without a detailed definition of how this was determined Keele might thus be considered "Red Brick" under this classification as it entered the university sector (as a university college) prior to 1960), as might Newcastle and Dundee, which were colleges of the universities of Durham and St Andrews respectively. The definition might also include institutions and colleges of the University of London that became part of the university sector in that period but did not receive university status: Cranfield Institute of Technology (1969) – formerly the College of Aeronautics; granted university status and renamed "Cranfield University" in 1993 London Business School (1965) – established 1964, joined University of London 1965 Royal College of Art (1967) The Scottish universities from the 1960s (Heriot-Watt, Stirling, Strathclyde, Dundee and the Open University in Scotland) are also known as "chartered universities" as they were established, and are governed, by their royal charters. Popular culture Malcolm Bradbury's 1975 campus novel The History Man is set in the fictional plate glass University of Watermouth. External scenes of the TV series were filmed at Lancaster University. See also Ancient universities Armorial of UK universities List of universities in the UK Post-1992 university Red brick university References External links Toynbee, Polly (2002-06-05) After the jubilation must come the reckoning, The Guardian Anti-ageism Laws Will Be Good for All, The Guardian (2003) Collini, Stefan (2003-11-06) HiEdBiz, London Review of Books, Vol. 25 No. 21, pp 3–9 Sheffield University Library Collection Universities and colleges in the United Kingdom Glass architecture Colloquial terms for groups of universities and colleges 1950s in the United Kingdom 1960s in the United Kingdom 1970s in the United Kingdom Modernist architecture in England Modernist architecture in the United Kingdom