The Greek language has contributed to the English lexicon in five main ways: vernacular borrowings, transmitted orally through Vulgar Latin directly into Old English, e.g., 'butter' (, from Latin < ), or through French, e.g., 'ochre'; learned borrowings from classical Greek texts, often via Latin, e.g., 'physics' (< Latin < ); a few borrowings transmitted through other languages, notably Arabic scientific and philosophical writing, e.g., 'alchemy' (< ); direct borrowings from Modern Greek, e.g., 'ouzo' (); neologisms (coinages) in post-classical Latin or modern languages using classical Greek roots, e.g., 'telephone' (< + ) or a mixture of Greek and other roots, e.g., 'television' (< Greek + English vision < Latin ); these are often shared among the modern European languages, including Modern Greek. Of these, the neologisms are by far the most numerous. Indirect and direct borrowings Since the living Greek and English languages were not in direct contact until modern times, borrowings were necessarily indirect, coming either through Latin (through texts or through French and other vernaculars), or from Ancient Greek texts, not the living spoken language. Vernacular borrowings Romance languages Some Greek words were borrowed into Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages. English often received these words from French. Some have remained very close to the Greek original, e.g., lamp (Latin ; Greek ). In others, the phonetic and orthographic form has changed considerably. For instance, place was borrowed both by Old English and by French from Latin , itself borrowed from , 'broad (street)'; the Italian and Spanish have the same origin, and have been borrowed into English in parallel. The word olive comes through the Romance from the Latin , which in turn comes from the archaic Greek elaíwā (). A later Greek word, boútȳron (), becomes Latin and eventually English butter. A large group of early borrowings, again transmitted first through Latin, then through various vernaculars, comes from Christian vocabulary: chair << (cf. 'cathedra'); bishop << epískopos ( 'overseer'); priest << presbýteros ( 'elder'); and In some cases, the orthography of these words was later changed to reflect the Greek—and Latin—spelling: e.g., quire was respelled as choir in the 17th century. Sometimes this was done incorrectly: ache is from a Germanic root; the spelling ache reflects Samuel Johnson's incorrect etymology from . Other Exceptionally, church came into Old English as cirice, circe via a West Germanic language. The Greek form was probably kȳriakḗ [oikía]