Biblical hermeneutics is the study of the principles of interpretation concerning the books of the Bible. It is part of the broader field of hermeneutics, which involves the study of principles of interpretation, both theory and methodology, for all forms of communication, nonverbal and verbal. While Jewish and Christian biblical hermeneutics have some overlap and dialogue, they have distinctly separate interpretative traditions. Jewish Traditional Talmudical hermeneutics (Hebrew: approximately, מידות שהתורה נדרשת בהן) refers to Jewish methods for the investigation and determination of the meaning of the Hebrew Bible, as well as rules by which Jewish law could be established. One well-known summary of these principles appears in the Baraita of Rabbi Ishmael. Methods by which the Talmud explores the meaning of scripture: grammar and exegesis the interpretation of certain words and letters and apparently superfluous and/or missing words or letters, and prefixes and suffixes the interpretation of those letters which, in certain words, are provided with points the interpretation of the letters in a word according to their numerical value (see Gematria) the interpretation of a word by dividing it into two or more words (see Notarikon) the interpretation of a word according to its consonantal form or according to its vocalization the interpretation of a word by transposing its letters or by changing its vowels the logical deduction of a halakah from a Scriptural text or from another law The rabbis of the Talmud considered themselves to be the receivers and transmitters of an Oral Torah as to the meaning of the scriptures. They considered this oral tradition to set forth the precise, original meanings of the words, revealed at the same time and by the same means as the original scriptures themselves. Interpretive methods listed above such as word play and letter counting were never used as logical proof of the meaning or teaching of a scripture. Instead they were considered to be an asmakhta, a validation of a meaning that was already set by tradition or a homiletic backing for rabbinic rulings. Biblical source criticism Among non-Orthodox Jews, there is growing interest in employing biblical source criticism, such as the Documentary hypothesis and the Supplementary hypothesis, for constructing modern Jewish theology, including the following objectives: Reconciling modern morals with biblical passages that condone morally problematic acts, such as genocide and other collective punishment Rejecting or accepting folkways, social norms, and linguistic trends, picking and choosing as more