sneezed” require different levels of effort from Tammy, that is when kicking vs. jumping vs. sneezing. Additionally, the person and number of the undergoer of the action are all coded on the verb (e.g. the word gukacha means “S/he sees her/him”, a full sentence in English). The ways the speaker assesses the action (i.e. evidentiality, as in “I think Tammy arrived from class” vs. “Tammy arrived from class”). Finally, the internal temporal structure of the action (i.e. aspect, as in “Tammy was sneezing in class” vs. “Tammy sneezed in class”) is also coded in Keresan verbs. According to Maring (1967), the Keresan verb is organized around the following grammatical categories (pp. 39–40) Subject/Object relations Subject of intransitive verbs: marked by a prefix that distinguishes 3-4 persons in the singular (see below). Subject of transitive verbs: marked by a prefix that distinguishes 3-4 persons in the singular (see below). Object of transitive verbs: marked by a prefix that combines with the subject prefix, or by a suffix Number relations Singular: usually marked by a prefix Dual: can be marked by a prefix, partial reduplication or by suffixes Plural: can be marked by a prefix, partial reduplication, by suffixes or by suppletive stem forms (i.e. singular and plural forms are not related etymologically) Temporal relations Future: is marked on the verb by a series of prefixes that also encode number Modality relations Indicative Dubitative Hortative Negative hortative Negative Future negative Voice relations Active Passive Reflexive Reciprocal Aspect Imperfective Inceptive Repetitive Continuative Habitual Inchoative Perfective The verbal prefix In Keres, the verbal prefix carries information from five different grammatical categories: argument role, modality, polarity, person and number. That is, a single Keresan verb prefix codes who initiated the action and how implicated that entity is (the subject/case), whom underwent the effects of the action (the direct object), the speaker's assessment of the action (the modality) and whether it occurred or not (polarity). On the other hand, information about when the action took place (i.e. tense) is expressed elsewhere in a clause, mostly by adverbs. Number Keresan verbs distinguish three numbers: singular, dual (two entities) and plural (more than two entities); and four persons: first (the speaker), second (the hearer), third (a known, definite or salient entity being talked about) and fourth (a non-salient, unknown or indefinite entity being talked about, also known as obviative) persons. The plural and dual forms are often marked