During the 1980s and 1990s a relatively large number of companies appeared selling primarily 2D graphics cards and later 3D. Most of those companies have subsequently disappeared, as the increasing complexity of GPUs substantially increased research and development costs. Many of these companies subsequently went bankrupt or were bought out. Intel and VIA Technologies remain as producers of primarily integrated solutions, while Matrox targets niche markets. Amongst the notable discrete graphics card vendors, ATI Technologies — acquired by AMD in 2006 and since renamed to AMD — and NVIDIA are the only ones that have lasted. Defunct graphics chip makers These companies designed graphics chips and cards. 3dfx Interactive - assets were acquired by NVIDIA during its Chapter 11 bankruptcy 3Dlabs - merged with Creative Labs' personal entertainment division to form ZiiLABS Advanced Logic Research – acquired by Gateway Computers Ark Logic ArtX - acquired by ATI Technologies ATI Technologies - merged into and renamed AMD Avance Logic - acquired by Realtek BitBoys - acquired by ATI Technologies Chips and Technologies - acquired by Intel Chromatic Research - acquired by ATI Technologies Evans & Sutherland - acquired by Rockwell Collins Gemini Technology - went bankrupt, acquired by Seiko Epson to form the Vancouver Design Center GigaPixel - acquired by 3dfx Interactive Headland Technologies - division of LSI Logic's Standard Products Group in late 1990s, assets sold to SPEA IXMICRO - produced video cards for Macintosh and Macintosh clones MOS Technology - produced the VIC and TED line of graphics chips, owned by Commodore International Number Nine Visual Technology (originally named Number Nine Computer Corp.) - pioneer in the graphics industry, developed 1st 128-bit graphics processor; acquired by S3 Oak Technology - acquired by Zoran Corporation OPTi Inc. - no longer makes graphics chips Paradise Systems - acquired by Western Digital, later sold off to Philips Primus Technology Radius Inc. - made graphics solutions for Apple, out of business mid-1990s Raycer - acquired by Apple Computer Real3D - acquired by Intel Rendition - acquired by Micron Technology S3 - sold off its core graphics division to VIA Technologies as S3 Graphics Silicon Graphics Incorporated (SGI) - quit developing 3D graphics in-house in the early 2000s and bought GPUs from other companies; later went completely out of business in 2009; its assets were bought in the resulting Chapter 11 bankruptcy by Rackable Systems, which changed its name to Silicon Graphics International Tamarack