apart Affixed adverbials include (Ferrell 1982:14): : tomorrow : yesterday : soon, in a little while (future) : a little while ago : when? (future) : when? (past) Interjections include (Ferrell 1982:12): ui – yes ini- no (not do) neka – no, not (not exist) ai – oh! (surprise, wonder) ai ḍivá – alas! uá – oh! (surprise, taken aback) ai ḍaḍá – ouch! (pain) Verbs Paiwan verbs have 4 types of focus (Ferrell 1982:30). Agent/Actor Object/Goal/Patient Referent: spatial/temporal locus, indirect object, beneficiary Instrument/Cause/Motivation/Origin The following verbal affixes are used to express varying degrees of volition or intent, and are arranged below from highest to lowest intention (Ferrell 1982:37). ki- (intentional) pa- (intentional) -m- (volitionally ambiguous) si- (volitionally ambiguous) ma- (non-intentional) se- (non-intentional) Paiwan verbs can also take on the following non-derivational suffixes (Ferrell 1982:13). -anga: "certainly," "truly doing" -angata: "definitely" (emphatic) -anga: "still, yet, continuing to" Affixes The Paiwan affixes below are from the Kulalao dialect unless stated otherwise, and are sourced from Ferrell (1982:15–27). Prefixes : used as an inchoative marker with some stems; past marker : principal, main : time/place characterized by something : go past, via; having finished : go/cause to go by way of (something/place) : come from : eat, drink, consume : get, obtain : my; I (as agent of non-agent focus verb) : belonging to a given [plant/animal] category : to go in the direction of : (have) come to be in/at : have quality of : be affected by, be in condition of (involuntary) : having reciprocal relationship : in some general category : number of persons : agent marker usually involving change of status (used with certain verbs) : be gigantic, super- : agent marker that is usually intransitive (used with certain verbs) : pretend, claim : agent marker (certain verbs) : every : to cause to be/occur : emerge, come into view : put in/on; do something to : have or produce; acquire : place where something is put or kept : do nothing except ... : having to do with : do at/during : do at/in : wish to; go to, in direction of; have odor, quality, flavor of : transfer something to; nearly, be on point of doing : use, utilize, employ : perhaps, most likely is : construct, work on/in : become/act as; one who acts as : do frequently/habitually; have many of : people of (village/nation);