and management take earlier SON capability that may have only been targeted at a single domain or technology, and expand it to deliver automated service quality management across the entire HetNet. Wireless A Heterogeneous wireless network (HWN) is a special case of a HetNet. Whereas a HetNet may consist of a network of computers or devices with different capabilities in terms of operating systems, hardware, protocols, etc., a HWN is a wireless network that consists of devices using different underlying radio access technology (RAT). Several problems still need to be solved in heterogeneous wireless networks such as: Determining the theoretical capacity of HWNs Interoperability of technology Handover Mobility Quality of service / quality of experience Interference between RATs Aggregation An HWN has several benefits when compared with a traditional homogeneous wireless network, including increased reliability, improved spectrum efficiency, and increased coverage. Reliability is improved since when one particular RAT within the HWN fails, it may still be possible to maintain a connection by falling back to another RAT. Spectrum efficiency is improved by making use of RATs, which may have few users through the use of load balancing across RATs and coverage may be improved because different RATs may fill holes in coverage that any one of the single networks alone would not be able to fill. Semantics From a semantic point of view, it is very important to note that the heterogeneous network terminology can have different connotations in wireless telecommunications. For instance, it could refer to the paradigm of seamless and ubiquitous interoperability between various multi-coverage protocols (aka, HetNet). Otherwise, it might refer to the non-uniform spatial distribution of users or wireless nodes (aka, spatial inhomogeneity). Therefore, using the term "heterogeneous network" without putting it into context can result in a source of confusion in scientific literature and during the peer-review cycle. In fact, the confusion may further be aggravated, especially in light of the fact that the HetNet paradigm is often also researched from a geometrical angle. See also Open standard References Computer networking