her husband Rhodri of Gwynedd-Powys administered it by right of his wife on her behalf, and incorporated it into his kingdom. Later, Angharad and Rhodri gave Seisyllwg to their second son Cadell ap Rhodri to rule as a vassal and appendage of Gwynedd. Cadell founded the Dinefwr dynasty of Deheubarth. Ceredigion Ystrad Tywi Dyfed, a petty kingdom between c. 410–920, merged into Deheubarth through inheritance. Powys Brycheiniog Gwrtheyrnion Buellt Pengwern Elfael Maelienydd Morgannwg Glywysing Gwent Ergyng Dumnonia (Located in modern South West England) Hen Ogledd There existed other Brittonic petty kingdoms outside modern Wales and the North West of England. These are collectively known as or 'the Old North'. With the exception of Ystrad Clut, which became part of Scotland in around the 11th century, most of these had been absorbed into Anglo-Saxon kingdoms by the 8th century. Rheged, located mainly in modern Northern England. Elmet Gododdin, located in modern Scotland. Ystrad Clut or Strathclyde, located mainly in modern South West Scotland but extending into Cumbria. Deira. Anglo-Saxon kingdom in modern Yorkshire believed to be of Brittonic origin Bryneich, located in modern North East England. Later became the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Bernicia. See also Chiefdom Feudal fragmentation Kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa Kleinstaaterei Lehnsmann, for an account of what it was like to be a petty ruler Mueang Barangays Princely state References Political anthropology