terrorists, before the participant representing the terrorist retrieves his weapon and readies it for use. Malfunction clearing drills When engaged in combat shooting, sometimes cartridges do not feed into the chamber properly. These malfunctions must be corrected quickly so that firing can be resumed. There are variations of malfunction drills, including the two most often required in competition: clearing a cartridge that fails to fire, and clearing a double feed malfunction. User error: Magazine improperly seated, ammunition is not loaded upon racking of the slide. Stovepipe: Spent round does not fully eject and is often seen standing upright in the ejection port appearing like a stovepipe. Double feed: Spent or unspent round remains in chamber while another round also tries to load into same space. Instinct drills Up until the mid-1980s, standard police trainers taught sight-picture shooting at all but contact distances. With the dissemination of the concept of instinct shooting with a handgun, described and explained in Chuck Klein's 1986 book, Instinct Combat Shooting, Defensive Handgunning for Police, the method began to be accepted by the police trainers. Though William E. Fairbairn, Sergeant Eric A. Sykes and Jeff Cooper touted the advantages of sightless shooting at close quarter distances, they did not explain how it was achieved, which was Chuck Klein's contribution. Instinct shooting requires the same eye, hand, and mind events as throwing a baseball or darts. The shooter must devote full attention on the smallest part of the target whilst drawing the weapon to fire. Once the weapon is at the ready, the shooter must fire immediately, to avoid losing the intense focus and missing the target. This technique is most often practiced with a moving target, such as clay birds. The practical use of this drill is for life or death situations, in which the gun handler must instinctively and accurately shoot the target, or die himself. The shooter must almost simultaneously: See the target Decide to shoot Start moving the gun to position Focus on a small part of the target Pull the trigger the instant the weapon reaches position See also Gun fu Pistol-whipping Buttstroke World War II combatives References External links USPSA, United States Practical Shooting Association IDPA International Defensive Pistol Association ICPS Israeli Combat Pistol Shooting IPSC Classifier CM 99-11, El Presidente, setup and scoring sheet Rob Leatham discusses IPSC El Presidente times and strategy Shooting sports North American martial arts European