and to keep their emotions under control. The level of contact is also debated, lighter contact may lead to less injuries but hard contact may better prepare individuals for competition or self-defense. Some sport styles, such as sanda, taekwondo, tang soo do, Kyokushin kaikan, kūdō, karate, kendo, and mixed martial arts use full contact sparring, though some of them, such as taekwondo (WT) and kendo make use of full-body protective gear. Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Brazilian Jiu Jitsu sparring is full contact and injuries are rare as it does not involve striking but rather forcing the opponent to submit using grappling techniques. MMA There is much controversy in mixed martial arts about the benefits of full contact sparring vs career threatening injuries. Former Ultimate Fighting Championship fighter Jamie Varner came to an early retirement because he had much head trauma in full contact sparring. UFC former welterweight champions Robbie Lawler and Johny Hendricks don't do full contact sparring. Names and types Sparring has different names and different forms in various schools. Some schools prefer not to call it sparring, as they feel it differs in kind from what is normally called sparring. In Western fencing, including historical fencing, the combat is called in English "free play," "sparring," the "assault," or simply "fencing," depending on the form of fencing studied. In Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu sparring is commonly called rolling. In boxing, sparring is commonly called sparring. In capoeira, the closest analogue to sparring is jogo (playing in the roda). In Chinese martial arts, sparring is usually trained at first as individual applications, eventually combined as freestyle training of long, medium and short range techniques. See sanshou, pushing hands, chi sao. In many Japanese martial arts, a grappling-type sparring activity is usually called randori. In judo, this is essentially one-on-one sparring. In most forms of aikido, it is a formalized form of sparring where one aikidoka defends against many attackers. In karate, sparring is called kumite (組手), see also randori. In kūdō, it is called sparring In taekwondo, sparring is called kyorugi by the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) or matsogi by the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF). In the WTF, the majority of the attacks executed are kicking techniques, whereas the ITF encourages the use of both hands and feet. The ITF does not always spar with head guards, but it is known to occur in some organizations practicing this form. In silat, the act