Forrest announced that Queensland will be home to the world's largest hydrogen plant. German car manufacturer BMW has also been working with hydrogen for years. Saudi Arabia as a part of the NEOM project, is looking to produce roughly 1.2 million tonnes of green ammonia a year, beginning production in 2025. Research and development Timeline of results Partial hydrogen economy Hydrogen is simply a method to store and transmit energy. Energy development of various alternative energy transmission and storage scenarios which begin with hydrogen production, but do not use it for all parts of the store and transmission infrastructure, may be more economic, in both near and far term. These include: Ammonia economy An alternative to gaseous hydrogen as an energy carrier is to bond it with nitrogen from the air to produce ammonia, which can be easily liquefied, transported, and used (directly or indirectly) as a clean and renewable fuel. For example, researchers at CSIRO in Australia in 2018 fuelled a Toyota Mirai and Hyundai Nexo with hydrogen separated from ammonia using a membrane technology. Among disadvantages of ammonia as an energy carrier are its high toxicity, extremely low energy efficiency of NH3 production from N2 and H2, and poisoning of PEM Fuel Cells by traces of non-decomposed NH3 after NH3 to H2 conversion. Hybrid heat pumps Hybrid heat pumps (not to be confused with air water hybrids) also include a boiler which could run on methane or hydrogen, and could be a pathway to full decarbonisation of residential heating as the boiler would be used to top up the heating when the weather was very cold. Bio-SNG although technically possible production of syngas from hydrogen and carbon-dioxide from bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) via the Sabatier reaction is limited by the amount of sustainable bioenergy available: therefore any bio-SNG made may be reserved for production of aviation biofuel. See also Alternative fuel Energy development Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative Formic acid Hydrogen damage Hydrogen embrittlement Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle Hydrogen prize Hydrogen-powered aircraft International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Lolland Hydrogen Community Methane pyrolysis United States Hydrogen Policy Notes References Sources Hydrogen. International Energy Agency. 2022 External links International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy European Hydrogen Association Hydrogen energy projects in Australia Bright green environmentalism Fuel technology Emerging technologies