Some notable languages developed during this period include: 2000 – ActionScript 2001 – C# 2001 – D 2002 – Scratch 2003 – Groovy 2003 – Scala 2005 – F# 2005 – HolyC 2006 – PowerShell 2007 – Clojure 2008 – Nim 2009 – Go 2010 – Rust 2011 – Dart 2011 – Kotlin 2012 – Julia 2012 – TypeScript 2012 – Elm 2012 – Elixir 2014 – Swift 2015 – Raku 2019 – Bosque 2021 – Microsoft Power Fx Other new programming languages include Red, Crystal, Hack, Haxe, Zig and Reason. Key figures Some key people who helped develop programming languages: Ada Lovelace, published first computer program Alan Cooper, developer of Visual Basic. Alan Kay, pioneering work on object-oriented programming, and originator of Smalltalk. Anders Hejlsberg, developer of Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C#, and TypeScript. Arthur Whitney, developer of A+, k, and q. Bertrand Meyer, inventor of Eiffel. Bjarne Stroustrup, developer of C++. Brad Cox, co-creator of Objective-C. Brendan Eich, developer of JavaScript. Brian Kernighan, co-author of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie, coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages. Chuck Moore, inventor of Forth, the first concatenative programming language, and a prominent name in stack machine microprocessor design. Chris Lattner, creator of Swift and LLVM. Cleve Moler, creator of MATLAB. Dennis Ritchie, inventor of C. Unix Operating System, Plan 9 Operating System. Douglas McIlroy, influenced and designed such languages as SNOBOL, TRAC, PL/I, ALTRAN, TMG and C++. Grace Hopper, first to use the term compiler and developer of FLOW-MATIC, influenced development of COBOL. Popularized machine-independent programming languages and the term "debugging". Guido van Rossum, creator of Python. James Gosling, lead developer of Java and its precursor, Oak. Jean Ichbiah, chief designer of Ada, Ada 83. Jean-Yves Girard, co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus (System F). Jeff Bezanson, main designer, and one of the core developers of Julia. Jeffrey Snover, inventor of PowerShell. Joe Armstrong, creator of Erlang. John Backus, inventor of Fortran and cooperated in the design of ALGOL 58 and ALGOL 60. John C. Reynolds, co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus (System F). John McCarthy, inventor of LISP. John von Neumann, originator of the operating system concept. Graydon Hoare, inventor of Rust. Ken Thompson, inventor of B, Go, Inferno (operating system) and Unix Operating System co-author. Kenneth E. Iverson, developer of APL, and co-developer of J along with Roger Hui. Konrad Zuse, designed