suffered by being treated as a group was a burden they would have to bear. If the inconvenience of this comparatively small class was the price of winning the war, he was willing to make them pay it. He demanded far more of his soldiers every day." In 2016, historian Ronald C. White said: "Although non-Jews participated widely in illegal trading, the military newspaper in Corinth called Jews "sharks" feeding upon soldiers." ¶ "In the midst of this growing anti-Jewish feeling, Grant issued General Orders No. 11 on December 17, 1862." In 2017, historian Ron Chernow said: "Whatever the exact sequence of events, Grant must have felt wounded by the situation, for he had railed at traders only to discover his father in cahoots with them. Grant's infamous order was a self-inflicted wound, issued at a moment of pique and over the objections of Rawlins. Besides pointing to the order's offensive nature, Rawlins predicted it would be countermanded by Washington." In 2017, historian Charles W. Calhoun said: "The question dated from late 1862, when Grant had issued an order expelling "Jews, as a class," from the area of his command in Mississippi for violating trade restrictions. The ill-advised order reflected his frustrations in trying to control illicit commerce behind the lines, and Lincoln countermanded it as soon as it came to his attention." In 2018, historian Paul Kahan said: "Offended by the swarm of speculators and traders who profited from the war, Grant issued his infamous General Order No. 11, which included three points, the first of which commanded: "The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders, are hereby expelled from the Department [of the Tennessee] within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order." References Sources scholarly review and response by Calhoun at External links "General Grant's Infamy", Jewish Virtual Library Order No. 11, Judaic Treasures of the Library of Congress: "Grant, Lincoln, and General Order Number 11", American Presidents, December 2007 "Gen. Grant's Uncivil War Against the Jews", The Jewish Week Jewish-American history 11 (1862) American Civil War documents Ulysses S. Grant Kentucky in the American Civil War Tennessee in the American Civil War Mississippi in the American Civil War 1862 establishments in the United States Antisemitic attacks and incidents in the United States 1862 documents 1862 in Judaism Religious expulsion orders Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 1863