Rufus, Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius took a practical view of sophrosyne and share a definition of it as the restraint of the appetites. Demophilus, a Pythagorean philosopher of uncertain date, wrote: Cicero considered four Latin terms to translate sophrosyne: temperantia (temperance), moderatio (moderateness), modestia (modesty) and frugalitas (frugality). Through the writings of Lactantius, St. Ambrose and St. Augustine, the virtue's meaning as temperance or "proper mixture" became the dominant view in subsequent Western European thought. Sophrosyne, according to St. Thomas Aquinas, is the fourth and final cardinal virtue. It is also mentioned in the work On Virtues () by Georgios Gemistos Plethon. See also Seven virtues References Further reading North, Helen F. 1947. "A period of opposition to sôphrosynê in Greek thought." Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 78:1–17. — 1966. Sophrosyne: Self-knowledge and self-restraint in Greek literature. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Rademaker, Adriaan. 2004. Sophrosyne and the rhetoric of self-restraint: polysemy & persuasive use of an ancient Greek value term. Brill. Van Tongeren, Paul. 2001. "Nietzsche's revaluation of the cardinal virtues: The case of Sophrosyne." Phronimon: Journal of the South African Society for Greek Philosophy and the Humanities 3:128–49. Concepts in ancient Greek ethics Concepts in ancient Greek philosophy of mind Personifications in Greek mythology Religious ethics Virtue Words and phrases with no direct English translation Children of Nyx Greek goddesses