broadcasting). Other situations (such as a change in the city of license) are covered in rulemaking proceedings in the U.S., which may be a prerequisite to moving a station a significant distance (leaving its original community outside its new coverage area). Temporary situations are covered by special temporary authority (STA) to operate at a variance from the license or permit or a Restricted Service Licence (RSL) to operate for a fixed period at reduced power. While these are FCC and Ofcom terms, respectively, other countries have similar regulations. In the U.S., court cases can prolong the process when mutually exclusive applications are received. The FCC opens application window periods of about a week. Some applications have been pending for years; others end up in administrative law courts or arbitration, sometimes with one applicant seeking a buyout of another. Technical specifications Management of technical specifications (such as those in broadcast television systems) is normally undertaken as a part of broadcast licensing in each country. Radio bands carry signals (such as video and audio, digital and analog, narrowband, broadband and content), and are licensed differently. The broadcast license typically specifies the following minimum information: Geographic coordinates, with exact latitude and longitude Carrier frequency and bandwidth Modulation type[s] Effective radiated power (ERP) Height above average terrain (HAAT) Directional antenna radiation pattern, specified at several azimuths Additionally, it often specifies: Operating hours (for mediumwave and shortwave) Transmitter power output (TPO) (before any attenuation or gain) Broadcast auxiliary services (BAS) linking studio and transmitter sites Antenna brand and model Height above mean sea level (AMSL) and above ground level (AGL) Backup facilities (which may have separate licenses) Additional service authorizations (subcarriers, digital radio) Some countries (such as the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in Canada) specify radio format or the genre of television programming, to ensure diversity. Community stations (such as class A television service and LPFM stations in the U.S.) may be required to broadcast local content each week. U.S. broadcast translator licenses prohibit local content on FM, while LPTV stations can choose, except those tied to a DTV station as a fill-in translator or booster to overcome the shortcomings of the ATSC system mandated by the FCC. Sharing In some cases, two stations may share the same frequency in the same area, or even the same facility. Time sharing has on occasion been used when two applicants have an equal number of points,