frequently challenged Speaker of the House Thomas B. Reed. In 1894, McMillin attached an amendment to the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act that would have established a federal income tax. The law was challenged in federal court, however, and in 1895, the Supreme Court ruled federal income taxes unconstitutional when it issued its decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. McMillin continued campaigning in favor of federal income taxes until the adoption of the 16th Amendment, which gave the federal government the power to collect income taxes, in 1913. Governor In 1897, McMillin sought the U.S. Senate seat left vacant by the death of Isham G. Harris. Failing to garner any support, he then sought and successfully obtained the Democratic nomination for governor the following year in the race to succeed popular governor Robert Love Taylor. McMillin won by a large margin on election day, with 105,640 votes to 72,611 for the Republican candidate James Alexander Fowler, 2,428 for Populist candidate W.D. Turley, and 1,722 for Prohibition candidate R.N. Richardson. By the time McMillin ran for reelection in 1900, the state's Republican Party had come under the control of Congressman Walter P. Brownlow. Seeking to unseat McMillin, Brownlow and his faction nominated Congressman John E. McCall as the party's candidate for governor. While the party ran a strong campaign, McMillin was easily reelected, winning 145,708 votes to 119,831 for McCall. During his two terms, McMillin implemented a number of progressive measures. He signed legislation authorizing counties to establish high schools and school boards, and instituted a property tax to pay for school textbooks. In 1901, he signed legislation aimed at reducing child labor by increasing the state's minimum age for employment from 12 to 14. He also finalized the state's boundary with Virginia, and set up a sinking fund to reduce the state debt. Later life After his second term as governor ended in 1903, McMillin established an insurance business in Nashville. He remained active in Democratic Party politics, however, serving as an elector in every presidential election between 1876 and 1932, with the exception of the 1916 election, and attending every Democratic National Convention during the same period, with the exception of the 1920 convention. In 1912, a divided Democratic Party nominated McMillin as the party's candidate for governor in hopes of unseating Republican Ben W. Hooper. The party was divided over the prohibition issue, with one faction, the