landed near Algiers and occupied Algeria ending 313 years rule of Turks. 1831: Syed Ahmad Barelvi and Shah Ismail leaders of Jihad movement in India fell fighting the Sikhs in Balakot. 1831: Sayyid Said, King of Oman, shifted his capital to Zanzibar. 1832: Turks defeated in the battle of Konya by Egyptian forces. 1833: At the urging of France, the Convention of Kütahya ended the war between Egypt and the Ottoman Empire and provided that the empire grant the sultan of Egypt all of Syria and Adana. 1833: The Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi established alliance between the Ottoman Empire and Russia and provided that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships at the Russians' request. 1834: Abdul Qadir of Algeria recognized as ruler of the area under his control by the French. 1839: In response to threats by Egyptian wāli Muhammad Ali to declare himself independent, an Ottoman army began (March) the invasion of Syria from the Euphrates. It was defeated (June 24) by the Egyptians in the battle of Nezib. On July 1 the Turkish fleet surrendered itself (possibly by an act of treachery) to Muhammad Ali in Alexandria. 1839: The Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (Supreme Edict of the Rose House) issued by sultan Abdülmecid I, which began the Tanzimât reforms of the Ottoman Empire. 1840: Quadruple Alliance by the European powers to force Egypt to relinquish Syria. British free occupied Aden. 1841: State of Adamawa established by Adams adjacent to Nigeria. 1842: Amir Abdul Qadir, ousted from Algeria by the French. He crossed over to Morocco. Shah Shuja assassinated ending the Durrani rule in Afghanistan. 1847: Amir Abdul Qadir surrendred to France under the condition of safe conduct to a Muslim country of his choice, but France violated its pledge and sent him as a captive to France. 1849: Death of Muhammad Ali of Egypt. 1850: The Báb is executed by the Persian government. Táhirih, a renowned poet and staunch advocate of Bábism also executed. 1852: Release of Amir Abdul Qadir by Napoleon III. He settled in Ottoman Empire. 1853: After a series of intrigues ostensibly designed to enable it to act as protector of Orthodox Christians in Ottoman territories failed, Russia occupied the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia in March. The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia in October beginning the Crimean War. Great Britain and France would declare war on Russia the