more than one color if and only if it has an edge, and that edge is itself a minor. The case is also easy: the graphs requiring three colors are the non-bipartite graphs, and every non-bipartite graph has an odd cycle, which can be contracted to a 3-cycle, that is, a minor. In the same paper in which he introduced the conjecture, Hadwiger proved its truth The graphs with no minor are the series–parallel graphs and their subgraphs. Each graph of this type has a vertex with at most two incident edges; one can 3-color any such graph by removing one such vertex, coloring the remaining graph recursively, and then adding back and coloring the removed vertex. Because the removed vertex has at most two edges, one of the three colors will always be available to color it when the vertex is added back. The truth of the conjecture for implies the four color theorem: for, if the conjecture is true, every graph requiring five or more colors would have a minor and would (by Wagner's theorem) be nonplanar. Klaus Wagner proved in 1937 that the case is actually equivalent to the four color theorem and therefore we now know it to be true. As Wagner showed, every graph that has no minor can be decomposed via clique-sums into pieces that are either planar or an 8-vertex Möbius ladder, and each of these pieces can be 4-colored independently of each other, so the 4-colorability of a -minor-free graph follows from the 4-colorability of each of the planar pieces. proved the conjecture also using the four color theorem; their paper with this proof won the 1994 Fulkerson Prize. It follows from their proof that linklessly embeddable graphs, a three-dimensional analogue of planar graphs, have chromatic number at most five. Due to this result, the conjecture is known to be true but it remains unsolved for For , some partial results are known: every 7-chromatic graph must contain either a minor or both a minor and a minor. Every graph has a vertex with at most incident edges, from which it follows that a greedy coloring algorithm that removes this low-degree vertex, colors the remaining graph, and then adds back the removed vertex and colors it, will color the given graph with colors. In the 1980s, Alexander V. Kostochka and Andrew Thomason both independently proved that every graph with no minor has