of its polyphyly came in 1993 with the first maximum parsimony analysis of DNA sequences of the gene rbcL from a large number of seed plants. Since the 1993 study, all subsequent phylogenetic analyses have shown that the old concept of Euphorbiaceae consisted of several lineages that did not together form a clade in the order Malpighiales. Euphorbiaceae is now defined as a much smaller family than it had been in the twentieth century. Pandaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Picrodendraceae, Putranjivaceae, Peraceae, and Centroplacaceae have been removed from it. The obsolete, older concept of Euphorbiaceae, known as Euphorbiaceae sensu lato, is sometimes still used for continuity and convenience. It was the subject of a book and two papers which stood as the standard works on Phyllanthaceae until that family was revised by Hoffmann and co-authors in 2006. Classification In the past, the genera Centroplacus, Paradrypetes, and Phyllanoa had been placed in Phyllanthaceae, but these are now excluded from the family. Centroplacus is now in the family Centroplacaceae. Paradrypetes is in Rhizophoraceae. Phyllanoa is known only from a single specimen. In 1996, this was examined and found to be a species of Rinorea (Violaceae). The family Phyllanthaceae is divided into two subfamilies: Antidesmatoideae and Phyllanthoideae. Antidesmatoideae is divided into six tribes and Phyllanthoideae is divided into four. The tribe Antidesmateae of Antidesmatoideae, and the tribes Bridelieae and Wielandieae of Phyllanthoideae are further divided into subtribes. The following classification table is from the 2006 revision of Phyllanthaceae. Incertae sedis: Chonocentrum Subfamily Antidesmatoideae 6 tribes Tribe Bischofieae 1 genus Bischofia Tribe Uapaceae 1 genus Uapaca Tribe Spondiantheae 1 genus Spondianthus Tribe Scepeae 8 genera Aporosa Ashtonia Baccaurea Distichirhops Maesobotrya Nothobaccaurea Protomegabaria Richeria Tribe Jablonskieae 2 genera Jablonskia Celianella Tribe Antidesmateae 5 subtribes Subtribe Hieronyminae 1 genus Hieronyma Subtribe Leptonematinae 1 genus Leptonema Subtribe Martretiinae 2 genera Martretia Apodiscus Subtribe Hymenocardiinae 2 genera Hymenocardia Didymocistus Subtribe Antidesmatinae 2 genera Antidesma Thecacoris Subfamily Phyllanthoideae 4 tribes Tribe Bridelieae 5 subtribes Subtribe Securineginae 2 genera Securinega Lachnostylis Subtribe Saviinae 5 genera Savia Croizatia Discocarpus Gonatogyne Tacarcuna Subtribe Pseudolachnostylidinae 4 genera Pseudolachnostylis Bridelia Cleistanthus Pentabrachion Subtribe Keayodendrinae 1 genus Keayodendron Subtribe Amanoinae 1 genus Amanoa Tribe Phyllantheae 5 genera Phyllanthus (including Breynia, Glochidion, Reverchonia, and Sauropus) Flueggea Lingelsheimia Margaritaria Plagiocladus Tribe Wielandieae 2 subtribes Subtribe Astrocasiinae 3 genera Astrocasia Chascotheca Heywoodia Subtribe Wielandiinae 3 genera Wielandia Chorisandrachne Dicoelia Tribe Poranthereae 8 genera Poranthera Actephila Andrachne Leptopus Meineckia Oreoporanthera Zimmermannia Zimmermanniopsis