occurred. Among the destroyed objects were the mansion of the general-governor of Kiev at Institutskaya street, and the monument to Taras Shevchenko, recently erected on the former location of the monument to Olga of Kiev. Richard Watt wrote that the Soviet advance into Ukraine was characterized by mass killing of civilians and the burning of entire villages, especially by Budyonny's Cossacks; such actions were designed to instill a sense of fear in the Ukrainian population. Davies noted that on 7 June Budyonny's 1st Army destroyed the bridges in Zhytomyr, wrecked the train station and burned various buildings. On the same day it burned a hospital in Berdychiv with 600 patients and Red Cross nuns. Such terror tactics he characterized as common for Budyonny's forces. According to Chwalba, "The news of the savagery, brutality and ruthlessness of the cavalry had a paralyzing effect and demoralized a soldier, who constantly looked back, seeking an opportunity to run away or desert. Menacing communications with such content had often been disseminated by Red Army operatives, who were aware of their debilitating effect." Isaac Babel, a Red Army war correspondent, wrote in his diary about atrocities committed by Polish troops and their allies, murders of Polish POWs by Red Army troops, and looting of the civilian population by Budyonny's Red Cossacks. Babel's writings became well known and Budyonny himself protested against the "defamation" of his troops. Order of battle The following is the Order of Battle of Polish / UPR Ukrainian and Soviet Russian / Soviet Ukrainian forces taking part in the struggles in Ukraine, as of 25 April 1920. The command structure of both sides changed during the operation. The Russian forces were joined by Budyonny's 1st Cavalry Army in the latter part of the operation, while some of the Polish forces was withdrawn by then to Belarus. Among the participating Polish Air Force formations was the 7th Kościuszko Squadron. Poland / Ukrainian People's Republic Soviet Russia / Soviet Ukraine See also Battle of Kiev (1941) Battle of Kiev (1943) References Further reading Korzeniewski, Bogusław;, THE RAID ON KIEV IN POLISH PRESS PROPAGANDA, Humanistic Review (01/2006) External links "Figures of the 20th century. Józef Piłsudski: the Chief who Created a State for Himself," Dzerkalo Tyzhnia (the Mirror Weekly), Feb. 3–9, 2001, available online. "Dramas of Ukrainian-Polish Brotherhood" (documentary film), a review in Dzerkalo Tyzhnia (Mirror Weekly), March 13–19, 1999, available online. . Kiev is