and non-configurational has hence disappeared entirely, all languages being non-configurational in the relevant sense. Note, however, that while the finite VP is not a constituent in the tree, the non-finite VP have a finite VP constituent is a constituent (because it qualifies as a complete subtree). Dependency grammars point to the results of standard constituency tests as evidence that finite VP does not exist as a constituent While these tests deliver clear evidence for the existence of a non-finite VP constituent in English (and other languages), they do not do the same for finite VP. Notes See also Constituent (linguistics) Dependency grammar Finite verb Phrase structure grammar Non-finite verb Verb phrase References Austin, Peter and Joan Bresnan 1996. Non-configurationality in Australian aboriginal languages. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 14, 215–268. Baker, Mark 1996. The Polysynthesis Parameter. New York: Oxford Press. 61-182. Crystal, David 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Blackwell Pub, 329 Hale, Kenneth 1982. Preliminary remarks on configurationality. In J. Pustejovsky & P. Sells (Eds.), NELS 12, 86–96. Hale, Kenneth 1983. Warlpiri and the grammar of non-configurational languages. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 1, 5-47. Jelinek, Eloise 1984. Empty Categories, Case, and Configurationality. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 2, 39-76. Marácz, László and Muysken, Pieter (Eds.) 1989. Configurationality: The typology of asymmetries. Dordrecht: Foris. Osborne, Timothy, Michael Putnam, and Thomas Gross 2011. Bare phrase structure, label-less structures, and specifier-less syntax: Is Minimalism becoming a dependency grammar? The Linguistic Review 28, 315-364. Pensalfini, Rob 2004. "Towards a Typology of Configurationality". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 22 (2): 359-408. Simpson, Jane 1991. Warlpiri Morpho-Syntax: A Lexicalist Approach. External links Non-configurational language (Lexicon of Linguistics) Configurational language (Lexicon of Linguistics) Scrambling (Lexicon of Linguistics) Cartoon Theories of Linguistics: Non-Configurational Languages A simplification of the basic idea of non-configurational languages into a cartoon. Linguistic typology