The Caucasian honey bee (Apis mellifera caucasia) is a subspecies of the western honey bee. Origin The Caucasian honey bee originates from the high valleys of the Central Caucasus. Georgia is the “central homeland” for the subspecies, although the bees also can be found in eastern Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Anatomy and appearance Shape and size: similar to A. m. carnica Chitin color: dark with brown spots at times Hair color: lead-grey Tongue length: up to 7.3 mm Behavior Beneficial for beekeeping Gentle and calm on the comb Longest proboscis, so it can extract nectar from the deepest nectar tissues, where no other honey bees can Ardent brood production – raising strong colonies Colonies reach full strength in mid-summer, which is good for areas where the highest nectar flow is in mid-summer Very great user of propolis Not beneficial for beekeeping Colonies do not reach full strength until mid-summer, which is an undesirable trait for areas with the highest nectar flow in the spring. The great use of propolis may be seen as undesirable as it makes hive management more difficult. Frames and hive boxes are glued together more substantially. Over-wintering in northern climates is not good due to susceptibility to nosema. Inclined to drifting and robbing In Turkey, beekeepers purposefully bring hives of Apis mellifera caucasia to areas of dense Rhododendron ponticum blooms to purposefully sequester grayanotoxin laden honey called "mad honey." This coveted novelty honey is referred to as "deli bal" and is neurotoxic. These bees are also less susceptible than A. m. mellifera to acute exposure to Imidacloprid, a neurotoxic pesticide. Worldwide distribution The Caucasian (Georgian) honeybee has a long history of importance to beekeeping worldwide. The bees were first introduced in the United States in the 19th century. The Caucasian honey bee was a subspecies that came to have enduring interest to U.S. beekeepers. Frank Benton (1852–1919) visited Georgia in 1905 and supported the import of honeybees to the United States. The Russian revolution and consequent annexation of Georgia by the Red Army in 1921 halted the export of Caucasian honey bees. Subspecies were studied and cultivated primarily by Soviet entomologists. Soviet officials were concerned about preserving the purity of the Caucasian subspecies and outlawed any export without special permission. In 1932 professor E. F. Phillips was invited to the Soviet Union, Republic of Georgia and spent a month visiting various beekeeping and bee research establishments.