associations and guilds. Philanthropy is also a major tenet with wealthy Hoa businesspeople often conferring generously charitable donations to the community's less fortunate as well as providing them startup financial and social capital to establish their own respective businesses. In a historical sense, the success of Hoa-owned enterprises was mainly due to the heavy premium on the businesses being family-oriented, trust-based networks, latitude towards ethnic Han internationalization, and patronage towards the Chinese community. Much like the bamboo network, Hoa-owned business enterprises and business networks following Đổi Mới center on family management where the company's senior management teams work in unison with the founder's relatives to maintain the organization's day-to-day corporate activities. Many of the founders come from humble beginnings, starting out as physical laborers and establishing their own businesses borrowing and scraping meager sums of startup seed capital from their families and gradually pass down the business to the next generation. Until the 1960s, the Hoa alongside their Overseas Chinese counterparts dominated Vietnam's garment and textile industries with the nation's 600 small and medium sized textile businesses and top 3 textile manufacturing firms Vinatex; Vinatexco; and Vinatefico being under Chinese hands that supplied up to four-fifths of the entire nation's aggregate textile products. The Hoa also dominated Vietnam's processing sectors such as the cooking oil, dairy, cosmetics, plastics, and rubber industries in addition to controlling 80 percent of the largest metallurgical factories in South Vietnam. With much of the buzz surrounding the success of Chinese retail merchant trade, centrally integral to the fundamentals of that success were attributed to the development of extensive systems of canals allowing Chinese merchant traders to exert their economic clout and maintain their monopoly on Vietnam's shipping industry. Hoa retail merchants also controlled the wholesale trades in Binh Tay, An Dong and Soai Kinh Lam and were behind three-fifths of the retail goods that were distributed throughout Southern Vietnam. In Vietnamese business circles, the Hoa were dubbed as "crownless kings", "rice kings", "gasoline kings", or "scrap-iron kings" with regard to their shrewd business acumen and investment prowess. Highly publicized profiles of wealthy Hoa entrepreneurs and investors often attracted great public interest and were used to illustrate the Chinese community's strong economic clout. The huge materials supply system ensured maximum support for Han Chinese entrepreneurs for whatever goods and services they provided to their clients. The market was allegedly calibrated so as to ensure maximum profits