a way to prevent military conflict escalation. A historic example is the teaching harvested from the Proud Prophet war simulation of a conflict between the USA and the USSR, which took place in 1983. In war-time diplomacy, de-escalation is used as an exit strategy, sometimes called an "off-ramp" or "slip road". In such cases, an alternative peaceful resolution is offered to a belligerent (i.e. nation or person engaged in war or conflict) in order to avoid further bloodshed. In social settings This often involves techniques such as taking a time-out, and deflecting the conversation to individuals in the group who are less passionately involved. This is commonly used by a Fee Team in mental health nursing practice. Research Research is needed to determine the effectiveness of de-escalation techniques with various populations and in varied settings. A 2018 Cochrane review on de-escalation techniques for managing non-psychosis induced aggression in adults found that uncertainty remains around effectiveness and efficacy. See also Ceasefire Conflict avoidance Cost of conflict Demilitarisation Mediation References Conflict (process) Diplomacy Geopolitical rivalry Law enforcement techniques National security