and plurals nouns are formed in Sardinian: common mistakes are "una seadas", "un tenores", etc. Regarding phonology, the regional Italian spoken in Sardinia follows the same five-vowel system of the Sardinian language without length differentiation, rather than the standard Italian seven-vowel system. Metaphony has also been observed: tonic e and o () have a closed sound whenever they are followed by a closed vowel (i, u), and they have it open if they are followed by an open one (a, e, o). Hypercorrection is also common when applying the Italian rule of syntactic gemination; intervocalic t, p, v, c are usually elongated. Intervocalic voicing is the same as in Northern Italy, that is . See also Italian language Languages of Italy Standard language Notes References Bibliography Avolio, Francesco: Lingue e dialetti d'Italia, Rome: Carocci, 2009. Berruto, Gaetano: Sociolinguistica dell'italiano contemporaneo, Rome: Carocci, 2012. Bruni, Francesco: L'italiano nelle regioni, Turin: UTET, 1992. Canepari. Luciano. 1983. Italiano standard a pronunce regionali. Padova: CLEUP. Cardinaletti, Anna and Nicola Munaro, eds.: Italiano, italiani regionali e dialetti, Milan: Franco Angeli, 2009. Comrie, Bernard, Matthews, Stephen and Polinsky, Maria: The Atlas of Languages: The Origin and Development of Languages Throughout the World. Rev. ed., New York 2003. Cortelazzo, Manlio and Carla Marcato, Dizionario etimologico dei dialetti italiani, Turin: UTET libreria, 2005, . Devoto, Giacomo and Gabriella Giacomelli: I dialetti delle regioni d'Italia, Florence: Sansoni Editore, 1971 (3rd edition, Tascabili Bompiani, 2002). Grassi, Corrado, Alberto A. Sobrero and Tullio Telmon: Fondamenti di dialettologia italiana, Bari: Laterza, 2012. Grimes, Barbara F. (ed.): Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Vol. 1, 2000. Hall, Robert A. Jr.: External History of the Romance Languages, New York: Elsevier, 1974. Haller, Hermann W.: The Hidden Italy: A Bilingual Edition of Italian Dialect Poetry, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1986. Loporcaro, Michele: Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani, Bari: Laterza, 2009. Maiden, Martin and Parry, Mair, eds.: The Dialects of Italy, London: Routledge, 1997. Maiden, Martin: A Linguistic History of Italian, London: Longman, 1995. Marcato, Carla: Dialetto, dialetti e italiano, Bologna: il Mulino, 2002. Rognoni, Andrea: Grammatica dei dialetti della Lombardia, Oscar Mondadori, 2005. Italian language