. Transparent – – the raising from the consonant before it will "pass through" and affect the following vowel. Historical development Consonant cluster homogenization occurred in earlier Danao and Subanon, where the articulations of the first consonant followed that of the second (Ex: *-gp- > *-bp-). A study by Allison noted that Proto-Danao *b, *d, g* were lost in modern Maranao when found before other consonants with the same place of articulation (Ex: *bp > *p), but preserved elsewehere. Lobel noted that this sound change actually resulted in two features of Maranao phonology: heavy consonants and raised vowels (* > ). Aspirated consonants also developed in a similar way in Southern (Lapuyan) Subanon, but without the vowel-raising. Grammar Case markers In contrast to Tagalog which has three case markers (), and Iloko which has two (), Maranao has four: (). Curiously, the is indefinite in Maranao, whereas it is definite/specific in Cebuano and Tagalog. Pronouns Maranao pronouns can be free or bound to the word/morpheme before it. Common words Below are common words found in Maranao sentences, their translations in English, Cebuano, and Tagalog, and similar words in distant Philippine languages. Sample texts Universal Declaration of Human Rights Maranao: . Cebuano: . Noun phrases These phrases were taken from Alonto's Maranao Drills. Legend: , , , , Time and Space Verbs and Time Negatives Manga, A, Aden, Da Object-focus Sentences See also Languages of the Philippines References External links Bansa.org, Maranao Dictionary Maranao at Omniglot Maranao at Wiktionary The files for a Maranao lexical database with English glosses are archived with Kaipuleohone SEAlang Library Maranao Resources SIL Philippines Maranao - English Dictionary Danao languages Languages of Lanao del Sur Languages of Lanao del Norte Languages of the Philippines Languages of Sabah Languages of Malaysia