are regular) Imperfect subjunctive (Subjonctif imparfait) The imperfect subjunctive is always constructed from the past historic; hence, if the past historic does not exist (defective verbs) neither will the imperfect subjunctive. To be more exact, the imperfect subjunctive stem consists of the second person singular of the past historic, except that in the third person singular of the imperfect subjunctive the final -s- of the stem is replaced with a circumflex over the preceding vowel. The stem is otherwise stable for a single verb, and the endings are always: -se, -ses, -ˆt, -sions, -siez, -sent, pronounced . (Il fallait) que je chantasse, que tu finisses, qu'il bût, que nous vinssions, que vous parlassiez, qu'elles rougissent… Example: Imperative (Impératif) Recall two unusual features of the imperative: it exists only in three persons (second singular, first plural and second plural) and its subject pronoun is always omitted. Most often, the present imperative (Impératif présent) is copied from the indicative present (this is always true for verbs from the first two groups). Thus when the present indicative has two alternate forms, so does the present imperative: Asseoir: assieds (assois), asseyons (assoyons), asseyez (assoyez). Payer: paie (paye), payons, payez. The imperatives of avoir and être are based on the present subjunctive, and those of savoir and vouloir are irregular: Aie, ayons, ayez. Sois, soyons, soyez. Sache, sachons, sachez. Veuille, veuillons, veuillez. Note that the singular of verbs ending in -e or in -a in the imperative has no final -s. This applies to all verbs from the 1st group and to some from the 3rd (assaillir, couvrir, cueillir, défaillir, offrir, ouvrir, souffrir, tressaillir and verbs derived from them, as well as the verbs aller, avoir, savoir et vouloir): Parle, cueille, va, aie, sache, veuille, finis, sors... However, for euphonic reasons this -s reappears if the imperative is immediately followed by one of the indirect object pronouns en and y: Cueille (cueilles-en). Pense (penses-y)... Example: Present participle and gerundive The present participle (le participe présent) is typically formed from the first-person plural of the present indicative by replacing -ons with -ant. There are exceptions to this, as with avoir, être, and savoir (whose present participles are ayant, étant, and sachant, respectively), but in all cases the present participle ends in -ant. The gerundive (le gérondif) consists of the preposition en together with the present participle; for example, the present participle of faire is faisant, so