natural and reclaimed sites (natural and industrial analogs) surveying of existing erosional or depositional features of known age (or as determined by dating of deposits) to determine average erosion rates. Analysis of historical aerial photographs is often employed. site-specific empirical models that relate slope, watershed size, and rainfall empirical and semi-empirical or deterministic models based on laboratory and field flume measurements of erosion under simulated rainfall or flow conditions physically based gully erosion models landform and landscape scale models, often GIS-based, that apply erosion mechanics or statistical relationships to predict changes in topography and erosion rates sediment-budget models based on watershed monitoring. See also Erosion control Geomorphology Tillage erosion References Jetten V. and Favis-Mortlock, D.T. 2006. Modelling Soil Erosion in Europe. In, Boardman, J. and Poesen, J. (eds) Soil Erosion In Europe. Wiley. McKenna, G.T., 2002. Sustainable mine reclamation and landscape engineering. PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 661 pp. External links "About the Universal Soil Loss Equation" - US Department of Agriculture Soil erosion Geomorphology models