Intelligence-led policing, Problem-oriented policing, and Community policing. In some law enforcement agencies, crime analysts work in civilian positions, while in other agencies, crime analysts are sworn officers. From a research and policy perspective, crime mapping is used to understand patterns of incarceration and recidivism, help target resources and programs, evaluate crime prevention or crime reduction programs (e.g. Project Safe Neighborhoods, Weed & Seed and as proposed in Fixing Broken Windows), and further understanding of causes of crime. The boom of internet technologies, particularly web-based geographic information system (GIS) technologies, is opening new opportunities for use of crime mapping to support crime prevention. Research indicates that the functions provided in web-based crime mapping are less than in most traditional crime mapping software. In conclusion, existing works of web-based crime mapping focus on supporting community policing rather than analytical functions such as pattern analysis and prediction. See also Crime analysis Geographic profiling Programs and projects CrimeView Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History CrimeAnalyst RAIDS Online RiskAhead ATACRAIDS Individuals André-Michel Guerry Michael Maltz Public access RAIDS Online SpotCrime.com Trulia, US real estate site with crime mapping YourMapper, open data crime mapping CitySafe, crime mapping for travelers & tourists General Public Participation GIS References Further reading Applications of geographic information systems Criminology Human geography Law enforcement techniques Crime statistics Map types