Norway) West (Vestlandet) Bergen dialect (Bergen) (Haugesund) (Jæren district) (Karmøy) (Nordmøre) (Sunndalsøra) (Romsdal) Sandnes dialect (Sandnes) Sogn dialect (Sogn district) (Sunnmøre) Stavanger dialect (Stavanger) (Midhordland district) South (Sørlandet) Arendal dialect (Arendal region) (Upper Setesdal, Valle) other dialects (Eastern Norway) (Lowland districts) Vikværsk dialects (Viken district) Drammen dialect (Drammen region) Follo dialect (Follo) (Vestfold) Tønsberg dialect (Tønsberg and Færder) (Andebu) (Re) Østfold dialects (Østfold) Fredrikstad dialect (Fredrikstad region) Inner Østfold dialect (Inner Østfold) (Bohuslän province) (Grenland district) (Mid-east districts) Urban East Norwegian () Oslo dialect (Oslo) Asker and Bærum dialect, this is the dialect that is closest to the standard Norwegian language. (Asker and Bærum) Romerike dialect (Romerike) (Ringerike district) (Hønefoss) (Ådal) (Modum) (Opplandene district) Hedmark dialects (Hedmark) (Solør) (Hadeland district) (Viken district) Särna-Idre dialect (Särna and Idre) (Midland districts) Gudbrandsdal dialect (Gudbrandsdalen, Oppland and Upper Folldal, Hedmark) Hallingdal-Valdres dialects (Hallingdal, Valdres) Valdris dialect (Valdres district) Telemark-Numedal dialects (Telemark and Numedal) other dialects Evolution Owing to geography and climate, Norwegian communities were often isolated from each other until the early 20th century. As a result, local dialects had a tendency to be influenced by each other in singular ways while developing their own idiosyncrasies. The community of Oppdal, for example, has characteristics in common with coastal dialects to the west, the dialects of northern Gudbrandsdalen to the south, and other dialects in Sør-Trøndelag from the north. The linguist Einar Haugen documented the particulars of the Oppdal dialect, and the writer Inge Krokann used it as a literary device. Other transitional dialects include the dialects of Romsdal and Arendal. On the other hand, newly industrialized communities near sources of hydroelectric power have developed dialects consistent with the region but in many ways unique. Studies in such places as Høyanger, Odda, Tyssedal, Rjukan, Notodden, Sauda, and others show that koineization has effected the formation of new dialects in these areas. Similarly, in the early 20th century a dialect closely approximating standard Bokmål arose in and around railway stations. This was known as ("station language") and may have contributed to changes in dialect around these centers. Social dynamics Until the 20th century, upward social mobility in a city like Oslo could in some cases require conforming speech to standard Riksmål. Studies show that even today, speakers of rural dialects may tend to change their usage in formal settings to approximate the formal written language. This has led to various countercultural movements ranging from the