subjective responses of the subject. Caloric stimulation/reflex test uses temperature difference between hot and cold water or air delivered into the ear to test for neural damage. Caloric stimulation of the ear results in rapid side-to-side eye movements called nystagmus. Absence of nystagmus may indicate auditory nerve damage. This test will often be done as part of another test called electronystagmography. Electronystagmography (ENG) uses skin electrodes and an electronic recording device to measure nystagmus evoked by procedures such as caloric stimulation of the ear Acoustic immittance audiometry - Immittance audiometry is an objective technique which evaluates middle ear function by three procedures: static immittance, tympanometry, and the measurement of acoustic reflex threshold sensitivity. Immittance audiometry is superior to pure tone audiometry in detecting middle ear pathology. Tympanometry Acoustic reflex thresholds Acoustic reflectometry wide-band absorbance audiometry also called 3D tympanometry Evoked potential audiometry N1-P2 cortical audio evoked potential (CAEP) audiometry ABR is a neurologic tests of auditory brainstem function in response to auditory (click) stimuli. Electrocochleography a variant of ABR, tests the impulse transmission function of the cochlea in response to auditory (click) stimuli. It is most often used to detect endolymphatic hydrops in the diagnosis/assessment of Meniere's disease. Audio steady state response (ASSR) audiometry Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) test, a variant of ABR that tests the integrity of the saccule Otoacoustic emission audiometry - this test can differentiate between the sensory and neural components of sensorineural hearing loss. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) audiometry Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) audiometry Sustained frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAE) audiometry - At present, SFOAEs are not used clinically. In situ audiometry: a technique for measuring not only the condition of the person's auditory system, but also the characteristics of sound reproduction devices, in-the-canal hearing aids, vents and sound tubes of hearing aids. Audiograms The result of most audiometry is an audiogram plotting some measured dimension of hearing, either graphically or tabularly. The most common type of audiogram is the result of a pure tone audiometry hearing test which plots frequency versus amplitude sensitivity thresholds for each ear along with bone conduction thresholds at 8 standard frequencies from 250 Hz to 8000 Hz. A pure tone audiometry hearing test is the gold standard for evaluation of hearing loss or disability. Other types of hearing tests also generate graphs or tables of results that may be loosely called 'audiograms', but the term is universally used