Lincoln's home district of Springfield, Illinois, John T. Stuart, a Democrat and one of Lincoln's former law partners, defeated the Republican incumbent. A fear of an influx of freed slaves competing for jobs and depressing wages, and a desire by white voters to prevent black suffrage, helped drive this result and others. The sitting House Speaker, Galusha Grow of Pennsylvania, also lost re-election, but he would return to the House 30 years later in 1894. A Speaker of the House would not lose re-election again until 1994. Election summaries The eight Representatives remaining from Tennessee and Virginia in the 37th Congress were absent from the 38th Congress. Other seceded states remained unrepresented, leaving 58 vacancies Upon admission, West Virginia was allotted three Representatives and during the second session one seat was added for the new state of Nevada. Reapportionment transpired according to the 1860 Census, under the 1850 Apportionment Act providing a total of 233 seats. A later Act added eight seats, increasing the total to 241. Special elections There were seven special elections during the 37th Congress, and two during the 38th Congress. 37th Congress |- ! | Joseph Segar | | Unionist | 1861 | | Incumbent declared not entitled February 11, 1862.Incumbent re-elected March 15, 1862.Unionist hold. | nowrap | |- ! | Thomas B. Cooper | | Democratic | 1860 | | Incumbent died April 4, 1862.New member elected May 24, 1862.Democratic hold. | nowrap | |- ! | Charles W. Walton | | Republican | 1860 | | Incumbent resigned May 26, 1862.New member elected September 8, 1862.Republican hold. | nowrap | |- ! | James S. Jackson | | Unionist | 1861 | | Incumbent resigned December 13, 1861.New member elected October 27, 1862.Unionist hold. | nowrap | |- ! | Goldsmith Bailey | | Republican | 1860 | | Incumbent died May 8, 1862.New member elected November 4, 1862.Republican hold. | nowrap | |- ! | Luther Hanchett | | Republican | 1860 | | Incumbent died November 24, 1862.New member elected December 30, 1862.Republican hold.Successor was also elected to the next term, see below. | nowrap | |- ! | Charles H. Upton | | Unionist | 1861 | | Incumbent invalidated February 27, 1862.New member elected January 15, 1863.Unionist hold. | nowrap | |} 38th Congress |- ! | Luther Hanchett | | Republican | 1860 | | Incumbent member-elect died