to nest at any time of the year. The species often rears two broods in a year. The female builds a cup nest of soft plant fibers with tree bark and lichens on the outside and sometimes small feathers as a lining; all is held together with spider silk. It usually builds the nest on a bare horizontal branch as high as up in a tree, but nests have also been noted on human-made substrates such as wires, fences, and antennas. The clutch size is two eggs. The female alone incubates the clutch and cares for nestlings. The incubation period, time to fledging, and other details of parental care are not known. Vocalization The green-breasted mango is not highly vocal. Its song is "a buzzy and repetitive tsi si-si-si si-si-si" with up to 17 notes. Its calls include a "short, high, and sharp sip or sik" in flight, a "harsh chipping, chik chik chik" while feeding or perched, and a "high, shrill, slightly tinny twittering" during agonistic encounters. Status The IUCN has assesed the green-breasted mango as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and an estimated population of at least a half million mature individuals, though the latter is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. Because the species is common in human-modified landscapes like agricultural fields, parks, and residential areas, and even favors them in some places, "in the short term, this species may benefit from deforestation and the landscapes that result from anthropogenic intervention." The green-breasted mango is protected in the U.S. under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. References Further reading del Hoyo, Josep et al. eds. (1999): Handbook of the Birds of the World Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. Ridgely, Robert S. (1976): A Guide to the Birds of Panama. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Williamson, Sheri L. (2001): A Field Guide to Hummingbirds of North America. Peterson Field Guide Series, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. green-breasted mango Birds of Central America Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula Birds of Venezuela Hummingbird species of Central America Hummingbird species of South America green-breasted mango Taxa named by René Lesson