and indirect speech in Japanese depends on switches in deictic expressions and expressions of "speaker-addressee relationship". One language-specific diagnostics of direct speech is so-called "addressee-oriented expressions," which trigger a presupposition that there is an addressee in the discourse context. Some examples are listed below:sentence final particles: さ -sa 'let me tell you'; ね -ne 'you know'; よ -yo 'I tell you'; わ -wa 'I want you to know'imperative forms: 「走れ！」hashire 'Run!’polite verbs/polite auxiliary verbs: です desu; ございます gozaimasu; ますmasuFor example, in (3), [Ame da yo] in the complement of the verb 言う iu (past tense: itta) is unambiguously interpreted as direct speech because of the sentence final particle よ -yo 'I tell you'.(3) 太郎は花子に「雨だよ」と言った。Taro wa Hanako ni [Ame da yo] to it-taTaro TOP Hanako DAT rain COP yo QUOT say-PST'Taro said to Hanako, "It is raining, I tell you."Similarly, in (4), [Ame desu] in the complement of the verb 言う iu (past tense: itta) is unambiguously interpreted as direct speech because of the polite verb です desu.(4) 太郎は花子に「雨です」と言った。Taro wa Hanako ni [Ame desu] to it-taTaro TOP Hanako DAT rain desu QUOT say-PST'Taro said to Hanako politely, "It is raining." Diagnostics of indirect speech in Japanese One diagnostics of indirect speech in Japanese is presence of the reflexive pronoun 自分 zibun 'self'. It is a gender-neutral pronoun that uniformly refers to "the private self," or an agent of thinking, as opposed to "the public self," an agent of communicating, expressed by various personal pronouns (e.g. 僕 boku 'I(MALE)'), occupational roles (e.g. 先生 sensei 'teacher'), and kinship terms (e.g. お母さん okaasan 'mother'). For example, in (5), [zibun ga Tookyoo e iku] in the complement of the verb 言う iu (past tense: itta) is unambiguously interpreted as indirect speech because of the presence of 自分 zibun 'self', which is co-referential with 太郎 Taro.(5) 太郎は自分が東京へ行くと言った。Tarooi wa [zibuni ga Tookyoo e iku] to it-taTaro TOP self NOM Tokyo to go QUOT say-PST.'Taro said that he would go to Tokyo.'Note that (5) only differs from (1) in the subject of the embedded clause; (5) has 自分 zibun 'self' and (1) has 僕 boku 'I(MALE)'. Simultaneously direct and indirect speech It has been reported that some sentences in Japanese have characteristics of both direct and indirect modes simultaneously. This phenomenon is called "semi-indirect mode" or "quasi-direct mode". It is also observed in a reported speech, and Kuno (1988) has termed it "blended discourse". (6) is an example