the habitual aspect is unmarked but by its accompaniment with words such as "always", "usually", etc. (i.e. is absent as a grammatical category). Mufwene (1984) and Gibson and Levy (1984) propose a past-only habitual category marked by as in ('where we used to live is not as cold as here'). For the present tense, an uninflected verb combining with an iterative adverb marks habitual meaning as in ('Tom always knows when Katy tells/has told about him'). en is a tense indicator a is an aspect marker (a) go is used to indicate the future Mi run () I run (habitually); I ran Mi a run or Mi de run, ( or ) I am running A run mi did a run, ( or ) I was running Mi did run ( or ) I have run; I had run Mi a go run () I am going to run; I will go on a run As in other Caribbean Creoles (that is, Guyanese Creole and San Andrés-Providencia Creole; Sranan Tongo is excluded) has a number of functions, including: Directional, dative, or benefactive preposition Dem a fight fi wi () ('They are fighting for us') Genitive preposition (that is, marker of possession) Dat a fi mi book () ('that's my book') Modal auxiliary expressing obligation or futurity Him fi kom up ya () ('he ought to come up here') Pre-infinitive complementizer Unu haffi kiip sumting far di guinea people-dem fi biit dem muzik () ('you have to contribute something to the Guinean People for playing their music') Pronominal system The pronominal system of Standard English has a four-way distinction of person, number, gender and case. Some varieties of Jamaican Patois do not have the gender or case distinction, but all varieties distinguish between the second person singular and plural (you). I, me = you, you (singular) = he, him = (pronounced in the basilect varieties) she, her = or (no gender distinction in basilect varieties) we, us, our = you (plural) = they, them, their = Copula the Jamaican Patois equative verb is also a e.g. ('I am the teacher') Jamaican Patois has a separate locative verb deh e.g. or ('we are in London') with true adjectives in Jamaican Patois, no copula is needed e.g. ('I am old now') This is akin to Spanish in that both have two distinct forms of the verb "to be" – ser and estar –