House Representatives from these states signed the Manifesto. Three Democratic Senators from Southern states did not sign: Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas The following Democratic Representatives from Southern states also did not sign: 16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright 3 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee 3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina 1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell) This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives from former Confederate states. Only two signed the Manifesto: Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia. Key quotes "The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law." "The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment. The debates preceding the submission of the 14th Amendment clearly show that there was no intent that it should affect the system of education maintained by the States." "This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding." Signatories and non-signatories In many southern States, signing was much more common than not signing, with signatories including the entire delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia. Those from southern states who refused to sign are noted below. Refusal to sign occurred most prominently among the Texas and Tennessee delegations; in both states, the majority of members of the US House of Representatives refused to sign. United States Senate (in state order) United States House of Representatives See also American Civil Rights Movement Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Brown v. Board of Education 1957 Georgia Memorial to Congress Massive resistance Racial segregation in the United States Solid South Southern Democrats Conservative Democrat 84th United States Congress Full Text References Further reading External links Manifesto text and signers from the Congressional Record 1956 in law School segregation in the United