in 1621 and expelled Polish–Lithuanian forces from most of Livonia, where the dominion of Swedish Livonia was created. Swedish forces then advanced through Royal Prussia and Poland–Lithuania accepted Swedish gains in Livonia in the 1629 Treaty of Altmark. The Danish province of Øsel was ceded to Sweden under the 1645 Treaty of Brömsebro, which ended the Torstenson War, one theatre of the Thirty Years' War. It was retained after the Peace of Oliva and the Treaty of Copenhagen, both in 1660. The situation remained unchanged until 1710 when Estonia and Livonia capitulated to Russia during the Great Northern War, an action formalised in the Treaty of Nystad (1721). See also Livonians Russo-Turkish wars Notes References Sources Further reading External links Oscar Halecki, The Struggle for the Dominium Maris Baltici William Urban, The Origin of the Livonian War, 1558 (Lituanus, Volume 29, No.3 – Fall 1983) Andres Adamson, The Role of Duke Magnus of Holstein in the Baltic Sea Region during the Livonian War (2006, dissertation) Northern Wars 16th-century conflicts Polish–Russian wars 1558 in Lithuania 1558 in Poland 1558 in Russia 1558 in Sweden 1558 in Belarus 1583 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1583 in Russia 1583 in Sweden Wars involving Sweden Wars involving the Grand Duchy of Lithuania