Phyllanthus latifolius (L.) Sw. Phyllanthus liebmannianus Muell.Arg. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. Phyllanthus microcladus Muell.Arg. Phyllanthus millei Standl. Phyllanthus mirabilis Müll.Arg. – one of the four succulent species of this genus Phyllanthus montanus (Sw.) Sw. Phyllanthus myrtifolius (Wight.) Muell.Arg. Phyllanthus muellerianus (Kuntze) Exell Phyllanthus niruri L. – Chanca piedra (Also includes P. amarus and P. debilis) Phyllanthus nyale Petra Hoffm. & Cheek Phyllanthus parvifolius Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Phyllanthus pavonianus Baill. Phyllanthus pentaphyllus C.Wright ex Griseb. Phyllanthus phialanthoides Falcón & J.L.Gómez Phyllanthus polygonoides Nutt. ex Spreng. – Smartweed leafflower Phyllanthus polyspermus Shumach. & Thonn. – often misidentified as P. reticulatus Phyllanthus profusus N.E.Br. Phyllanthus pulcher Wallich ex Muell.Arg. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. – Asian sp. similar in appearance to P. polyspermus Phyllanthus revaughanii Coode Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi Welzen, R.W.Bouman & Ent Phyllanthus saffordii Merr. Phyllanthus salviifolius Kunth Phyllanthus sepialis Müll.Arg. Phyllanthus societatis Müll.Arg. Phyllanthus sponiifolius Müll.Arg. Phyllanthus stipulatus (Raf.) G.L. Webster Phyllanthus taxodiifolius Beille Phyllanthus tenellus Roxb. Phyllanthus urinaria L. – chamberbitter Phyllanthus virgatus G.Forst. Phyllanthus warnockii G.L.Webster Phyllanthus watsonii Airy Shaw Phyllanthus welwitschianus Müll.Arg. Fossil record Two fossil seeds of a Phyllanthus species have been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland. The seeds are similar to seeds of the fossil species †Phyllanthus triquetra and †Phyllanthus compassica from the Oligocene and Miocene of West Siberia. Phyllanthus fossils are known from several Miocene and Pliocene sites in Poland. Pollination biology Phyllanthus are of note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because some but not all species in the genus have a specialized mutualism with moths in the genus Epicephala (leafflower moths), in which the moths actively pollinate the flowers. While ensuring that the tree may produce viable seeds, the moths also lay eggs in the flowers' ovaries where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment. Other species of Epicephala are pollinators of certain species of plants in the genera Glochidion and Breynia, both of which are phylogenetically nested within Phyllanthus. Research and traditional medicine Particularly for its content of tannins, P. emblica fruit has a history of use in traditional medicine and is under study for its potential biological properties. Leaves, roots, stem, bark and berries of this genus contain lignans and other phytochemicals. References Phyllanthaceae genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Taxa described in 1753