began to clamp down on black metal musicians. In 1994, Vikernes was found guilty of murder, arson and possession of illegal weapons, including explosives, and given the maximum sentence under Norwegian law of 21 years in prison. He was released in 2009. The following is a partial list of Norwegian Christian church arsons in 1992 by anti-Christian groups reported by English-language media sources: 23 May 1992: Storetveit Church in Bergen. 1 August: Revheim Church in Stavanger. 21 August: Holmenkollen Chapel in Oslo. 1 September: Ormøya Church in Oslo. 13 September: Skjold Church in Vindafjord. Varg Vikernes and Samoth were convicted for this. October: Hauketo Church in Oslo. 24 December: Åsane Church in Bergen. Varg Vikernes and musician Jørn Inge Tunsberg were convicted for this. 25 December: a Methodist church in Sarpsborg. A firefighter was killed while fighting this fire. Russia Many attacks, arsons and acts of vandalism against churches in Russia are reported each year. The acts of vandalism are often accompanied by Satanic symbolism and graffiti. In many instances, icons and crosses are burned and vandalized, and swastikas and Satanic symbols are painted on the walls of churches (while other attacks on churches in Russia are simply robberies). Some of the attacks on the churches, such as the cutting down of crosses, appear to be conducted by groups organized online and by local youth. See also Anti-clericalism Anti-Catholicism Anti-Protestantism Anti-Mormonism Christmas controversy Religious violence Related topics Anti-Judaism Antisemitism Christianity and violence History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance Islamophobia Persecution of Christians by Christians Persecution of Christians Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians Persecution of Hazara people Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses Sectarian violence among Christians References External links US Commission on International Religious Freedom 20th-century Christianity 21st-century Christianity Aftermath of the Cold War Contemporary history Persecution of Christians