the 12th and 11th Reserve divisions, from Longueval to the Ancre with Division Burckhardt, 183rd Division and the 3rd Guard Division. with the 2nd Guard Reserve Division, 52nd Division and the 26th Reserve Division, was made responsible for the front from the Ancre to Monchy au Bois. Many of the divisions were composed of units from other formations, brought in piecemeal to replace the "very heavy" casualties of existing units. Bavarian Infantry Regiment 16 was the last reserve of the 10th Bavarian Division and had lost many casualties around Mametz and Trônes Wood, the III Battalion having been reduced to . Aftermath Analysis Hoeppner, 1921 In 1921, Ernst von Hoeppner, who had commanded the from 1916 to the end of the war, wrote that German air units () were overwhelmed by the number and aggression of British and French air crews, who gained air supremacy and reduced the "to a state of impotence". Hoeppner wrote that British–French artillery-observation aircraft were their most effective weapon, operating in "perfect accord" with their artillery and "annihilating" the German guns, the French aviators being more effective in this than the British. Low-altitude flying for machine-gun attacks on German infantry had little practical effect but the depression of German infantry morale was much greater, leading to a belief that return fire had no effect on Allied aircraft and that all aeroplanes seen were British or French. German infantry demanded protection from the French and British flyers by the , despite their unsuitable aircraft. Prior and Wilson, 2005 In 2005, Prior and Wilson contradicted a version of the "traditional" narrative of the First Day of the Somme, which had been established in the writings of John Buchan, Basil Liddell Hart, Charles Cruttwell, Martin Middlebrook, Correlli Barnett and many others. Of battalions which attacked on 1 July, into no man's land, ten rushed the German front line from the British front trench and only twelve advanced at a steady pace. The slow advances of some of the twelve battalions took place behind a creeping barrage and were the most successful attacks of the day. Prior and Wilson wrote that the deciding factor in the success of British infantry battalions was the destructive effect of British artillery; if German gunners and machine-gun crews survived the bombardment, no infantry tactic could overcome their firepower. By 3 July, Joffre, Haig and Rawlinson accepted that the offensive north of the Albert–Bapaume