( 'lord's [house]'). In contrast, the Romance languages generally used the Latin words or , both borrowed from Greek. Learned borrowings Many more words were borrowed by scholars writing in Medieval and Renaissance Latin. Some words were borrowed in essentially their original meaning, often transmitted through Classical Latin: topic, type, physics, iambic, eta, necromancy, cosmopolite. A few result from scribal errors: encyclopedia < 'the circle of learning' (not a compound in Greek); acne < (erroneous) < 'high point, acme'. Some kept their Latin form, e.g., podium < . Others were borrowed unchanged as technical terms, but with specific, novel meanings: telescope < 'far-seeing', refers to an optical instrument for seeing far away rather than a person who can see far into the distance; phlogiston < 'burnt thing', is a supposed fire-making potential rather than something which has been burned, or can be burned; and bacterium < 'stick (diminutive)', is a kind of microorganism rather than a small stick or staff. Usage in neologisms But by far the largest Greek contribution to English vocabulary is the huge number of scientific, medical, and technical neologisms that have been coined by compounding Greek roots and affixes to produce novel words which never existed in the Greek language: utopia (1516; 'not' + 'place') zoology (1669; + ) hydrodynamics (1738; + ) photography (1834; + ) oocyte (1895; + ) helicobacter (1989; + ) So it is really the combining forms of Greek roots and affixes that are borrowed, not the words. Neologisms using these elements are coined in all the European languages, and spread to the others freely—including to Modern Greek, where they are considered to be reborrowings. Traditionally, these coinages were constructed using only Greek morphemes, e.g., metamathematics, but increasingly, Greek, Latin, and other morphemes are combined. These hybrid words were formerly considered to be 'barbarisms', such as: television ( + Latin ); metalinguistic ( + Latin + + ); and garbology (English garbage + ). Some derivations are idiosyncratic, not following Greek compounding patterns, for example: gas (< ) is irregular both in formation and in spelling; hadron < with the suffix -on, itself abstracted from Greek anion (); henotheism < 'one' + 'god', though eno- is not used as a prefix in Greek; taxonomy < 'order' + -nomy ( 'study of'), where the "more etymological form" is taxinomy, as found in , 'taxiarch', and the neologism taxidermy. Modern Greek uses in