Musab al-Zarqawi in 2005). Not all types of apostasy are punishable by death. Only major apostasy requires execution. Issues in defining heresy While identifying someone who publicly converted to another religion as an apostate was straightforward, determining whether a diversion from orthodox doctrine qualified as heresy (or blasphemy) or something permitted by God could be less so. Traditionally, Islamic jurists did not formulate general rules for establishing unbelief, instead, compiled sometimes lengthy lists of statements and actions which in their view implied apostasy or were incompatible with Islamic "theological consensus". Al-Ghazali, for example, devoting "chapters to dealing with takfir and the reasons for which one can be accused of unbelief" in his work on The Criterion of Distinction between Islam and Clandestine Unbelief. Some heretical or blasphemous acts or beliefs listed in classical manuals of jurisprudence and other scholarly works (i.e. works written by Islamic scholars) that allegedly demonstrate apostacy include: to deny the obligatory character of something considered obligatory by Ijma (consensus of Muslims); revile, question, wonder, doubt, mock or deny the existence of God or Prophet of Islam or that the Prophet was sent by God; belief that things in themselves or by their nature have a cause independent of the will of God; to assert the createdness of the Quran, to translate the Quran; According to some to ridicule Islamic scholars or address them in a derisive manner, to reject the validity of Shariah courts; Some also say to pay respect to non-Muslims, to celebrate Nowruz the Iranian New Year; Though disputed to express uncertainty such as "'I do not know why God mentioned this or that in the Quran'..."; Some also say include for the wife of an Islamic scholar to curse her husband; to make a declaration of Prophethood (i.e. for someone to declare that they are a prophet. In early Islamic history, after Muhammad's death, this act was automatically deemed to be proof of apostasy—because Islam teaches Muhammad was the last prophet, there could be no more). (This view is alleged to be the basis of the rejection of the Ahmadiyya as apostates from Islam.) While there are numerous requirements for a Muslim to avoid being an apostate, it is also an act of apostasy (in Shafi'i and other fiqh) for a Muslim to accuse or describe another devout Muslim of being an unbeliever, based on the hadith where Muhammad is reported to have