building of large-scale housing projects for the poor. Urban renewal demolished entire neighborhoods in many inner cities and it was as much a cause of urban decay as a remedy. These government efforts are now thought by many to have been misguided. For multiple reasons including increased demand for urban amenities, some cities have rebounded from these policy mistakes. Meanwhile, some of the inner suburbs built in the 1950s and 60s are beginning the process of decay, as those who are living in the inner city are pushed out due to gentrification. Europe In Western Europe, where undeveloped land is scarce and urban areas are generally recognized as the drivers of the new information and service economies, urban renewal has become an industry in itself, with hundreds of agencies and charities set up to tackle the issue. European cities have the benefit of historical organic development patterns already concurrent to the New Urbanist model, and although derelict, most cities have attractive historical quarters and buildings ripe for redevelopment. In the inner-city estates and suburban cities, the solution is often more drastic, with 1960s and 70s state housing projects being totally demolished and rebuilt in a more traditional European urban style, with a mix of housing types, sizes, prices, and tenures, as well as a mix of other uses such as retail or commercial. One of the best examples of this is in Hulme, Manchester, which was cleared of 19th-century housing in the 1950s to make way for a large estate of high-rise flats. During the 1990s, it was cleared again to make way for new development built along new urbanist lines. See also General: Benign neglect Black flight Brownfield Crime prevention through environmental design Dead mall Deindustrialization Deurbanization Gentrification, the reverse process Fenceline community Food desert Ghetto tax Ghost town Greyfield Land recycling Modern ruins Municipal disinvestment NIMBY Redlining Rural flight, the country counterpart Shrinking cities Slum clearance Spatial mismatch, mismatch between job location and residence Survivalism Retail apocalypse Rural ghetto Rural poverty Ruin porn Urban exploration Urban prairie Urbicide White flight Specific: Urban economics Urban planning Urban theory References Notes External links Towards a Strong Urban Renaissance' Follow up report to UK Government's 'Urban task Force' report http://urban.probeinternational.org/ Urban Renaissance Institute Demographic economic problems sv:Förslumning