vegetation type in Kakum is the wet forest. Other vegetation types encountered in the park include swamp forests (permanent and periodic) and riverine forests. Also reported are the Boval vegetation of Hildegardia barteri-Polycarpaea tenuifolia community found in exposed granite rocks and in shallow soils. 105 species of vascular plants consisting of 57 trees, 10 shrubs, 9 climbers, 17 herbs and 12 grasses are reported from the park. Epiphytic plants are also reported to grow on the trees and shrubs are orchids and ferns and also figs. Logging operations were prevalent in the park between 1975 and 1989. It is, however, noted that the logged areas have regenerated secondary forest consisting of a thick green mantle and vine tangles. This does not extend over the entire park, as much of the dense forest still remains conserved. Specifically IUCN identified list of flora are listed below under subheadings of Moist forests, Swamp forest, Periodic swamp forest, Riverine forest and Boval vegetation. Moist forests Entandrophragma cylindricum Entandrophragma angolense Guarea cedrata Guarea thompsonii Piptadeniastrum africanum Milicia excelsa (Lophira alata) Triplochiton scleroxylon Sterculia rhinopetalia Sterculia oblonga Pterygota macrocarpa Anigeria robusta Terminalia superba Strombosia glaucescens Cola gigantea Mansonia altissima Celtis zenkeri Ricinodendron heudelotii Antiaris toxicariaSwamp forests Alstonia boonei Cleistopholis patens Carapa procera Mitragyna stipulosa Raphia vinifera Scandent Calamus deeratus (Palm) Laccosperma secundiflorum Laccosperma opacum Eremospatha macrocarpa Glyphaea brevis (shrub) Myriathus arboreus Paullinia pinnata Thaumatococcus daniellii (Herb) Sarcophrynium brachystachys Ataenidia confertaRiverine forest (Edaphic forest) Pseudospondias microcarpa Ceiba pentandra Xylopia spp Uapaca guineensisBoval vegetation Sansevieria libericaCommelina spp Hildegardia barteri (bloom as red flowers during Christmas) Elaeophorbia grandifolia Sterculia tragacantha Ceiba pathandra Albizia ferruginea Ricinodendron heudelotiiFauna The park contains rare animals, including forest elephants, forest buffalo, civet and cats. Two hundred forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis), potto (Perodicticus potto), Demidoff's galago (Galago demidovii), African civet (Viverra civetta), two-spotted palm civet (Nandinia binotata), leopard (Panthera pardus), bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros), many species of duikers (small antelopes), red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus pictus), giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), long-tailed pangolin (Manis tetradactyla), white-belied pangolin (Manis tricuspis), giant pangolin (Manis gigantea), many species of forest squirrels, North African crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata), dwarf crocodile (Osteolamus tetraspis), monitor lizards, Home's hinged tortoise, serrated tortoise and many other fauna are reported from the park. Primates in the park include the Colobus vellerosus (VU), Procolobus verus (LR/nt), and Cercopithecus diana roloway (CR). The initial Feasibility Study for the establishment of Kakum National Park included a preliminary biodiversity