Sykes–Picot Agreement Britain and France plan post-war division of their post-war spheres of influence following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. 1916: Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule in Hijaz, Palestine and Syria. Lawrence of Arabia leads attacks on the Hejaz Railway. 1916: Muslims and Hindus join together in Lucknow Pact seeking more self-rule in India and other reforms from the British government. 1917: Britain issues the Balfour Declaration pledging British support for the creation of a Jewish national homeland. 1918: Birth of Gamal Abdel Nasser. 1918: Tripolitanian Republic declares independence from Italian Libya and becomes the first republican government in the Arab world. 1919: After losing virtually their entire empire, the Ottomans capitulate on October 19 and sign the Armistice of Mudros with the Allies on October 30. World War I ends on November 11. Syria becomes a French protectorate. 1919: The first revolution in Egypt led by Saad Zaghlul against British occupation. 1919: After the Third Anglo-Afghan War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Rawalpindi, King Amanullah Khan declared Afghanistan a sovereign and fully independent state. 1920: Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI signs the Treaty of Sèvres, reducing the Empire to a fraction of its previous size and allowing for the indefinite presence of Allied forces in Turkey. The treaty is rejected by nationalist leaders, who vow to block its implementation. 1920: Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Khiva conquered by Bolshevik Russia. 1920-1922: Turkish War of Independence. 1920 :Armenia first defeated by the Turkish nationalists then the Soviets. 1920: Short-lived Hashemite Kingdom of Syria establish, which surrendered to French forces after the Battle of Maysalun. 1921: Abdullah I of Jordan in made King of Transjordan. His father was the Sharif of Mecca. Faisal I of Iraq is made King of Iraq. His father was the Sharif of Mecca. 1921: Abd al-Karim leads a revolt against colonial rule in Moroccan Rif, and declares the "Republic of the Rif". 1921: Death of Alahazrat Molana Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi. 1921: Treaty of Kars between Soviet Russia and Turkey. 1921: Reza Khan Pahlavi stages largely bloodless coup in Persia. 1922: Armistice of Mudanya. Turkish nationalists under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal seize control of Turkey and abolish the Ottoman Sultanate, prompting Sultan Mehmed VI to flee Turkey; the 600‑year‑old Ottoman Empire officially ceases to exist. 1922: Egypt unilaterally granted independence by the United Kingdom. 1923: Mustafa Kemal secures Allied recognition of