16th century (1501–2100) (906 AH – 1009 AH) 1500 - 1509 Persia 1501: Ismail I establishes the Safavid dynasty, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion. 1507: The Kingdom of Portugal under Alfonso d'Albuquerque establishes trading outposts in the Persian Gulf.. Golden Horde 1502: The Golden Horde collapses into a number of smaller khanates. Ak Koyunlu 1508: Ak Koyunlu is absorbed by the Safavids. 1510 - 1519 Malaysia 1511: D'Albuquerque conquers Malacca. Kazakh Khanate 1511: Burunduk Khan is deposed by the people and exiled to Samarkand, where he dies. His cousin Qasim bin Janibek Khan succeeds him as the fourth ruler of the Kazakh Khanate. 1515: The Kazakhs under Qasim bin Janibek Khan conquer all of modern-day Kazakhstan after a decisive victory in battle over Qasim's cousin Muhammad Shaybani, ruler of the Uzbek Khanate. The Kazakhs rule all of modern-day Kazakhstan from this point on. Ottoman Empire 1514: Sultan Selim I defeats Safavids at the Battle of Chaldiran. 1516: Selim I defeats the Mamluks at the Battle of Merc-i Dabik and kills Sultan Kansu Gavri; Syria is conquered. 1517: The Ottoman army crosses the Sinai desert, defeats the new Mamluk Sultan Tomanbai at the Battle of Ridaniye and Battle of Cairo and conquers Egypt. The Sharif of Mecca presented keys to the holy cities^bon the badfksh guy of Mecca and Medina to Selim I and is declared their hereditary ruler. Al-Mutawakkil, the last Abbasid caliph, formally surrenders the title of caliph to Selim I. 1520 - 1529 Kazakh Khanate 1520: Qasim bin Janibek Khan creates the "Bright Road of Qasim Khan", which served as the first code of laws for the Kazakhs. 1521: Qasim bin Janibek Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Khanzada Muhammed, who assumes the title Muhammed Khan as the fifth ruler of the Kazakh Khanate. 1523: Kazakh ruler Muhammed Khan dies and is succeeded by his cousin Tahir Khan, the sixth ruler of the Kazakh Khanate. South East Asia (Indonesia) 1527: Fall of Majapahit empire, the last Hindu stronghold in South East Asia. Demak established as first Islamic sultanate of Java. Ottoman Empire 1520: Selim I dies and the reign of Suleiman I, the Magnificent begins. 1521: Suleiman I conquers Belgrade. 1522: Suleiman I defeats the Knights Hospitaller and drives them from the island of Rhodes. 1526: Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army at the Battle of Mohács, where Louis II of Hungary dies.