European languages. Presence of (dark L), usually contrasting with palatalized in Slavic, Baltic and Turkic languages of Central Asia. Possibly the Satem sound change. Development of a three-tone system with no tones in words ending in -p, -t, -k, followed by a tone split, and many other phonetic similarities in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area. Retroflex consonants in the Burushaski, Nuristani, Dravidian, Munda, and Indo-Aryan families of South Asia. The occurrence of click consonants in Bantu languages of southern Africa, which originated in the Khoisan languages. The lack of fricatives in Australian languages. The use of ejective and aspirated consonants in the languages of the Caucasus. The prevalence of ejective and lateral fricatives and affricates in the Pacific Northwest of North America. The development of a close front rounded vowel in the Bearnese dialect of Occitan and the Souletin dialect of Basque. The absence of and presence of in many languages of Central and Eastern Europe. The lack of nasal consonants in languages of the Puget Sound and the Olympic Peninsula. The absence of but presence of and in many languages of Northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The presence of a voicing contrast on fricatives e.g. vs in Europe and Southwestern Asia. Morphophonology Vowel alternation patterns in reduplicatives. Morphology Syntax The tendency in much of Europe to use a transitive verb (e.g. "I have") for possession, rather than a possessive dative construction such as mihi est (Latin: 'to me is') which is more likely the original possessive construction in Proto-Indo-European, considering the lack of a common root for "have" verbs. The development of a perfect aspect using "have" + past participle in many European languages (Romance, Germanic, etc.). (The Latin habeo and Germanic haben used for this and the previous point are not in fact etymologically related.) A perfect aspect using "be" + past participle for intransitive and reflexive verbs (with participle agreement), present in French, Italian, German, older Spanish and Portuguese, and possibly even English, in phrases like "I am become death, destroyer of worlds" and "The kingdom of this world is become". Postposed article, avoidance of the infinitive, merging of genitive and dative, and superessive number formation in some languages of the Balkans. The spread of a verb-final word order to the Austronesian languages of New Guinea. A system of classifiers/measure words in the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area. Sociolinguistics The use of the plural pronoun