from Greek, and the prefix agri- a borrowing from Latin. Phrases Many Latin phrases are used verbatim in English texts—et cetera (etc.), ad nauseam, modus operandi (M.O.), ad hoc, in flagrante delicto, mea culpa, and so on—but this is rarer for Greek phrases or expressions: hoi polloi 'the many' eureka 'I have found [it]' kalos kagathos 'beautiful and virtuous' hapax legomenon 'once said' kyrie eleison 'Lord, have mercy' Calques and translations Greek technical terminology was often calqued in Latin rather than borrowed, and then borrowed from Latin into English. Examples include: (grammatical) case, from casus ('an event', something that has fallen'), a semantic calque of Greek πτώσις ('a fall'); nominative, from nōminātīvus, a translation of Greek ὀνομαστική; adverb, a morphological calque of Greek ἐπίρρημα as ad- + verbum; magnanimous, from Greek μεγάθυμος (lit. 'great spirit'); essence, from essentia, which was constructed from the notional present participle *essens, imitating Greek οὐσία. Substance, from substantia, a calque of Greek υπόστασις (cf. hypostasis); Cicero coined moral on analogy with Greek ηθικός. Recant is modeled on παλινῳδεῖν. Greek phrases were also calqued in Latin, then borrowed or translated into English: English commonplace is a calque of , itself a calque of Greek κοινός τόπος. 'god out of the machine' was calqued from the Greek apò mēkhanês theós (ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός). is a short form of Dioscorides' De Materia Medica, from . (Q.E.D.) is a calque of . subject matter is a calque of , itself a calque of Aristotle's phrase "." wisdom tooth came to English from , from Arabic , from , used by Hippocrates. political animal is from (in Aristotle's Politics). quintessence is post-classical , from Greek . The Greek word has come into English both in borrowed forms like evangelical and the form gospel, an English calque (Old English 'good tidings') of , itself a calque of the Greek. Statistics The contribution of Greek to the English vocabulary can be quantified in two ways, type and token frequencies: type frequency is the proportion of distinct words; token frequency is the proportion of words in actual texts. Since most words of Greek origin are specialized technical and scientific coinages, the type frequency is considerably higher than the token frequency. And the type frequency in a large word list will be larger than that in a small word list. In a typical English dictionary of 80,000 words, which corresponds very roughly to the