as Cladonia salmonea which grows on the rock faces of vertical cliffs, or Cladonia pyxidata, which can grow on thin soil on rocks. They are absent from very dry regions. The range of their habitats includes boreal forests, bogs, temperate forests, the tundra of the Arctic and Antarctic, man-made habitats (e.g. roadsides), tropical highlands, and the sandy tropical lowlands of the Amazon rainforest. Twenty-six Cladoniaceae species (25 Cladonia and 1 Cladia) are known to occur in the Galapagos Islands. There, some species form mats on lava flows that have developed little soil. A 2013 monograph of Northern European Cladoniaceae treated 100 species (95 Cladonia, 4 Pilophorus, and the monotypic genus Pycnothelia). In the 2021 key to lichen species in Italy, 86 Cladoniaceae are included. Conservation Five Cladoniaceae species have been assessed for the global IUCN Red List: Cetradonia linearis (vulnerable, 2015), Cladonia appalachiensis (endangered, 2020), Cladonia perforata (endangered, 2003), Pilophorus fibula (endangered, 2020), and Gymnoderme insulare (endangered, 2014). On the red list of China's macrofungi, Cladonia delavayi (vulnerable), Cladonia pseudoevansii (critically endangered), Gymnoderma coccocarpum (endangered), and Gymnoderma insulare (endangered) are the representatives of the Cladoniaceae. Genera After more than a century of discovery and research, including recent advances in understanding revealed by molecular phylogenetic studies, the Cladoniaceae encompass 17 genera and more than 550 species. This is a list of the genera contained within the Cladoniaceae, based on the Catalogue of Life; this includes taxa formerly classified in the Squamarinaceae, but does not include the Stereocaulaceae. Following the genus name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species: Calathaspis – 1 sp. Carassea – 1 sp. Cetradonia – 1 sp. Cladia – ca. 27 spp. Cladonia – ca. 500 spp. Heteromyces – 1 sp. Metus – 3 spp. Muhria – 1 sp. Notocladonia – 2 spp. Paralecia – 1 sp. Pilophorus – 17 spp. Pulchrocladia – 3 spp. Pycnothelia – 2 spp. Rexiella – 1 sp. Sphaerophoropsis – 2 spp. Squamella – 1 sp. Thysanothecium – 3 spp. Myelorrhiza was transferred from the Cladoniaceae to the Ramalinaceae by Kistenich and colleagues in 2018. Neophyllis, originally classified in the Cladoniaceae, was transferred to Sphaerophoraceae in 1999. References Cited literature Lichen families Lecanoromycetes families Taxa described in 1827 Taxa named by Jonathan Carl Zenker