sorts of performers: atapukan, aringgit, and abanol. Ringgit is described in an 11th-century Javanese poem as a leather shadow figure. Unlike India's shadow plays that incorporated little to no musical performance, Indonesia wayang includes an assemble of gamelan music. Wayang kulit, a style of wayang shadow play, is particularly popular in Java and Bali. The term derived from the word wayang literally means "shadow" or "imagination" in Javanese; it also connotes "spirit". The word kulit means "skin", as the material from which the puppet is made is thin perforated leather sheets made from buffalo skin. Performances of shadow puppet theater in Bali are typically at night, lasting until dawn. The complete wayang kulit troupes include dalang (puppet master), nayaga (gamelan players), and sinden (female choral singer). Some of the nayaga also perform as male choral singers. The dalang (puppet master) performs the wayang behind the cotton screen illuminated by oil lamp or modern halogen lamp, creating visual effects similar to animation. The flat puppet has moveable joints that are animated by hand, using rods connected to the puppet. The handle of the rod is made of carved buffalo horn. On November 7, 2003, UNESCO designated wayang kulit from Indonesia as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Malaysia In Malaysia, shadow puppet plays are also known as wayang kulit. In Malay, wayang means "theater", while kulit means "skin/leather" and refers to the puppets that are made out of leather. There are four types of shadow theaters in Malaysia: wayang kulit Jawa, wayang kulit Gedek, wayang kulit Melayu, and wayang kulit Siam. Wayang kulit Jawa and wayang kulit Melayu can be traced back to Javanese Shadows while wayang kulit Gedek and wayang kulit Siam are be trace back to Southern Thailand's shadow theaters. Stories presented are usually mythical and morality tales. There is an educational moral to the plays, which usually portray a battle. Malay shadow plays are sometimes considered one of the earliest examples of animation. The wayang kulit in the northern states of Malaysia such as Kelantan is influenced by and similar to Thai shadow puppets, while the wayang kulit in the southern Malay peninsula, especially in Johor, is borrowed from Javanese Indonesian wayang kulit with slight differences in the story and performance. The puppets are made primarily of leather and manipulated with sticks or buffalo horn handles. Shadows are cast using an oil