Protocol I (also Additional Protocol I and AP I) is a 1977 amendment protocol to the Geneva Conventions concerning the protection of civilian victims of international war, such as "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination, alien occupation or racist regimes." In practice, Additional Protocol I updated and reaffirmed the international laws of war stipulated in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 to accommodate developments of warfare since the Second World War (1937–1945). Ratification status As of February 2020, it had been ratified by 174 states, with the United States, Israel, Iran, Pakistan, India, and Turkey being notable exceptions. However, the United States, Iran, and Pakistan signed it on 12 December 1977, which signifies an intention to work towards ratifying it. The Iranian Revolution has occurred in the interim. Russia On 16 October 2019, President Vladimir Putin signed an executive order and submitted a State Duma bill to revoke the statement accompanying Russia's ratification of the Protocol I, accepting the competence of the Article 90 International Fact-Finding Commission. The bill was supplied with the following warning: The available reports regarding this action do not indicate that Russia has revoked their accession to Protocol I as a whole, and the Russian Federation is still included on the lists of parties maintained by the International Committee of the Red Cross and by the United Nations. Summary of provisions Protocol I is an extensive document, containing 102 articles. The following is a basic overview of the protocol. For a comprehensive listing of all provisions, consult the text and the commentary. In general, the protocol reaffirms the provisions of the original four Geneva Conventions. However, the following additional protections are added. Article I states that the convention applies in "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist régimes in the exercise of their right of self-determination", which has been interpreted as favoring terrorism, and denying protections to Israel, since United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 ("Zionism is racism") was in effect at that time. Article 37 prohibits perfidy. It identifies four types of perfidy and differentiates ruses of war from perfidy. Article 40 prohibits no quarter, including that there are no survivors, to threaten an adversary as such, or to conduct hostilities on that basis. Article 42 outlaws attacks on pilots and aircrews who are parachuting from an aircraft in distress. Once they landed