of African-American Christian churches, which served as one of the only places to provide these peoples with access to social mobility, further established a distinctly western culture among Africans in America. Along with these churches came Negro spirituals, which are cited as likely the first kind of music native to America made by Africans. Nonetheless, the development of such spirituals included direct influence from the African roots. This became apparent in a number of aspects of the spirituals, from the inclusion of call and response lines and alternate scales to the varied timbres and rhythms. All of this goes to show that Herskovits's claims in this book carry much truth and accuracy in regards to the establishment of the African American identity as descendant of that of the African, and how music played into such shifts. Herskovits debated with sociologist E. Franklin Frazier on the nature of cultural contact in the Western Hemisphere, specifically with reference to Africans, Europeans, and their descendants. Frazier emphasized how Africans had adapted to their new environment in the Americas. Herskovits was interested in showing elements of continuity from African cultures into the present community. After World War II, Herskovits publicly advocated independence of African nations from the colonial powers. He strongly criticized American politicians for viewing African nations as objects of Cold War strategy. Frequently called on as an adviser to government, Herskovits served on the Mayor's Committee on Race Relations in Chicago (1945) and the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee (1959–60). Legacy and honors The Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies at Northwestern University was named in his honor; it is based on his collection of materials as chairman of the department. The Herskovits Prize (Melville J. Herskovits Award) is an annual award given by the African Studies Association to the best scholarly work (including translations) on Africa published in English in the previous year. Works The Cattle Complex in East Africa, PhD Dissertation, 1923 (published as a book in 1926) "The Negro's Americanism", in Alain Locke (ed.), The New Negro, 1925 On the Relation Between Negro-White Mixture and Standing in Intelligence Tests, 1926 The American Negro, 1928 Rebel Destiny, Among the Bush Negroes of Dutch Guiana, 1934, with Frances Herskovits Suriname Folk Lore, 1936, with Frances Herskovits Life in a Haitian Valley, 1937 Dahomey: An Ancient West African Kingdom (2 vols), 1938 Economic Life of Primitive People, 1940 The Myth of