each other, since some of them may be moved slightly downward so as not to collide with the note length lines. Chords Chords can be transcribed by vertically stacking the notes, with the lowest note at the bottom as with Western notation. Each note has its own octave dots, but only the lowest note has the length lines (next section). Arpeggiated chords are notated by writing the standard Western arpeggiation symbol to the left of the chord. Chord symbols such as Cm may be used if the exact voicing is unimportant. Note length The plain number represents a quarter note (crotchet). Each underline halves the note length: One represents an eighth note (quaver), two represent a sixteenth note (semiquaver), and so on. Dashes after a note lengthen it, each dash by the length of a quarter note. A dot after the plain or underlined note works increases its length by half, and two dots by three quarters. The underline, along with its joining, are analogous to the number of flags and beaming in standard notation. So are dotted notes. Musical rest The number "0" represents the musical rest. The rules for length is similar to that of the note, except that it is customary to repeat "0" instead of adding dashes for rests longer than a quarter rest. The bar rest of time is | 0 0 0 | and the bar rest of time is | 0 0 0 0 |. A more general symbol for a bar rest is | )0( |. The multi-bar rest symbol used in standard notation may also be adopted. Undetermined pitch When notating rhythms without pitch, such as in many percussion instruments, the symbol "X" or "x" replaces numerals. For example, a common clap pattern used in cheers can be written like this: 4/4 Clap: | X X X X X | X X X X 0 || Bar lines Bar lines, double bar lines, end bar lines, repeat signs, first- and second-endings look very similar to their counterparts in the standard notation. The ending numbers, though, are usually slightly less than half as big as the numerals representing notes. When several lines of music are notated together to be sung or played in harmony, the bar lines usually extend through all the parts, except they do not cut across the lyrics if these are printed between the upper and lower parts. However,