a systems programming language intended for use by defense contractors. In Japan and elsewhere, vast sums were spent investigating so-called fifth-generation programming languages that incorporated logic programming constructs. The functional languages community moved to standardize ML and Lisp. Research in Miranda, a functional language with lazy evaluation, began to take hold in this decade. One important new trend in language design was an increased focus on programming for large-scale systems through the use of modules, or large-scale organizational units of code. Modula, Ada, and ML all developed notable module systems in the 1980s. Module systems were often wedded to generic programming constructs—generics being, in essence, parametrized modules (see also polymorphism in object-oriented programming). Although major new paradigms for imperative programming languages did not appear, many researchers expanded on the ideas of prior languages and adapted them to new contexts. For example, the languages of the Argus and Emerald systems adapted object-oriented programming to distributed systems. The 1980s also brought advances in programming language implementation. The RISC movement in computer architecture postulated that hardware should be designed for compilers rather than for human assembly programmers. Aided by processor speed improvements that enabled increasingly aggressive compilation techniques, the RISC movement sparked greater interest in compilation technology for high-level languages. Language technology continued along these lines well into the 1990s. Some notable languages that were developed in this period include: 1980 – C++ (as C with classes, renamed in 1983) 1983 – Ada 1984 – Common Lisp 1984 – MATLAB 1984 – dBase III, dBase III Plus (Clipper and FoxPro as FoxBASE) 1985 – Eiffel 1986 – Objective-C 1986 – LabVIEW (Visual Programming Language) 1986 – Erlang 1987 – Perl 1988 – Tcl 1988 – Wolfram Language (as part of Mathematica, only got a separate name in June 2013) 1990s: the Internet age The rapid growth of the Internet in the mid-1990s was the next major historic event in programming languages. By opening up a radically new platform for computer systems, the Internet created an opportunity for new languages to be adopted. In particular, the JavaScript programming language rose to popularity because of its early integration with the Netscape Navigator web browser. Various other scripting languages achieved widespread use in developing customized applications for web servers such as PHP. The 1990s saw no fundamental novelty in imperative languages, but much recombination and maturation of old ideas. This era began the spread of functional