warheads". The Nuclear Threat Reduction program was not just used to remove everything fissionable from Russia; it also included ideas for safe storage and transportation of fissionable material in Russia built up during the Cold War. 20th century outcome Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan are nuclear weapons free because of this program. Under CTR, the U.S. and recipient states have made considerable advancements in global security against the threat of WMD. By the year 1997 all strategic Soviet nuclear weapons were removed from Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine marking an important landmark in the CTR initiative. Weapons deactivated and destroyed under this program include: 537 ICBMs 459 ICBM silos 11 ICBM mobile missile launchers 128 bombers 708 nuclear air-to-surface missiles 408 submarine missile launchers 496 submarine-launched missiles 27 nuclear submarines 194 nuclear test tunnels Other milestone results include: 260 tons of fissile material received security upgrades 60 nuclear warhead storage sites received security upgrades 35 percent of Russian chemical weapons received security upgrades 49 former biological weapons facilities were converted to joint U.S.–Russian research under what were known as the Biological Threat Reduction Integrating Contracts 4 biological weapons sites received security improvements 58,000 former weapons scientists employed in peaceful work through International Science and Technology Centers (of which the U.S. is the leading sponsor) 750 projects involving 14,000 former weapons scientists and created some 580 new peaceful high-tech jobs; The International Proliferation Prevention Program has funded One Nunn–Lugar site, Pavlograd Ukraine, dedicated itself beginning in June 2004 to the decommissioning of nuclear missiles without burning their solid rocket fuel, thus preventing dioxins from threatening the local environment and human population. The Pavlograd missile factory PMZ has been converted to an advanced astronautics "Space Clipper" program. Expansion under Bush Other countries are finding ways to produce, test, and acquire weapons of mass destruction. In an attempt to regulate WMD globally, the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction has stepped outside of the former Soviet Union states. 2003 marked an important year for CTR expansion as the initiative was accepted by congress allowing the spread to countries not included within the prior Soviet Union. The Nunn-Lugar Expansion Act under the 108th congress granted up to $50 million to be used outside the former Soviet Union which focused primarily on Albania, North Korea, Iraq, and Libya. Over time Nunn-Lugar has received many supporters and also many critics. Continuation and expansion has been up for debate since its