is restricted to appearances only. Reinhold's principle of consciousness – The thinking subject distinguishes, in his/her consciousness, the representation or mental image from both the observing subject and the observed object. This is a certain fact of consciousness. The observing subject is the location of the representation or mental image. The observed object is anything that is represented as being present to the mind of the observing subject. Reinhold examined the necessary conditions of representation, such as subject and object, that must exist in order for an object to be consciously present. Representation's material and form The representation's material (Stoff) is a given or received manifold of sensation which is unified when it is attributed to a transcendental object. It allows the thinking subject to distinguish a thing-in-itself. The representation's form is a spontaneous unifying act which occurs according to the subject's conditions. It allows the thinking subject to distinguish a self-in-itself. The self-in-itself and the thing-in-itself must be assumed in order for the thinking subject to be able to make a distinction between consciousness itself and the object of consciousness. We can never know anything in itself, that is, as not representation. An object-in-Itself or subject-in-itself does not have matter (sensation) or representational form, so they cannot be known. Only that which is represented can be known Consciousness must contain representation. An empirical representation takes its material from a source that is supposed to be external to it. A pure representation takes its material by reflecting on consciousness A clear and distinct consciousness of an object is an awareness that consciousness itself is a representation in a subject of an external object. Special theory of cognition Cognition is clear, distinct knowledge that consciousness contains a representation of an object. Cognition is consciousness's awareness that its own content is a subject's representation of an object. Works in English translation Essay on a New Theory of the Human Capacity for Representation, Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter, 2011. Karl Ameriks (ed.), Letters on the Kantian Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. See also Aenesidemus Notes References Karl Leonhard Reinhold, Letters on the Kantian Philosophy, edited by Karl Ameriks, translated by James Hebbeler, Cambridge University Press, 1995, George di Giovanni (ed.), Karl Leonhard Reinhold and the Enlightenment, New York: Springer, 2010, Dieter Henrich, Between Kant and Hegel: Lectures on German Idealism, translated, with introductions, by George di Giovanni and H.S. Harris, Hackett, Indianapolis, 1985,