following March. 1856: Hatt-ı Hümâyûnu (the Reform Edict of 1856) is issued on February 18 and constitutes the most important Ottoman reform measure of the nineteenth century. It guaranteed the lives and property of Christians, replaced the heads of churches with a national synod, provided full freedom of conscience and civil participation for adherents to all religions. The edict was forced on the sultan by the British, French and Austrians to forestall a Russian intervention. 1856: Treaty of Paris (March 30) ends Crimean War, and admits Turkey into the European concert, whereby its independence and imperial integrity was guaranteed. Russia ceded the mouths of the Danube and Bessarabia, returned Kurs, relinquished its claim as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire and agreed to the neutralization of the Black Sea. 1857: British captured Delhi and eliminated Mughal rule in India after 332 years. Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to Rangoon in Burma. This was also the end of 1000 years of Muslim rule over India. 1858: Feudal holdings abolished in the Ottoman Empire. 1859: Imam Shamil laid down arms before Russian forces and the Islamic State of Dagestan became a Russian province. 1860: Maulay Muhammad defeated by Spain. 1860: Masjid-e-Abu Hurairah, established in Cardiff, is the first mosque in Britain. 1860: Civil War between Syrian Druzes and Marionite Christians erupted. Authorized by the European Powers, France sent expeditionary force which restored order by June 1861. 1861: Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I died and is succeeded by Abdülaziz whose reign (1861-1876) is notable for the rapid spread of western influence (particularly Great Britain and France, allies of the Ottoman Empire during the Crimean War), as evidenced by the first foreign loans, railroad construction, and public debt administration, and the rise of secular liberalism, shown by literary revival, translation of Western literature, rise of Turkish journalism and establishment of universities. 1861: Overthrow of the Bambara Empire by the Toucouleur Empire. 1862: Faraizi movement fizzled out after the death of Dadu Miyan. Overthrow of the Massina Empire by the Toucouleur Empire. 1863: Banque Impériale Ottoamane established to function as Turkey's central bank. 1865: Khanate of Kokand liquidated by Russia. 1869: Jamal al-Din al-Afghani exiled from Afghanistan. He proceeded to Egypt. 1871: Tunisia recognised suzerainty of Ottoman Empire through a firman. 1873: Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Khiva made protectorates by Russia. 1876: Britain purchased shares of Khediv Ismail in the Suez