between Cantonese men and Portuguese women resulted in children of mixed Cantonese-Portuguese parentage, called Cantonese-Portuguese. For two years to June 30, 1933, 38 of these children were born, they were classified as pure Chinese because their fathers were Chinese. A large amount of mingling took place between Chinese and European, Chinese men married Portuguese, Spanish, Hawaiian, Caucasian-Hawaiian, etc. Only one Chinese man was recorded marrying an American woman. Chinese men in Hawaii also married Puerto Rican, Portuguese, Japanese, Greek, and half-white women. There was a communal ban on intermarriages between the two groups for the first generation of migrants. In the middle of the 19th century, Hakka immigrants in America were excluded from membership in the Chinese organizations. Religion Prior to the arrival of Christian missionaries in Hawaii, the early Chinese settlers were adherents of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Some even blended aspects of native Hawaiian beliefs into their own belief systems. Today, due to the work of Christian missionaries in the late 19th century and the 20th century, many of the Chinese in Hawaii are adherents of Protestant and Roman Catholic Christianity. Still, about 100 Buddhist and ancestral temples remain. The minority who adhere to traditional Chinese religions pay pilgrimage to their ancestors annually. However, no accurate statistics of adherents within the Chinese community in Hawaiʻi are available. List of notable Chinese people from Hawaiʻi Chun Afong Daniel K. Akaka Joseph Apukai Akina Chang Apana Brian Ching Madison Chock Norm Chow William K.S. Chow Sam Choy Kam-Fong Chun Gordon Pai'ea Chung-Hoon Auliʻi Cravalho Hiram L. Fong Clayton Hee Don Ho Hoku Ho Kelly Hu Jason Scott Lee Richard Loo Tai Sing Loo Agnes Lum Carissa Moore William S. Richardson Logan Tom Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu See also Filipinos in Hawaii Japanese in Hawaii Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii Korean immigration to Hawaii Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico References Further reading External links Chinese of Hawaii (1929 directory, 2 volumes, full text online) Chinese Societies in Hawaii (2008–2009, 86 society descriptions, full text online) First Chinese Church of Hawaii List of Chinese-Hawaiian surnames Miss Chinatown Hawaii Hawaii Chinese-American history History of immigration to Hawaii Chinese emigration Chinese diaspora in Oceania