of commemorative stamps, "The Civil War: The War Between the States". Historical terms in United States War of the Rebellion During and immediately after the war, US officials, Southern Unionists, and pro-Union writers often referred to Confederates as "Rebels." The earliest histories published in the northern states commonly refer to the war as "the Great Rebellion" or "the War of the Rebellion," as do many war monuments, hence the nicknames Johnny Reb (and Billy Yank) for the participants. Frederick Douglass delivered a speech entitled "The Slaveholders' Rebellion" on 4 July 1862 in Himrod, New York, and John Harvey wrote The slaveholders' rebellion, and the downfall of slavery in America in 1865. More than 7000 newspaper articles used the term "The Slaveholders' Rebellion" between 1860 and 1900. The official US war records refer to the war as the "War of the Rebellion." The records were compiled by the US War Department in a 127-volume collection, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, which was published from 1881 to 1901. Historians commonly refer to the collection as the Official Records. War of Separation/Secession "War of Separation" was occasionally used by people in the Confederacy during the war. In most Romance languages, the words used to refer to the war translate literally to "War of Secession" (, , , , ), a name that is also used in Central and Eastern Europe: is commonly used in German language, and is used in Polish (Walt Whitman calls it the "War of Secession" or the "Secession War" in his prose.) War for Southern Independence/Second American Revolution The "War for Southern Independence," the "Second American Revolution," and their variations are names used by some Southerners to refer to the war. That terminology aims to parallel usage of the American Revolutionary War. While popular on the Confederate side during the war (Stonewall Jackson regularly referred to the war as the "second war for independence"), the term lost popularity in the immediate aftermath of the Confederacy's defeat and its failure to gain independence. The term resurfaced slightly in the late 20th century. A popular poem published in the early stages of hostilities was South Carolina. Its prologue referred to the war as the "Third War for Independence" since it named the War of 1812 as the second such war. On November 8, 1860, the Charleston Mercury, a contemporary