Elections in Turkey are held for six functions of government: presidential elections (national), parliamentary elections (national), municipality mayors (local), district mayors (local), provincial or municipal council members (local) and muhtars (local). Apart from elections, referendums are also held occasionally. The Parliament (Meclis) has 600 members, elected for a five-year term by a system based on closed list proportional representation according to the D'Hondt method. Political parties are subject to an electoral threshold of 7%. Smaller parties can avoid the electoral threshold by forming an alliance with bigger parties, in which it is sufficient that total votes of the alliance passes the 7%. Independent candidates are not subject to electoral threshold. The presidential elections are held every five years. The president is elected for a term of office of five years and is eligible for one re-election. There's an exception when a president's second term ends prematurely through a decision of the Parliament. In this case, the president can be re-elected for a third term. To put forward a referendum regarding constitutional amendments, a supermajority (three fifths of the votes) in the parliament is required first. These kinds of referendums are binding. Turkey has a multi-party system, with two or three strong parties and often a fourth party that is electorally successful. Since 1950, parliamentary politics has mainly been dominated by conservative parties. Even the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) tends to identify itself with the "tradition" of Democrat Party (DP). While on the left side of the spectrum, parties like Republican People's Party (CHP), Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP) and Democratic Left Party (DSP) have enjoyed the largest electoral success on the left. The constitutional referendum of 2017 enhanced the powers of the president, and since 2018, the focus has shifted from parliamentary to the presidential elections. Schedule Bold: latest elections, italic: upcoming elections List of elections Presidential elections 1950 Turkish presidential election, Celâl Bayar succeeded İsmet İnönü 1954 Turkish presidential election, Celâl Bayar re-elected 1957 Turkish presidential election, Celâl Bayar re-elected 1961 Turkish presidential election, after the 1961 Coup, Cemal Gürsel was elected president. 1966 Turkish presidential election, Cevdet Sunay succeeded Cemal Gürsel 1973 Turkish presidential election, Fahri Korutürk succeeded Cevdet Sunay 1980 Turkish presidential election, parties failed to elect a president to succeed Fahri Korutürk, 1980 Turkish coup d'état ensued 1982 Turkish constitutional referendum, Kenan Evren named president in new constitution until 1989 1989 Turkish presidential election,