changes. Immunization can be done in a portfolio of a single asset type, such as government bonds, by creating long and short positions along the yield curve. It is usually possible to immunize a portfolio against the most prevalent risk factors. See also Asset–liability mismatch Bond convexity Bond duration Bond (finance) Debt sculpting Duration gap Hedging Interest rate parity References External links Guide to Hedging Interest Rate Risk Further reading Leibowitz, Martin L. and Weinberger, Alfred. Contingent Immunization—Part I: Risk Control Procedures. Financial Analysts Journal. March 1, 1986. Volume 38, Issue 6. Leibowitz, Martin L. The Dedicated Bond Portfolio in Pension Funds—Part II: Immunization, Horizon Matching and Contingent Procedures. Financial Analysts Journal. November 1, 1982. Volume 42. Issue 2. Phoa, Wesley. Advanced Fixed Income Analytics, Frank J. Fabozzi Associates, New Hope Pennsylvania, 1998. Financial risk management Interest rates