readers welcomed it, and it was far more successful than most first novels." Publication history Writing and editing Sartre originally titled the novel Melancholia, based on the engraving Melencolia I by Albrecht Dürer. Simone de Beauvoir referred to it as his "factum on contingency." He composed it from 1932 to 1936. He had begun it during his military service and continued writing at Le Havre and in Berlin. Ethan Kleinberg reports: David Drake confirms this account. The manuscript was subsequently typed. It was at first refused by the Nouvelle Revue Française (N.R.F.), despite a strong recommendation from their reviewer, Jean Paulhan. In 1937, however, the imprint's publisher, Gaston Gallimard, accepted it and suggested the title La Nausée. Brice Parain, the editor, asked for numerous cuts of material that was either too populist or else too sexual to avoid an action for indecency. Sartre deleted the populist material, which was not natural to him, with few complaints, because he wanted to be published by the prestigious N.R.F., which had a strong, if vague, house style. However, he stood fast on the sexual material which he felt was an artistically necessary hallucinatory ingredient. Michel Contat, one of Sartre's closest collaborators and then among his most prominent scholars, has examined the original typescript and feels that, "if ever Melancholia is published as its author had originally intended it, the novel will no doubt emerge as a work which is more composite, more baroque and perhaps more original than the version actually published." Translations The North-American publisher New Directions first issued Lloyd Alexander's translation in 1949 as part of its New Classics library; a New Directions paperback edition was introduced in 1959. In popular culture Robert Crumb submitted a 9-page cartoon story based on Nausea in his HUP #3, published by Last Gasp in November 1989. See also French literature of the 20th century Existentialism Footnotes References External links Sartre, Nausea Thomas Sheehan's very comprehensive teaching notes from Stanford University – including chronologies, Sartre's own summary of the novel, selections from Heidegger and from Sartre's early essay Intentionality (Archived Version). Sartre, intentionality and praxis An article on Sartre's relation to Husserl, by Roy Elveton. From, Sens [public]: La Revue, mardi 30 janvier 2007. Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980): Existentialism From the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. It traces Sartre's philosophical development in detail. Michel Contat, De « Melancholia » à La Nausée. La normalisation NRF de la