the River Clyde is replaced by an arched stone bridge. 1431: William Elphinstone is born. He later obtained a papal bull for the University of Aberdeen in 1495, and was involved with the introduction of printing to Scotland in 1507 1450: Glasgow is a "burgh of regality" 1451: the University of Glasgow is established by bull of Pope Nicholas V, and founded by Bishop Turnbull, beside Blackfriars monastery 1453: John Stewart, Glasgow's first Provost, appointed 1460: There is a grammar school in the city; 1464: St Nicholas Hospital founded in the city 1471: Provands Lordship, Glasgow's oldest dwelling-house, is built 1475: The Greyfriars (Franciscans) are granted a tenement and lands on the High Street; St Ninian's Hospital is established 1478: Other stone houses are built in Glasgow 1492: Pope Innocent VIII makes the See of Glasgow an Archbishopric – Robert Blackadder is the city's first archbishop 1500–1599 c1500: Population estimate is 2,500 – 3,000 1504: Plague hits Glasgow; the city is eleventh among Scottish burghs for taxation revenue c1510: The Bishop's Palace is extended 1516-1559: The city's craft guilds are incorporated 1518: The university becomes more active 1520: The archdiocese now includes the former diocese of Argyll 1525: James Houston founds the Tron Church 1535-1556: Glasgow pays 1.5% – 3% of total Scottish burgh taxes 1544: Siege of castle; estimated population is 3,000 1556: Estimated population c4,500. Brewing recorded at site that will later become Wellpark Brewery 1560: The burgh of Glasgow is now represented in the Parliament of Scotland 1570: Andrew Melville rejuvenates the university 1574: Plague hits the city again c1576: The council mill is rebuilt 1579: The city's cathedral is saved from demolition by craftsmen threatening to riot 1581: Glasgow pays 66% of upper Clyde customs tax 1584: Plague 1589: Golf is played on Glasgow Green 1593: Emergence of the Presbytery of Glasgow in the new self-governing church 1594: Glasgow is now fifth in ranking of Scottish burghs, paying 4.5% of export customs 1600–1699 1600: Population estimates for the city vary between 5000 and 7500 1604: 361 craftsmen work in fourteen trades, including two surgeons and 213 merchants 1605: The Trades House and Merchants House combine to form the first town council 1610: The General Assembly approves the restoration of diocesan episcopacy in Scotland 1611: Glasgow becomes a royal burgh, with a population of about 7600 1615: The Jesuit John Ogilvy is hanged for saying Mass 1621: