of sex through ultrasound is also illegal in India. In 1994, the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act banned prenatal sex determination, and was strengthened by an amendment in 2003. These laws were instituted to combat the prevalent practice of sex-selective abortion. Every genetic counselling centre, genetic laboratory or genetic clinic engaged in counselling or conducting pre-natal diagnostics techniques, like In vitro fertilisation (IVF) with the potential of sex selection (Preimplantation genetic diagnosis) before and after conception comes under purview of the PCPNDT Act and are banned. However, these laws have generally failed to be effective in rural areas and, despite education efforts, sex-selective abortion continues to be practiced in certain small parts of India. See also Genetic diagnosis of intersex Human sex ratio List of countries by sex ratio Sex-selective abortion Trivers–Willard hypothesis – hypothesizes that parental condition affects the sex ratio of children. Female foeticide in India References External links What is MicroSort Sex Selection (archived from the original on 2012-03-03) A collection of essays on sex selection in various Asian countries by Attané and Guilmoto Five case studies and a video on sex selection in Asia by UNFPA The 2012 United Nations study of factors and consequences of prenatal sex selection in the world A state of art review on birth masculinization by C. Z. Guilmoto Ethical debates Gender selection for babies poses ethical dilemmas (archived from the original on 2007-11-11) On fetal blood testing Family planning Infanticide