acid and formaldehyde, and physical radiation: ultrasonic and gamma radiation. Heat treatment in 49 °C (120 °F) for 24 hours can be used to kill the spores on contaminated equipment. See also Antibiotics Diseases of the honeybee References Nosema ceranae – a new threat to Apis mellifera honey bees University of Georgia Honeybee Program University of Florida IFAS Extension, Malcolm t. Sanford Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Ingemar Fries, 1993 T.A. Gochauer, B. Furgala, H. Shimanuki: The Hive and the honeybee. Chapter 21 Diseases and enemies of the honey bee, Dadant 1975. Higes, Mariano; u. a.: El Síndrome de Despoblamiento de las Colmenas en España (The bee dying syndrome in Spain). In: Vida Apícola 133 (September/October 2005), 15–21 (Montagud Editores, Barcelona, Spain). Higes, Mariano; u. a.: Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe. In: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 91 (2006) (Elsevier). Huang, Wei-Fone; u. a.: Complete rRNA Sequence of the Nosema ceranae from honeybee (Apis mellifera). National Taiwan University, Taipeh 2005. Huang, Wei-Fone; Jianga, Jing-Hao; Chenb, Yue-Wen and Wang, Chung-Hsiung A Nosema ceranae isolate from the honeybee Apis mellifera Apidologie 38 (2007) 30–37 Klee, J., Besana, A. M., Genersch, E., Gisder, S., Nanetti, A., Tam, D. Q., Chinh, T. X., Puerta, F., Ruz, J. M., Kryger, P., Message, D., Hatjina, F., Korpela, S., Fries, I. & Paxton, R. J. (2007) Widespread dispersal of the microsporidium Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. Webster, Thomas C.; u. a.: Nosema apis infection in worker and queen Apis mellifera / Nosema-apis-Infektion von Arbeiterinnen und Königinnen (Apis mellifera). In: Apidologie'' 35 (2004), 49–54 (EDP Sciences, Les Ulis, France). Chioveanu, G., Ionescu, D., Mardare, A., Control of Nosemosis – treatment with "Protofil", Apiacta 39 (2004), S.31–38. External links Beekeeping page at the University of Georgia, with a large section on Honey Bee Disorders] Apiculture Factsheets at the British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Lands BeeBase at the Defra Food and Environment Research Agency in the UK Kohala.net Diseases and Afflictions of Honey Bees Beediseases Honey bee diseases website by Dr. Guido Cordoni. Western honey bee pests Microsporidia Articles containing video clips Beekeeping Fungi described in 1909