others with his teachings. He did not leave behind a record of his teachings, and the group had few formalized tenets at the time of his death. In the following decades, the group's doctrine became more complicated. Akbar Muhammad of the NOI described Clarence 13X as "confused", although relations between the Five Percenters and NOI leaders have improved over time. Clarence 13X's teachings may have influenced the doctrines of Dwight York, founder of the Nuwaubian Nation. York saw Clarence 13X's teachings as an insufficient, incomplete path. Lawyer Sidney Davidoff, one of Lindsay's assistants, deemed Clarence 13X "a little bit snake-oil salesman and a little bit crazy, but no more unstable than anyone else preaching a gospel on the street corner." Davidoff saw Clarence 13X's black supremacist teachings as a way to instill confidence in young people. Knight states that Clarence 13X went from a "'Harlem rowdy' to [a] legitimate community leader", and Lindsay later cast Clarence 13X's role in the city as similar to that of Al Sharpton. Mattias Gardell of Uppsala University views Clarence 13X as a "gifted philosopher". See also List of unsolved murders Notes References Works cited Books Newspapers Further reading External links FBI file on Clarence 13X 1928 births 1969 deaths 1969 murders in the United States United States Army personnel of the Korean War Afrocentrists American members of the clergy convicted of crimes American people convicted of drug offenses Black supremacists Cult leaders Deaths by firearm in Manhattan Deified people Former Nation of Islam members Founders of new religious movements Five percenters Five-Percent Nation Murdered African-American people New religious movement deities Nation of Islam religious leaders People from Danville, Virginia People from Harlem People murdered in New York City People with schizophrenia Male murder victims Religious leaders from New York City Religious leaders from Virginia United States Army soldiers Unsolved murders in the United States 20th-century American clergy 20th-century African-American people