to Yengi Hissar to deblocade citadel in which his brother Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra was besieged. This force included a small number of Afghan volunteers sent by king Mohammed Zahir Shah and who served as body guards of emir Abdullah. For two weeks of fierce fighting by March 28, 1934, of 2,500 emir Abdullah soldiers, who initially were engaged in the battle, 2,300 had been killed or wounded. The last engagement occurred near Sweden mission in Yarkand during which the emir Abdullah Bughra was allegedly killed and beheaded, his head put on display at Idgah mosque. None of 24 Afghan body guards left Shah Mansur till last minute and all were killed in the battle. Charkhlik Revolt The 36th division under General Ma Hushan crushed the Charkhlik Revolt by the Uighurs in the Charkliq oasis in 1935. More than 100 Uighurs were executed, and the family of the Uighur leader was taken as hostage. Aftermath By the end of 1934, Sheng Shicai, with Soviet backing, was firmly in control of Xinjiang. With Soviet mediation, Khoja Niyaz agreed to serve as the vice chairman of the Xinjiang Government led by Sheng. Sheng appointed Mahmut Muhiti as the deputy military commander of the Kashgar region, and permitted Yulbars Khan, one of the Hami rebel leaders, to serve as the head of Hami County. Ma Zhongying was persuaded to study in the Soviet Union, where he disappeared. His subordinate forces in southern Xinjiang were eventually absorbed by Sheng Shicai. Muhammad Amin Bughra fled to Afghanistan where he sought Japanese support for the ETR. In 1937, Mahmut Muhiti and Ma Hushan, Ma Zhongying's former subordinate, launched a rebellion in southern Xinjiang against Sheng. The rebellion was crushed by Sheng with Soviet support. Mahmut Muhiti and Ma Hushan fled to British India. Mahmut Muhiti eventually collaborated with Japan and died in Japanese-occupied Beiping in 1944. Ma Hushan joined Qinghai warlord Ma Bufang. On account of Khoja Niyaz's associate Mahmut Muhiti, Sheng had Khoja Niyaz arrested for allegedly being "counter-revolutionary Trotskyst" and "Japanese agent". Khoja Niyaz was eventually executed in prison. In 1937, Sheng also attacked Hami, forcing Yulbars Khan to flee to the Nationalist Chinese government led by Chiang Kai-shek in Nanjing. Interviews with Turkistani veterans in exile suggest that Sheng Shicai and the Soviets collaborated to crush the Republic. Russia had a two-sided policy in relation to the region of East Turkestan; often promising