the act of nomination for Jan Tarnowski included: planning and carrying out of military campaigns enlistment and organisation of professional army (wojsko kwarciane) and mercenaries supervision of registered Cossacks and atamans, who were chosen by hetmans for two-year terms nomination and promotion of officers at will choosing locations where the army units were to draw supplies from (that could become a severe burden of cities/nobles that were disliked by a hetman) supervising the flow of the army's finances (including the soldiers' wages) full control over military judiciary (with capital punishment during wars), they could also issue laws and regulations for the army (known as hetman's articles) hearing complaints of all civilian personnel against the army and issuing compensation hetmans had certain competencies in foreign policy, they could send their own emissaries to countries such as the Ottoman Empire, Moldavia, Crimean Khanate and Wallachia. It was reasoned that the distance to capital was too large and situation in that regions was always too volatile for all decisions to be made in the capital (Kraków, later Warsaw) The hetman had no right to order the forces of the royal court, the royal guard, units equipped by the cities and towns, or private individuals, although during wars those units often voluntarily pledged their obedience to hetmans. Hetmans had no control over the navy, although the Polish Navy was always of very limited importance. Hetmans usually had no direct control over the levy (pospolite ruszenie), but they could give orders to the regimentars who commanded it. While hetmans were considered to be among the highest-ranking officials in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, their hetman status gave them no right to sit in either the Senate or Sejm, unless they held another office that automatically carried with it a seat or were elected as a representatives of local szlachta during sejmiks. Each hetman received a hetman's ceremonial mace, the bulawa, as the symbol of his position (it was added to his coat of arms). Less common was a horse-tail ensign and hetman's sign. In some of the never realised plans of reconstruction of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from dual into triple state (Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth), the hetman was to be a head of the Ruthenian part, consisting of three Ukrainian voivodeships (see Treaty of Hadiach). The reforms of 1776, stimulated by the first Partition of Poland, limited the powers of the hetmans. Hetman's aides A hetman's chief aides and