apart is that they are not, semantically speaking, reporting verbs at all. Such forms include be like, be all, and go. (19)a. Pat was like “I’ll call you.” b. [...]and then my sister’s all “excuse me would you mind if I gave you, if I want your autograph” and she’s like “oh sure, no problem.” c. And he goes “yeah” and looks and you can tell maybe he thinks he's got the wrong address[...] These forms, particularly be like, have captured the attention of much linguistic study and documentation. Some research has addressed the syntax of these forms in quotation, which is highly problematic. For example, a verbum dicendi like say may refer to a previously quoted clause with it. However, this is not possible with these innovative forms: (20)a. “I don’t know if he heard it, but I know I definitely said it b. *I’m like it c. *She was all it d. *I went it Notice that these forms also don’t behave as basic verba dicendi in many other ways. Clefting, for example, produces ungrammatical forms like (21)a. *That’s nice was gone by me b. *Um, yah, I know, but there’s going to be wine there was been all by her They also can’t participate in inverted constructions like other manner-of-speaking verbs: (22)a. *“Go home”, he was like b. *“I’m leaving”, was all John Several other issues concerning these forms are the topic of much current study, including their diachrony, or change in use over time. Go, for example, dates as far back as the eighteenth century, in contexts like go bang, go crack, go crash, etc. Research on these forms has also shown that be like in particular is associated with young people. However, this assumption is questioned on the basis of more recent findings which suggest that it is used by older speakers as well. It has also been largely attributed to female speakers, especially white females in California (Valley Girls). However, it is regularly used by speakers of both sexes, and in dialects of English outside of the US, including Canada and the UK. This is a topic of a great deal of research in current syntax and sociolinguistics. In Japanese Syntactic construction In Japanese, verba dicendi (発話行為動詞 hatsuwa kōi dōshi 'speech act verb'), also referred to as verbs of communication or verbs of saying, include 言う iu/yuu 'say', 聞く kiku 'ask', 語る kataru 'relate',