20th century (1901–2000) (1318 AH – 1421 AH) 1901: Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud captures Riyadh. 1902: Birth of Ruhollah Khomeini, The leader of Iranian revolution and the founder of Islamic Republic of Iran. 1903: Birth of Syed Abul Ala Maududi (Founder of Jamaat-e-Islami). 1905: The beginning of the Salafiyyah movement in Paris with its main sphere of influence in Egypt. 1906: Hassan al-Banna, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood born in Egypt. 1906: All India Muslim League was established in Dacca (Dhaka, Bengal) 1906: Uprising of merchants and clergy leads Shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to relent to demands for reform, which lead to the Constitution of 1906, providing for a limited male franchise and a National Consultative Assembly which convened that year. 1907: The beginning of the Young Turks movement in Turkey. 1908: Constitutional monarchy (2.phase) in Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 1909: Armenian Christians suffer a genocide in Adana Vilayet, Turkey at the hands of the Young Turk government under the Ottoman Empire. 15,000–30,000 were killed. 1911: War of Tripolli between Ottoman Empire and Italy. Treaty of Ouchy (1912). 1912: Sarekat Islam cooperative founded in Indonesia, part of the Muhammadiyah reform movement. 1912: Balkan wars. The coalition of four Balkan countries defeat Ottoman Empire (Turkey). 1912: Treaty of Fez makes Morocco a French and Spanish protectorate, triggering the Fez riots. 1913: Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined All India Muslim League. 1913: Putsch by the Committee of Union and Progress ("CUP") faction of the Young Turks, known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte, results in resignation of Grand Vizier. In control of the government, CUP withdraws from the London Peace Conference and moves the empire close to Germany in the approach to war. 1913: Bulgarians were massacred by the Young Turk government under the Ottoman Empire. 50,000–60,000 Thracian Bulgarians were murdered, which was around 20% of the Bulgarian population in Thrace at that time. Most of the villages with a Bulgarian population were destroyed and the survivors expelled from their places of origin. 1914: Under Ottoman rule, secret Arab nationalist societies are formed. World War I begins. The Ottoman Empire enters the war allied with Germany. 1914-1918: Ottoman Empire carries out genocides of several communities, such as Assyrian Christians. 200,000 to 275,000 were killed. About half of the Assyrian population in the Ottoman Empire perished. 1914: Egypt becomes a British protectorate. 1915: Ottoman Empire defeats Allies in Çanakkale (Dardanalles). 1916: By the