300 meters elevation. It has higher rainfall than lower-elevation areas, and the dry-season garua fogs reduce plants' loss of moisture through evaporation and provide some moisture from condensation. Woodlands of Scalesia trees, 5 to 15 meters tall, are predominant from 300 to 500 meters elevation, with over 20 species of the endemic genus across the high islands of the archipelago. The low tree cat's claw (Zanthoxylum fagara) is most abundant between 500 and 600 meters elevation, in the transition between the Scalesia woodlands below and the Miconia shrublands above. The endemic shrub Miconia robinsoniana is predominant between 600 and 700 meters elevation, particularly on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, forming shrublands 3 to 4 meters high. High-elevation grasslands, known as pampa, are found above 900 meters elevation. The pampa is lush with grasses, ferns, sphagnum moss, and orchids. Purthieva maculata is one of 11 species of orchids found here. The endemic tree fern Cyathea weatherbyana is a pampa native. Fauna The Galápagos is home to many endemic species of reptiles, birds, mammals, land snails, insects. There are 19 resident seabird species, including five endemic species. Endemic seabirds include the Galapagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), waved albatross (Phoebastria irrorata), flightless cormorant (Nannopterum harrisi), swallow-tailed gull (Creagrus furcatus), and lava gull (Leucophaeus fuliginosus). The islands are home to 29 native species of land birds, 24 of which are endemic. Endemic species include the Galapagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis), Galapagos dove (Zenaida galapagoensis), Galapagos rail (Laterallus spilonota), Galápagos martin (Progne modesta), and four species of mockingbirds from genus Nesomimus. There are about 18 distinct species of endemic tanagers on the island, collectively known as Darwin's finches. There are 22 endemic reptile species in the Galápagos. Notable species include the giant Galápagos tortoise (Geochelone spp.), which evolved 14 or 15 distinct species, of which 11 remain. Other endemic reptiles include the marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) and three species of snakes, the Galápagos racer (Pseudalsophis biserialis), Pseudalsophis dorsalis, and Pseudalsophis slevini. There are nine known species of terrestrial mammals – four surviving and three extinct species of rice rats, and two species of bats. The four surviving species of rice rat live on uninhabited islands – Nesoryzomys fernandinae and Nesoryzomys indefessus narboroughi on Fernandina, Nesoryzomys swarthi on Santiago, and Aegialomys galapagoensis on Santa Fé. The other species were driven to extinction by competition with introduced black rats (Rattus rattus). The hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus) is an