expertise and develop their collective ability so that they can compete effectively with large firms and advance technologies they may not be able to advance alone. In 2012 and 2013, the concept of 'Coopetitive Knowledge Sharing' was inspired by inter-organization research literature toward developing a Coopetitive Model of Knowledge Sharing that explains (1) how coopetition should be conceptualized, (2) What forms coopetition (three formative constructs of outcome (goal, reward), means (task related), boundary (friendship, geographical closeness, sense of team belonging) interdependencies), and (3) How coopetition and its interrelated components interact and influence knowledge sharing behaviors in cross-functional software teams. This series of publications in the Journal of Systems and Software and Information Processing & Management conceptualize and operationalize the multi-dimensional construct of cross-functional coopetition, and present an instrument for measuring this construct. Cross-functional coopetition is conceptualized with five distinct and independent constructs, three of them are related to cross-functional cooperation (task orientation, communication, interpersonal relationships), and two are associated with cross-functional competition (tangible resources and intangible resources). In 2013 Compassion Games International, an activity of the Charter for Compassion, used "coopetition" to describe their annual games between cities about who can commit the most acts of kindness and compassion. In 2014 the Caring Citizens' Congress, an Empathy Surplus Project, used "coopetition" to describe how to create "compassion primaries," where candidates for party office try to find allies in the other parties to cooperate around advancing freedom, compassion and human rights as governing principles. See also Competitive altruism Frenemy Cartels are not an example of coopetition because their goal is to limit competition, and the goal of coopetition is to take advantage of the complementary resources of the firms in order to reach lower costs and manage new innovation possibilities, still regarding competition in a further moment. Negarchy Co-Opertition FIRST Philosophy of FIRST References Further reading Brandenburger, Adam; Nalebuff, Barry (1996). Co-Opetition: A Revolution Mindset That Combines Competition and Cooperation Bengtsson, M.; Kock, S. (2000). Coopetition in Business Networks: To Cooperate and Compete Simultaneously Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 29, pp. 411–426 Asaro, V. Frank (2011). Universal Co-opetition: Nature's Fusion of Cooperation and Competition. . Asaro, V. Frank (2012). The Tortoise Shell Code, a novel. Asaro, V. Frank (2014). A Primal Wisdom: Nature's Unification of Cooperation and Competition. Asaro, V. Frank (2015). The Tortoise Shell Game. Asaro, V. Frank (2015). A Primal Wisdom, 2nd edition Czakon, W.; Fernandez, A. S.; Minà, A.