of computer programs to exchange information, and of such programs mutually to use the information which has been exchanged. Notable cases Universal v. Reimerdes United States v. ElcomSoft and Sklyarov Criticism The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) criticized DMCA anti-circumvention clauses, saying it "chills free expression and scientific research", jeopardizes fair use, impedes competition and innovation, and interferes with computer intrusion laws. Australia Australia prohibits circumvention of "access control technical protection measures" in Section 116 of the Copyright Act. The law currently imposes penalties for circumvention of such measures as well as the manufacturing and distribution of tools to enable it. DRM may be legally circumvented under a few distinct circumstances which are named as exceptions in the law: permission of the rightsholder enabling interoperability with copyrighted software encryption research security testing disabling access to private information (circumvention only) national security or law enforcement library acquisition decisions (circumvention only) acts prescribed by regulation (circumvention only) A person circumventing the access control bears the burden of proof that one of these exceptions apply. Penalties for violation of the anti-circumvention laws include an injunction, monetary damages, and destruction of enabling devices. Notable cases Stevens v. Sony, holding that a device allowing PlayStations to play games with a different region code did not violate the anti-circumvention laws, because the mechanism in the PlayStation did not directly prevent the infringement of copyright. References External links WIPO Copyright Treaty Article 11, 12 US Copyright Office - Exceptions for Libraries and Archives Overview of DRM protection in Europe Copyright law Circumvention Software law