between and in the dialects that do have , e.g. 'farm' and 'crazy' in many Eastern Norwegian dialects. Although traditionally an Eastern Norwegian dialect phenomenon, it was considered vulgar, and for a long time it was avoided. Nowadays it is considered standard in the Eastern and Central Norwegian dialects, but is still clearly avoided in high-prestige sociolects or standardized speech. This avoidance calls into question the status of as a phoneme in certain sociolects. According to Nina Grønnum, in Trøndersk is actually a postalveolar lateral flap . Vowels Unless preceding another vowel within the same word, all unstressed vowels are short. is much rarer than (when spelled ) and, to a lesser extent, (when spelled ). Among the three vowels, only has an unambiguous spelling (alongside the ambiguous ). When spelled with , the close back appears especially before and . Many words that have the mid (such as 'around' and 'up') in the south-eastern part of Norway have the close in other dialects: . Kristoffersen states that is an unstressed allophone of . However, he also states that at least in his study, has the same formant values as , suggesting a phonemic merger of with some instances of unstressed (those that are centralized to ) to , though the vowels are hardly contrastive. For this reason, in this article it is treated as a separate phoneme that can only occur in unstressed non-initial syllables. The phonemic status of in Urban East Norwegian is unclear since and pattern as allophones of and before the flaps and . However, there are also words in which is realized as , despite the following flap, such as the present indicative 'see, sees'. According to Kristoffersen, the diphthongs are non-phonemic. can be analyzed as sequences of and which is allophonically labialized to after rounded vowels. His analysis requires positing an additional phoneme (which corresponds to the central , not back ) to analyze in a similar way. According to him, is best analyzed as . The second element of is often realized as labiodental . Some speakers have an additional diphthong in their inventory which, like and , is restricted to loanwords. According to Kristoffersen's analysis, is then best analyzed as + , whereas the best phonemic representation of the marginal is . Another (very rare) diphthong is , which appears only in the word ('haste'). The second element of the fronting diphthongs