Memorials On January25, 1891, a temple was constructed by Liu Jintang. He had been one of the generals participating in the counterinsurgency against the Dungan revolt and at that time he was the Governor of Gansu. The temple was built in the capital of Gansu as a memorial to the victims who died during the Dungan revolt in Kashgaria and Dzungaria. The victims numbered 24,838 and included officials, peasants, and members of all social classes and ethnic groups. It was named Chun Yi Ci. Another temple was already built in honor of the Xiang Army soldiers who fought during the revolt. Flight of the Dungans to the Russian Empire The failure of the revolt led to the immigration of some Hui people into Imperial Russia. According to Rimsky-Korsakoff (1992), three separate groups of the Hui people fled to the Russian Empire across the Tian Shan during the exceptionally severe winter of 1877/78: The first group of some 1000 people originally from Turpan in Xinjiang and led by Ma Daren (), also known as Ma Da-lao-ye () reached Osh in southern Kyrgyzstan. The second group of 1130 people originally from Didaozhou () in Gansu led by ahong A Yelaoren (), were settled in the spring of 1878 in the village of Yardyk some from Karakol in Eastern Kyrgyzstan. The third group, originally from Shaanxi and led by Bai Yanhu (白彦虎; also spelt Bo Yanhu; 1829()-1882), one of the leaders of the revolt, were settled in the village of Karakunuz (now Masanchi), in the modern Zhambyl Province of Kazakhstan. Masanchi is located on the northern (Kazakh) side of the Chu River, north of the city of Tokmak in north-western Kyrgyzstan. This group numbered 3314 on arrival. Another wave of immigration followed in the early 1880s. In accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg signed in February 1881, which required the withdrawal of the Russian troops from the Upper Ili Basin (the Kulja area), the Hui and Taranchi (Uighur) people of the region were allowed to opt for moving to the Russian side of the border. Most people choose that option and according to Russian statistics, 4,682 Hui moved to the Russian Empire under the treaty. They migrated in many small groups between 1881 and 1883, settling in the village of Sokuluk some west of Bishkek, as well as at a number of points between the Chinese border and Sokuluk,