have quality of; occur suddenly/unexpectedly/unintentionally : be in state/condition of (involuntary) : be instrument/cause/beneficiary of; instrument focus marker; belonging to certain time in past : carry, transport : your; you (agent of non-agent focus verb); leave, remove, desist from : remove or have removed from oneself : past marker : similar to, like : be dissimilar but of same size : our, we (inclusive); more, to a greater extent, further : take along for use : most, -est : be definitely : reach/extend as far as : furthest, utmost : to have just done : choose to do at/from : containing : used mainly in plant/animal species names (non-Kulalao frozen affix) : be/remain at : do/use separately; be/do at certain place : search for Infixes -aɬ-, -al-, -ar-: having sound or quality of; involving use of; non-Kulalao -ar-: do indiscriminately, on all sides; non-Kulalao -m-: agent or actor; -n- following /p/, /b/, /v/, /m/; m- before vowel-initial words -in-: perfective marker, action already begun or accomplished, object or product of past action; in- before vowel-initial words Suffixes -an: specific location in time/space; specific one/type; referent focus -en: object/goal of action; object focus -aw, -ay: projected or intended action, referent focus -u: agent focus (most subordinate clauses); most peremptory imperative -i: object focus (most subordinate clauses); polite imperative -ɬ: things in sequence; groupings; durations of time The following affixes are from the Tjuabar dialect of Paiwan, spoken in the northwest areas of Paiwan-occupied territory (Comparative Austronesian Dictionary 1995). Nouns -aḷ-, -aly- 'tiny things' -in- 'things made from plant roots' -an 'place' (always used with another affix) mar(ə)- 'a pair of' (used for humans only) pu- 'rich' ḳay- 'vegetation' sə- 'inhabitants' cua- 'name of a tribe' Verbs -aŋa 'already done' ka- 'to complete' kə- 'to do something oneself' ki- 'to do something to oneself' kisu- 'to get rid of' kicu- 'to do something separately' maCa- 'to do something reciprocally' (where C indicates the initial consonant of the stem) mə- 'to experience, to be something' pa- 'to cause someone to do something' pu- 'to produce, to get something' sa- 'to be willing to do something' calyu- 'to arrive at' Adjectives ma- 'being' na- 'with the quality of' səcalyi- 'very' ca- 'more than' Notes References External links Yuánzhùmínzú yǔyán xiànshàng cídiǎn 原住民族語言線上詞典 – Paiwan search page at the "Aboriginal language online dictionary" website of the Indigenous Languages Research and Development Foundation Paiwan teaching and