based on dramatic Hellenistic compositions. The refined style of execution was more common in the late Augustan or earlier Tiberian age, though more likely Augustan. It is said that the image of Augustus as Jupiter is linked to future Roman triumphs by Horace in his Odes: Notes Sources Clayton, Peter, Treasures of Ancient Rome, New Jersey, 1995, pp. 163–165. Galinsky, Karl. Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1996. pp. 53, 120-121. Hanfmann, George M.A. Roman Art: A Modern Survey of the Art of Imperial Rome. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1975, pp. 248–249 Horace: The Odes and Epodes. Loeb Classical Library. Great Britain, 1914. Odes III, 5. Internet: https://web.archive.org/web/20050325040449/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/users/morford/augimage.html Pollini, John. "Ideology, Rhetorical imagery and the creation of a dynastic narrative", in Narrative and Event in Ancient Art, Peter J.Holliday, ed. (Cambridge Studies in New Art History) 1993. Ramage, Nancy H. and Andrew Ramage. Roman Art: Romulus to Constantine. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1991. pp. 106–107. Schäfer, Jürgen. Die Gemma Augustea (Anfang 1. Jh. n. Chr.) Inv. A 158, uni-muenster.de (1999). Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History: Volume One. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1995. p. 249. Zanker, Paul. The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1988. External links Kunsthistorisches Museum | Gemma Augustea The original form of Gemma Augustea on the homepage of gemmarius-sculptor Julio-Claudian dynasty Roman Empire cameos Classical antiquities of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Augustus in Ancient Roman sculpture Archaeological discoveries in Italy