rear deltoids), 180 degree lateral raise (weights are held slightly in front of the body and lifted over the head in a circular motion). Triceps (back of arms) The pushdown is performed while standing by pushing down on a bar held at the level of the upper chest. It is important to keep the elbows at shoulder width and in line with shoulder/legs. In other words, elbows position should not change while moving the forearm pushes down the bar. This is an isolation exercise for the triceps. Equipment: cable machine or pulldown machine. The triceps extension is performed while standing or seated, by lowering a weight held above the head (keeping the upper arms motionless), and then raising it again. It can be performed with both arms, or one arm at a time. This is an isolation exercise for the triceps. It is also known as the french curl. Equipment: dumbbell(s), barbell, cable machine or triceps extension machine. Major variants: lying ~ (lying face up with the weights over the face), kickback (bent over with the upper arm parallel to the torso). Biceps (front of arms) The Preacher curl is performed while standing or seated, with hands hanging down holding weights (palms facing forwards), by curling them up to the shoulders. It can be performed with both arms, or one arm at a time. Standing barbell curl Alternating rotating dumbbell curl Hammer curl The Zottmann curl gives a stronger focus to forearm training compared to the traditional curl. Waist Abdominals The crunch is performed while lying face up on the floor with knees bent, by curling the shoulders up towards the pelvis. This is an isolation exercise for the abdominals. Equipment: body weight, dumbbell or crunch machine. Major variants: reverse ~ (curling the pelvis towards the shoulders), twisting ~ or side ~ (lifting one shoulder at a time; emphasis is on the obliques), cable ~ (pulling down on a cable machine while kneeling), sit-up ~ (have [chest] touch your knees), vertical crunch (propping up to dangle legs and pulling knees to the [ chest] or keeping legs straight and pulling up legs to a 90 degree position). Reverse hanging crunch (using gravity boots or slings to hang head down and pulling to a 90 or 180 degree form) The leg raise is performed while sitting on a bench or flat on the floor by raising the knees towards the shoulders,