the process-based approach for integrated enterprise modeling based on a cross-boundaries approach, which opposed to traditional function or activity-based approaches. With CIMOSA also the concept of an "Open System Architecture" (OSA) for CIM was introduced, which was designed to be vendor-independent, and constructed with standardised CIM modules. Here to the OSA is "described in terms of their function, information, resource, and organizational aspects. This should be designed with structured engineering methods and made operational in a modular and evolutionary architecture for operational use". AREAS There are multiple areas of usage: In Industrial and Production engineering In mechanical engineering In electronic design automation (printed circuit board (PCB) and integrated circuit design data for manufacturing) See also Direct numerical control Enterprise integration Enterprise resource planning Flexible manufacturing system Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing Integrated manufacturing database Manufacturing process management Product lifecycle management References Further reading Yoram Koren Computer Control of Manufacturing Systems, McGraw Hill, Inc. 1983, 287 pp, Singh, V (1997). The Cim Debacle: Methodologies to Facilitate Software Interoperability. Springer. . A. de Toni and S. Tonchia, Manufacturing Flexibility: a literature review International Journal of Production Research, 1998, vol. 36, no. 6, 1587–617. Jean-Baptiste Waldner (1992), Principles of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, John Wiley & Sons, Jean-Baptiste Waldner (1990), CIM, les nouvelles perspectives de la production, DUNOD- BORDAS, External links cam-occ, a linux CAM program using OpenCASCADE International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing Product lifecycle management Information technology management Computer-aided engineering Digital manufacturing