by the finger of the puppet master. The hide is worked until it is semi-transparent; then it is colored, resulting in colorful projections. Karagöz theatre was also adapted in Egypt and North Africa. Shadow puppetry today In the 1910s, the German animator Lotte Reiniger pioneered silhouette animation as a format, whereby shadow-play-like puppets are filmed frame-by-frame. This technique has been kept alive by subsequent animators and is still practised today, though cel animation and computer animation has also been used to imitate the look of shadow play and silhouette animation. By the 1920s, shadow puppetry had breached the world of German Expressionism, through the silent film Warning Shadows. Traditional Chinese shadow puppetry was brought to audiences in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s through the efforts of Pauline Benton. Contemporary artists such as Annie Katsura Rollins have perpetuated the medium, sometimes combining the form with Western theatre. Shadow theatre is still popular in many parts of Asia. Prahlad Acharya is one famous Indian magician who incorporates it into his performances. In the 2010s, performer Tom McDonagh introduced 3-D shadow puppets and the use of laser-cut objects. It also appears occasionally in western popular culture, for example in: The Broadway musical The Lion King The children's television show Bear in the Big Blue House The 1983 film The Year of Living Dangerously, opens with a scene from an Indonesian wayang shadow play. The 2004 video game Sudeki opens with a shadow puppet play setting the stage for the game. The Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta, Georgia has an extensive variety of Chinese shadow puppets in their Asian collection. The 2010 film The Karate Kid The Disney Channel show What a Life features shadow puppetry from Sunny Seki. Music videos, notably "The Free Design" by Stereolab and "Twice" by Little Dragon. Gallery See also Allegory of the cave References Further reading Currell, David, An Introduction to Puppets and Puppetmaking, New Burlington Books, (1992) Logan, David, Puppetry, Brisbane Dramatic Arts Company (2007) Fan Pen Chen tr., "Visions for the Masses; Chinese Shadow Plays from Shaanxi and Shanxi", Ithaca: Cornell East Asia Series, (2004) Ghulam-Sarwar Yousof, Dictionary of Traditional Southeast Asian Theatre, Oxford University Press, (1994) External links Greek Shadows, an interactive, educational website on Greek shadow-theater 1st-millennium BC establishments Audiovisual introductions in the 1st millennium BC Theatrical genres Performing arts in China Arts in Turkey Shadows Articles containing video clips