period: Great Britain ("personal capitalism"), the United States ("competitive capitalism") and Germany ("cooperative capitalism.") Despite the important differences in these three models, the common thread among the developed nations is that the large industrial firm has been the engine of growth in three ways: first, it has provided focal points for capital and labor on large scales; second, it became the educator whereby a nation learned the pertinent technology and developed managerial skills; third, it served as the core around which medium and small firms that supply and serve it grew. Influence Chandler's work was somewhat ignored in history departments, but proved influential in business, economics, and sociology. In the business field, Chandler, along with Kenneth R. Andrews and Igor Ansoff, has been credited with the foundational role in introducing and popularizing the concept of business strategy. In sociology, prior to Chandler's research, some sociologists assumed there were no differences between governmental, corporate, and nonprofit organizations. Chandler's focus on corporations clearly demonstrated that there were differences, and this thesis has influenced organizational sociologists' work since the late 1970s. It also motivated sociologists to investigate and critique Chandler's work more closely, turning up instances in which Chandler assumed American corporations acted for reasons of efficiency, when they actually operated in a context of politics or conflict. See also Business history Second Industrial Revolution James Burnham Bibliography Chandler, Alfred D. "The beginnings of 'big business' in American industry" Business History Review 33#1 (1959): 1-31. Chandler, Alfred D. Jr., 1962/1998, Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise (MIT Press). Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. ed. 1964, Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry. Sources and Readings (Harcourt, Brace & World). Chandler, Alfred D. "The railroads: pioneers in modern corporate management" Business History Review 39#1 (1965): 16-40. in JSTOR Chandler, Alfred D. "Anthracite coal and the beginnings of the industrial revolution in the United States" Business History Review 46#2 (1972): 141-181. Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. 1977, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press). Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. and Herman Daems, eds. 1980, Managerial Hierarchies: Comparative Perspectives on the Rise of the Modern Industrial Enterprise (Harvard University Press). Chandler, Alfred D. "The emergence of managerial capitalism" Business History Review 58#4 (1984): 473-503. Chandler, Alfred D. Jr. and Richard S. Tedlow, eds. 1985, The Coming of Managerial Capitalism: A Casebook on