The instantaneous Earth–Moon distance, or distance to the Moon, is the distance from the center of Earth to the center of the Moon. Lunar distance (LD or ), or Earth–Moon characteristic distance, is a unit of measure in astronomy. More technically, it is the semi-major axis of the geocentric lunar orbit. The lunar distance is on average approximately , or 1.28 light-seconds; this is roughly 30 times Earth's diameter or 9.5 times Earth's circumference. A little less than 400 lunar distances make up an astronomical unit. The semi-major axis has a value of . The time-averaged distance between the centers of Earth and the Moon is . The actual distance varies over the course of the orbit of the Moon, from at the perigee to at apogee, resulting in a differential range of . Lunar distance is commonly used to express the distance to near-Earth object encounters. Lunar semi-major axis is an important astronomical datum; the few millimeter precision of the range measurements determines semi-major axis to a few decimeters; it has implications for testing gravitational theories such as general relativity, and for refining other astronomical values, such as the mass, radius, and rotation of Earth. The measurement is also useful in characterizing the lunar radius, as well as the mass of and distance to the Sun. Millimeter-precision measurements of the lunar distance are made by measuring the time taken for laser beam light to travel between stations on Earth and retroreflectors placed on the Moon. The Moon is spiraling away from Earth at an average rate of per year, as detected by the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment. Value An AU is Lunar distances. A lightyear is 24,611,700 Lunar distances. Geostationary Earth Orbit is from Earth center, or LD LD Variation The instantaneous lunar distance is constantly changing. In fact the true distance between the Moon and Earth can change as quickly as , or more than in just 6 hours, due to its non-circular orbit. There are other effects that also influence the lunar distance. Some factors are described in this section. Perturbations and eccentricity The distance to the Moon can be measured to an accuracy of over a 1-hour sampling period, which results in an overall uncertainty of a decimeter for the semi-major axis. However, due to its elliptical orbit with varying eccentricity, the instantaneous distance varies with monthly periodicity. Furthermore, the distance is perturbed by the gravitational