a way of being in the world and of understanding the world which is instrumental and grotesque. According to Heidegger, this way of being defines the modern way of living in the West. For Heidegger, this technological process ends up reducing beings to not-beings, which Heidegger calls 'the abandonment of being' and involves the loss of any sense of awe and wonder, as well as an indifference to that loss. One of the first major contemporary anti-technological thinkers was French philosopher Jacques Ellul. In his The Technological Society (1964), Ellul argued that logical and mechanical organization which "eliminates or subordinates the natural world." Ellul defined technique as the entire totality of organizational methods and technology with a goal toward maximum rational efficiency. According to Ellul, technique has an impetus which tends to drown out human concerns: "The only thing that matters technically is yield, production. This is the law of technique; this yield can only be obtained by the total mobilization of human beings, body and soul, and this implies the exploitation of all human psychic forces." In Industrial Revolution England machines became cheaper to use than to employee men. The five counties of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire had a small uprising where they threatened those hired to guard the machines. Another critic of political and technological expansion was Lewis Mumford, who wrote The Myth of the Machine. The views of Ellul influenced the ideas of the infamous American Neo-Luddite Kaczynski. The opening of Kaczynski's manifesto reads: "The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race." Other philosophers of technology who have questioned the validity of technological progress include Albert Borgmann, Don Ihde and Hubert Dreyfus. See also Neo-Luddites (category) Ned Ludd Anarcho-primitivism Antiscience Butlerian Jihad Green conservatism CLODO Development criticism Earth liberation Green anarchy Hardline (subculture) John Zerzan MOVE Pentti Linkola Radical environmentalism Reactionary On the Origin of the "Influencing Machine" in Schizophrenia Traditionalist Workers Party Technological Singularity Why The Future Doesn't Need Us – by Bill Joy, published in Wired References Further reading Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada, . Kaczynski, Theodore (2010) Technological Slavery Feral House. Marshall, Alan (2016) Ecotopia 2121: Our Future Green Utopia, Arcade Publ, New York, Postman, Neil (1992) Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology Knopf, New York, Quigley, Peter (1998)