maximum value of the article. To treat the whole problem of natural or normal value from the point of view of the producer is to give but a one-sided theory of the facts. Cairnes' defence of the wages fund doctrine: This doctrine, expounded by Mill in his Principles, had been relinquished by him, but Cairnes still undertook to defend it. He certainly succeeded in removing from the theory much that bad tended to obscure its real meaning and in placing it in its very best aspect. He also showed the sense in which, when treating the problem of wages, we must refer to some fund devoted to the payment of wages, and pointed out the conditions under which the wages fund may increase or decrease. It may be added that his Leading Principles contain admirable discussions on trade unions and protection, together with a clear analysis of the difficult theory of international trade and value, in which there is much that is both novel and valuable. The Logical Method contains an exposition and defence of Ricardo's theory of rent; and the Essays contain a criticism of Frédéric Bastiat's economic doctrines. Selected extant publications Articles, lectures, papers <li> Dublin Statistical Society, papers: <li> <li> <li> Journal of the Dublin Statistical Society <li> <li> Fraser's Magazine <li> <li> Edinburgh Review <li> <li> <li> <li> <li> <li> {{Hanging indent |text="Estrangement Between the United States and Great Britain," 1862, London Anti-Slavery Advocate (repr. Living Age, Third Series, Vol. 19, 1962, pps. 328–330) }} <li> <li> <li> The Economist <li> <li> <li> <li> <li> <li> Fortnightly Review, volumes numbered by New Series <li> <li> <li> <li> <li> Herbert Spencer on Social Evolution <li> <li> <li> <li> <li> Macmillan's Magazine'' <li> <li> <li> <li> Compilations, reprints <li> <li> "Introductory" <li> "Postscript" <li> <li> "Postscript" <li> <li> "Note" <li> <li> "Note" <li> "Bastait" (re: Frédéric Bastiat) <li> <li> <li> <li> See also History of economic thought Notes References External links NUI Galway: John Elliott Cairnes NUI Galway is the successor to Queen's College Galway 1823 births 1875 deaths People from Castlebellingham Academics of University College London Classical economists 19th-century Irish economists 19th-century British economists People associated with the University of Galway