and 2 and 3 John. The earliest extant canon containing Paul's letters is from the 2nd century: It is a canon compiled by Marcion, the founder of Marcionism. Marcion did not include any of the modern Gospels, only his Gospel of Marcion, which according to his enemies he had edited from the Gospel of Luke, whereas he claimed that it was their version which was edited from his original gospel. He includes ten epistles by Paul, omitting the Pastoral Epistles (Titus, 1 and 2 Timothy), as well as To the Hebrews. The Muratorian fragment (c. 140) accepts all Pauline epistles as authentic, but does not mention the Epistle to the Hebrews and rejects the Epistle to the Laodiceans and the Epistle to the Alexandrians as spurious. Papyrus 46, one of the oldest New Testament manuscripts (c. 200), contains the last eight chapters of Romans; all of Hebrews; virtually all of 1–2 Corinthians; all of Ephesians, Galatians, Philippians, Colossians; and two chapters of 1 Thessalonians. Because it is damaged there is no scholarly consensus on whether to consider the omission of a text definitive. Historical criticism of the authorship of the epistles In the nineteenth-century, a group of scholars at the University of Tübingen, led by Ferdinand Christian Baur, engaged in radical bible study, including the claim that only Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, and Galatians were authored by Paul. During the same period, another group of Dutch scholars led by Allard Pierson (Dutch Radical School), argued that all Pauline epistles were pseudepigrapha, a view that was also shared by Bruno Bauer, Rudolf Steck and Arthur Drews. The Encyclopaedia Biblica (1902) cited the work of Willem van Manen, Rudolf Steck and A.D. Loman who said that none of the epistles were written by Paul and all the epistles were pseudepigrapha. For the most part, the professors of Oxford University agreed with the scholars above, when presenting their verdict regarding the above position. Both these positions have now been abandoned by mainstream scholarship. See also Authorship of Luke–Acts Authorship of the Johannine works Authorship of the Petrine epistles Historicity of Jesus History of Christianity New Testament apocrypha Papyrus 46 Textual criticism Notes References External links Hermann Detering, 'The Dutch Approach to the Pauline Epistles". The Dutch Radicals denied the authenticity even of the so-called Principal Epistles, in order to interpret the entire corpus as representing antinomian movements dating from about 140. Paul