to Christians of Jewish extraction. Under the Spanish Inquisition, the penalty to a converted Jew for "Judaizing" was usually death by burning. The Spanish word Judaizante was applied both to Jewish conversos to Catholicism who practiced Judaism secretly and sometimes to Jews who had not converted, in Spain and the New World at the time of the Spanish Inquisition. The term "Judaizers" was used by the Spanish Inquisition and the inquisitions established in Mexico City, Lima, and Cartagena de Indias for Conversos (also termed Marranos) accused of continuing to observe the Jewish religion, as Crypto-Jews. Entry of Portuguese New Christians into Spain and the Spanish realms occurred during the Union of Crowns of Spain and Portugal, 1580–1640, when both kingdoms and their overseas empires were held by the same monarch. The Bnei Anusim are modern day Hispanic Judaizers. Contemporary Christianity The Coptic, Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches all continue to practice male circumcision. In Torah-submissive Christian groups which include the Ethiopian Orthodox church, dietary laws and Saturday Sabbath are observed as well. A list of notable contemporary groups of Judaizers includes: Assemblies of Yahweh Bene Ephraim Black Hebrew Israelites Bnei Menashe British Israelism Christian Identity Hebrew Roots Movement Jews of San Nicandro Makuya Messianic Judaism Sacred Name Movement Subbotniks Szekler Sabbatarians Yehowists See also Abrahamites Adventism Seventh-day Adventist Church Seventh-day Adventist Interfaith Relations Anabaptist–Jewish relations Antisemitism in Christianity Herbert W. Armstrong Armstrongism Black Hebrew Israelites British Israelism Christian Identity Christianity and Judaism Christian–Jewish reconciliation Christian observances of Jewish holidays Christian views on the Old Covenant Christian Zionism John Chrysostom#Homilies Church of Christ With the Elijah Message Council of Jamnia Dual-covenant theology Ebionites Expounding of the Law Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites Catholic Church and Judaism Hebrew Catholics Hebrew Roots Hellenistic Judaism House of Joseph (LDS Church) Jehovah's Witnesses Jewish Christianity Jewish holidays Jewish religious movements Jewish views on religious pluralism Judaism and Mormonism Judeo-Christian Kashrut Limpieza de sangre List of Sabbath-keeping churches Makuya Mandaeism Messianic Judaism Josephines Judaism and Mormonism Mormonism and Christianity Noahidism Pasagians Philo-Semitism Protestantism and Judaism Relations between Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism Restorationism Sabbatarianism Sabbath in Christianity Sabbath in seventh-day churches Sacred Name Movement Shabbat Subbotniks Szekler Sabbatarians Xueta References Footnotes Bibliography Escobar Quevedo, Ricardo. Inquisición y judaizantes en América española (siglos XVI-XVII). Bogota: Editorial Universidad del Rosario, 2008. Márquez Villanueva. Sobre el concepto de judaizante. Tel Aviv: University Publishing Projects, 2000. Sábado Secreto. Periodico Judaizante. OCLC