compiled from The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo (1964), Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987), and The Phonemes of Keresan (1946), and the Grammar of Laguna Keres (2005). {| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;" |- style="line-height: 1.1em;" !colspan="2" | !Labial !Alveolar !Palatal !Retroflex !Velar !Glottal |- ! rowspan="2" |Nasal !voiced | | | | | | |- !glottalized | | | | | | |- ! rowspan="3" | Plosive !voiceless | || || || || || |- !aspirated | || || || || | |- !ejective | || || | || | |- ! rowspan="3" |Affricate !voiceless | | | | | | |- !aspirated | | | | | | |- !ejective | | | | | | |- !rowspan="2" | Fricative !voiceless | || || || || | |- !ejective | || || || || | |- !rowspan="2" | Approximant !voiced | || || || | | |- !glottalized | || || || | | |} Vowels Keresan vowels have a phonemic distinction in duration: all vowels can be long or short. Additionally, short vowels can also be voiceless. The vowel chart below contains the vowel phonemes and allophones from the information of the Keresan languages combined from The Language of Santa Ana Pueblo (1964), The Phonemes of Keresan (1946), and Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics (1987). Notes: Western Keres does not have phonemic /oː/ or /o/, though both vowels may occur phonetically. Eastern Keres words containing /o/ show /au/ in Western Keres. For instance, the first vowel in the word-sentence Sraúka̠cha̠ – “I see you”: Kotyit Keres: [ʂóːkʰɑ̥tʃʰɑ̥] Kʼawaika Keres: [ʂɑ̌ukʰɑ̥tʃʰɑ̥] Voiceless vowels All Keresan short vowels may be devoiced in certain positions. The phonemic status of these vowels is controversial. Maring (1967) considers them to be phonemes of Áákʼu Keres, whereas other authors disagree. There are phonetic grounds for vowel devoicing based on the environment they occur, for instance word-finally, but there are also exceptions. Vowels in final position are nearly always voiceless and medial vowels occurring between voiced consonants, after nasals and ejectives are nearly always voiced. Word-final devoicing: [pɑ̌ːkʊ̥] because Word-medial devoicing: [ʔìpʰi̥ʃɑ́] white paint Tones Acoma Keres has four lexical tones: high, low, falling and rising. Falling and rising tones only occur in long vowels and voiceless vowels bear no tones: Syllable structure Most Keresan syllables take a CV(V) shape. The maximal syllable structure is CCVVC and the minimal syllable is CV. In native