Mokhammad is defeated by Sayid Ahmad I, who takes control of the Horde. Kara Koyunlu 1434: Qara Iskandar is deposed in favor of his brother, Jahan Shah. Khanate of Kazan 1438: Olugh Mokhammad founds the Khanate of Kazan. Mamluk Empire 1438: Barsbay dies and his son, Jamaluddin Yusuf, is prevented from taking power in a coup orchestrated by Saifuddin Gakmuk. Tunisia 1434: Abdul Faris dies after forty years of rule and is succeeded by Abu Abdullah Muhammad. 1435: Abu Abdullah Muhammad is deposed in favor of Abu Umar Othman. Uzbeks 1430: Abul Khayr occupies Khwarezmia. 1440–1449 Ak Koyunlu 1440: Hamza is overthrown by Jahangir, a son of Ali Beg. Ottoman Empire 1444: The Anti-Ottoman League of Lezhe in Albania is formed by Scanderbeg. Murad II voluntarily abdicates from his throne in favor of his son Mehmed II after the former's defeat at the hands of crusaders at the Battle of Varna. 1446: Murad II reclaims the throne. 1448: The Ottomans are victorious at the Second Battle of Kosovo. Serbia is annexed and Bosnia is made a vassal. Timurid Empire 1446: Shah Rukh dies and is succeeded by Ulugh Beg. 1449: Ulugh Beg dies and is succeeded by 'Abd al-Latif. Uzbeks 1449: Abul Khayr captures Farghana. 1450–1459 Ak Koyunlu 1453: Jahangir dies and is succeeded by his son, Uzun Hassan. Great Horde 1459: Küchük Muhammad dies and is succeeded by his son, Maxmud. Mamluk Empire 1453: Gakmuk dies and is succeeded by his son, Fakhruddin Othman, who is then overthrown by Saifuddin Inal. Ottoman Empire 1451: Murad II dies and is succeeded by his son, Mehmed II. 1453: Constantinople is captured. 1456: Wallachia is made a vassal. Timurid Empire 1450: 'Abd al-Latif is assassinated and succeeded by Abu Sa'id. 1460–1469 Ottoman Empire 1462: Albania is annexed. Mamluk Empire 1461: Saifuddin Inal died and is succeeded by his son, Shahabuddin Ahmad, who is then overthrown by Saifuddin Khushqadam. Great Horde 1465: Maxmud founds the Astrakhan Khanate after he is deposed by his brother, Akhmat Khan. Kara Koyunlu 1467: Jahan Shah is killed in a surprise attack arranged by his rival, Uzun Hasan, leader of Ak Koyunlu. Ak Koyunlu then annexes Kara Koyunlu. Morocco 1465: Abdul Haq is assassinated, ending the Marinid dynasty. Sharif Muhammad al Jati assumes power. Mamluk Empire 1465: Khushqadam dies and is succeeded by his son, Saifuddin Yel Bey, who is then deposed by Temur Bugha. 1468: Temur Bugha