages and New Caledonian languages). non-Austronesian, with some other languages traditionally classified as Austronesian may perhaps