kitten if it is in a high-risk environment (i.e. living with multiple other cats) (Gardiner). The Bordetella vaccine specifically targets Bordetella bronchiseptica, the species typically responsible for kennel cough. The vaccine introduces the bacteria (live or killed) to the body in order to develop an immunity. It is important to remember that the vaccine only protects against one species of Bordetella. Therefore, it is possible for a pet to become infected with another Bordetella species or contract kennel cough from another source such as the parainfluenza virus even after being vaccinated for B. bronchiseptica (Burke). The Bordetella vaccine is also only about 70% effective (Bryant). There are 3 licensed ways to deliver the Bordetella vaccine to dogs: orally, intranasally, and subcutaneously (under the skin). The 2 former methods are administered using live bacteria, while the latter is done with a killed bacteria. A comparative study done in 2013 by the School of Veterinary Medicine in Madison, Wisconsin studied the effectiveness of these three methods by vaccinating beagle puppies. The 40 beagles were divided into four groups; a group to test each of the 3 methods, plus one unvaccinated control group. After 42 days, the dogs were exposed to Bordetella bronchiseptica. This study determined that the live intranasal Bordetella vaccine was more effective than the killed subcutaneous vaccine, and the live oral vaccine works equally as well as the live intranasal vaccine (Larson). References Burkholderiales Whooping cough Bacteria genera