Degree of curve or degree of curvature is a measure of curvature of a circular arc used in civil engineering for its easy use in layout surveying. Definition The degree of curvature is defined as the central angle to the ends of an agreed length of either an arc or a chord; various lengths are commonly used in different areas of practice. This angle is also the change in forward direction as that portion of the curve is traveled. In an n-degree curve, the forward bearing changes by n degrees over the standard length of arc or chord. Usage Curvature is usually measured in radius of curvature. A small circle can be easily laid out by just using radius of curvature, but degree of curvature is more convenient for calculating and laying out the curve if the radius is large as a kilometer or a mile, as it needed for large scale works like roads and railroads. By using degrees of curvature, curve setting can be easily done with the help of a transit or theodolite and a chain, tape, or rope of a prescribed length. Length selection The usual distance used to compute degree of curvature in North American road work is of arc. Conversely, North American railroad work traditionally used 100 feet of chord, which is used in other places for road work. Other lengths may be used—such as where SI is favoured or a shorter length for sharper curves. Where degree of curvature is based on 100 units of arc length, the conversion between degree of curvature and radius is , where is degree and is radius. Since rail routes have very large radii, they are laid out in chords, as the difference to the arc is inconsequential; this made work easier before electronic calculators became available. The is called a station, used to define length along a road or other alignment, annotated as stations plus feet 1+00, 2+00, etc. Metric work may use similar notation, such as kilometers plus meters 1+000. Formulas for radius of curvature Degree of curvature can be converted to radius of curvature by the following formulae: Formula from arc length where is arc length, is radius of curvature, and is degree of curvature, arc definition Substitute deflection angle for degree of curvature or make arc length equal to 100 feet. Formula from chord length where is chord length, is radius of curvature