forces invade Iran and Reza Shah is forced to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Shah. 1941: Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi founds Jamaat-e-Islami, the Muslim Brotherhood's South Asian counterpart. 1942: Birth of M. Fetullah Gulen, the founder of Hizmet Movement of Turkey. 1945: End of World War II. Indonesia declares independence from the Netherlands. New leader Sukarno decides not to implement sharia law nationwide. 1945: League of Arab States formed at meeting in Cairo. 1946: Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria are granted independence from Britain and France. 1947: India gains independence from Britain, and Pakistan is created from the region's Muslim-majority areas under the Leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Disputes over the status of Kashmir leads to the first Indo-Pakistani War; Kashmir is divided between India and Pakistan. 1948: Arab countries attack the new state of Israel and suffer defeat in war with Israel. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians are displaced, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah dies in Karachi. 1949: Hasan al-Banna, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, is assassinated by Egyptian security forces. 1949: Second East Turkestan Republic overthrown and re-incorporated into Xinjiang. 1951: Libya becomes independent. 1952: King Faruq of Egypt forced to abdicate by the free officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. 1953: Backed by American and British intelligence agencies, General Zahedi leads a coup against Mohammed Mossadegh, returning the Shah to power. Death of King Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia. The foundation stone is laid to enlarge the Prophet's mosque in Medina. Hizb ut-Tahrir founded 1954: Algerian War of Independence begins. Gamal Abdel Nasser bans the Muslim Brotherhood 1956: Morocco becomes independent. Tunisia becomes independent. Tripartite Aggression in Egypt caused by nationalization of the Suez Canal. 1957: The Bey of Tunisia is deposed, and Bourguiba becomes president. Enlargement of the Haram in Mecca begins. The Federation of Malaya, later renamed Malaysia, gains independence from Britain. 1958: October 7, President Iskander Mirza declares Martial Law. General Ayub Khan assumes the powers as Chief Martial Law Administrator. 1958: "Free Officers" of the army overthrow Hashemite monarchy of Iraq in 14 July Revolution. 1960: Mali and Senegal become independent. Great Turk scholar Bedi-az-Zaman said Nursi had died in Urfa (Turkey). 1960: Military coup in Turkey purges executive, military, judiciary branches and university. 1961 Kuwait becomes independent as British mandate. Kuwait becomes the first Gulf country with a written constitution and parliament. 1962: Algeria becomes independent. 1962: Death of