by Indians on Pennsylvania villages were usually labeled "massacres", and that the Indians considered the expedition to be one. The destruction of Kittanning was hailed as a victory in Pennsylvania, and Armstrong was known afterwards as the "Hero of Kittanning". He and his men collected the "scalp bounty" that had been placed on Captain Jacobs. However, the victory had limitations: the attackers suffered more casualties than they inflicted, and most of the villagers escaped, taking with them almost all of the prisoners that had been held in the village. The expedition also probably aggravated the frontier war; subsequent Indian raids that autumn were fiercer than ever. The Kittanning Expedition revealed to the village's inhabitants their vulnerability, and many moved to more secure areas. A peace faction led by Shingas's brother Tamaqua soon came to the forefront. Tamaqua eventually made peace with Pennsylvania in the Treaty of Easton, which enabled the British under General John Forbes to successfully mount an expedition in 1758 that drove the French from Fort Duquesne. Notes See also Kittanning Path Kittanning, Pennsylvania References Crytzer, Brady J. War in the Peaceable Kingdom: The Kittanning Raid of 1756. Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing, 2016. Hunter, William A. Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier, 1753–1758. Originally published 1960; Wennawoods reprint, 1999. McConnell, Michael N. A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. Myers, James P. "Pennsylvania's Awakening: the Kittanning Raid of 1756." Pennsylvania History 66 (Summer 1999), pp 399—420 External links Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission's article on the expedition 1756 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1756 Battles of the French and Indian War Pre-statehood history of Pennsylvania Lenape Battles in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania state historical marker significations 1756 in Pennsylvania