Panama City, Panama, July 29, 2005. V ACS Summit, at Pétion-Ville, Haiti, April 23–26, 2013. VI ACS Summit, at Mérida, México, April 28–30, 2014. VII ACS Summit, at Havana, Cuba, June 4, 2016. VIII ACS Summit, at Managua, Nicaragua, March 29, 2019. Membership Member states Associate member states on behalf of: on behalf of: Observer states Observer organisations The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - People's Trade Treaty Central American Bank for Economic Integration European Union Group of 77 International Organization for Migration Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development United Nations Relationship with other supranational organisations Observer organisations Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Secretariat Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) Central American Integration System (SICA) General Agreement on Central American Economic Integration (SIECA) Permanent Secretariat Community of Latin American and Caribbean States European Union Latin American Economic System (SELA) MERCOSUR United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Organization of American States (OAS) See also Economy of Latin America / the Caribbean List of regional organizations by population List of countries by credit rating List of countries by public debt List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP List of countries by future gross government debt List of countries by leading trade partners List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP growth List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (nominal) List of Latin American and Caribbean countries by GDP (PPP) East Caribbean dollar Sucre (currency) International status and usage of the euro Internationalization of the renminbi International use of the U.S. dollar Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean References Further reading Gowricharn, Ruben. Caribbean Transnationalism: Migration, Pluralization and Social Cohesion. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006. Henke, Holger, and Fred Reno, eds. Modern Political Culture in the Caribbean. Kingston: University of West Indies P, 2003. Heuman, Gad. The Caribbean: Brief Histories. London: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 2006. Hillman, Richard S. and Thomas J. D'agostino (editors). Understanding the Contemporary Caribbean. London: Lynne Rienner, 2003. Knight, Franklin W. The Modern Caribbean. na: The University of North Carolina Press, 1989. Langley, Lester D. The United States and the Caribbean in the Twentieth Century. London: University of Georgia P, 1989. Maingot, Anthony P. The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship. San Francisco: Westview P, 1994. Serbin, Andres. "Towards an Association of Caribbean States: Raising Some Awkward Questions". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs