resources would not be mobilized so easily next time. Additionally, with the army mobilized, it would not look good to call it off at the eleventh hour. Gattinara saw to it that his ten commandments won out over the seven deadly sins. Gattinara was not an idealist when it came to policy. The Treaty of Madrid was forced upon Francis I of France by Charles after Francis was captured. The treaty spoke in romantic hyperbole and ended with an oath for both rulers to undertake a crusade together. While François signed the treaty under duress, Gattinara refused to affix the imperial seal to the document, because of his sense of realpolitik. François would subsequently break the terms of the treaty, which had been to renounce claims in Italy, surrender Burgundy, and abandon suzerainty over Flanders and Artois. See also Nicolas Perrenot de Granvelle References Alvarez, Manuel Fernandez. Charles V: Elected emperor and hereditary ruler. Thames and Hudson, London: 1975. Boone, Rebecca Ard. Mercurino di Gattinara and the Creation of the Spanish Empire. Pickering and Chatto, London: 2014. Brandi, Karl. trans. C.V. Wedgwood. The Emperor Charles V: The Growth and Destiny of a Man and of a World-Empire. Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: 1980. Habsburg, Otto von. trans. Michael Ross. Charles V. Praeger Publishers, Washington: 1970. Headley, John M. The emperor and his chancellor: a study of the imperial chancellery under Gattinara. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Schwarzenfeld. Gertrude von. Charles V: Father of Europe. Hollis & Carter, London: 1957. Headley, John, The emperor and his chancellor: a study of the imperial chancellery under Gattinara, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Rivero Rodríguez, Manuel, Gattinara: Carlos V y el sueño del Imperio, Madrid: Sílex, 2005. Rivero Rodríguez, Manuel, «Memoria, escritura y Estado: la autobiografía de Mercurino Arborio di Gattinara, Gran canciller de Carlos V», en Martínez Millán, José (coord.), Carlos V y la quiebra del humanismo político en Europa (1530-1558), Madrid: Sociedad Estatal para la Conmemoración de los Centenarios de Felipe II y Carlos V, volumen 1, 2000, págs. 199-224. Rivero Rodríguez, Manuel, La Corona de Aragón, metáfora de la Monarquía de Carlos V: Gattinara y sus ideas sobre el gobierno (1519-1520), en García García, Bernardo José (coord.), El Imperio de Carlos V: procesos de agregación y conflictos, Madrid: Fundación Carlos de Amberes, 2000, págs. 97-110. Boone, Rebecca, Mercurino di Gattinara and the creation of the Spanish Empire, London, Vermont: