when short-answer tests or essays are used greater gains in results are seen when compared to multiple-choice test Cued recall can make retrieval easier as it reduces the required retrieval strength from an individual which can help short term results, but can hinder long term retrieval overtime due to reduced retrieval demand during practice. Quicker learning can reduce the rate of forgetting for a short period of time, but the effect doesn't last as long as more effortful retrieval. Cueing can be seen when encoding new information overlaps with prior knowledge making retrieval easier or from a visual or auditory aid. Prior knowledge seems to increase the impact of retrieval practice meaning pre-testing can be used to get greater results, and the post-testing can be used to facilitate learning and memory of newly studied information, known as the forward testing effect. Pre-test or practice test accuracy doesn't predict post test results as time affects forgetting but pre-testing contributes to learning and prior knowledge and has shown to help in language learning. Practice methods When compared to concept mapping alone, retrieval practice is more beneficial, despite students not seeing retrieval practice as a useful learning tool. When combined, learner performance was increased, suggesting concept mapping is a tool that should be combined with retrieval practice alongside other non-verbal responses. Retrieval helps with mental organization which can work well with concept mapping. Multimedia testing can be used alongside flashcards as a method of retrieval practice but removing cards too early can result in lower long term retention. Individuals may not correctly interpret the outcome of practice cards contributing to dropped cards which impact future retrieval attempts therefore resulting in lower results due to increased forgetting. It is advised that students, people in care units and teaching professionals use distributed retrieval practice with feedback to aid their studies. Interleaved practice, self-explanation, and elaborative interrogation can be useful but need more research. Summarization can be useful for individuals trained how to use to get the most from it. Keyword mnemonics and imagery for text have been somewhat helpful but the effects are often short lived. However, if each of these methods are integrated with retrieval elements the testing effect is more likely to occur. Test benefits A list of benefits of retrieval practice. Aids later retention Identifies knowledge gaps Aids future related learning Prevents interference from prior material in future learning Aids transfer of