"Citizenship, Economics and Society" curriculum, designed for students to focus on national identity, the national constitution, and the Basic Law. Other countries' use of democracy and political systems were also removed from the curriculum. On 24 October 2022, the Education Bureau confirmed that new teachers in public and direct subsidy scheme schools would be required to take a test on national security and the Basic Law, including kindergarten teachers. In December 2022, the Education Bureau released an inspection report, saying that many schools had failed in teaching national security. Universities In July 2022, the University of Hong Kong began requiring students to take a course on the national security law in order to graduate. Students must watch 10 hours of videos and pass an online test in order to complete the mandatory security class. Other universities, including Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University also began offering courses on national security. The course is listed as a graduation requirement. Christine Choi also said that university student unions were "instigating the anti-China sentiment and hatred toward the Chinese people" during the 2019 Hong Kong protests. In December 2022, the Education Bureau said that all universities must require students to take courses on national education, stating "Education on the [Chinese] constitution, the Basic Law and the national security law should also form an important part of the university curriculum, with a view to nurturing students into law-abiding and responsible citizens." Study tour In March 2021, the Education Bureau revealed that new teachers in Hong Kong would have to travel to mainland China to undergo mandatory training. In July 2022, the Education Bureau asked secondary schools to create plans for taking students on mainland China study tours. Liberal studies In April 2021, a survey by PORI found that more than 60% of Hong Kongers opposed changes to the Liberal Studies course, changes implemented by the Education Bureau after the course came under attack from pro-Beijing figures who claimed the course was used to encourage students to take part in the 2019-20 Hong Kong protests. In January 2023, trips to mainland China became mandatory for 50,000 Secondary Five students as part of the Liberal Studies course. National flag ceremonies In October 2021, the Education Bureau revealed new guidelines for implementing national flag ceremonies in schools, stating that it would "promote national education and