The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is an American private nonprofit research organization "committed to undertaking and disseminating unbiased economic research among public policymakers, business professionals, and the academic community". The NBER is known for providing start and end dates for recessions in the United States. Many chairpersons of the Council of Economic Advisers were previously NBER Research Associates, including the former NBER president and Harvard Professor, Martin Feldstein. The NBER's president and CEO is James M. Poterba of MIT. History The NBER was founded in 1920. Its first staff economist, director of research, and one of its founders was American economist Wesley Clair Mitchell. He was succeeded by Malcolm C. Rorty in 1922. The Russian American economist Simon Kuznets, a student of Mitchell, was working at the NBER when the U.S. government recruited him to oversee the production of the first official estimates of national income, published in 1934. In the early 1940s, Kuznets's work on national income became the basis of official measurements of GNP and other related indices of economic activity. The NBER is currently located in Cambridge, Massachusetts with a branch office in New York City. Research The NBER's research activities are mostly identified by 20 research programs on different subjects and 14 working groups. The research programs are: Aging, Asset Pricing, Behavioral/Macro, Capital Markets and the Economy, Children, Corporate Finance, Development of the American Economy, Economics of Education, Economic Fluctuations and Growth, Energy and the Environment, Health Care, Health Economics, Industrial Organization, International Finance and Macroeconomics, International Trade and Investment, Labor Studies, Law and Economics, Monetary Economics, Political Economy, Productivity, and Public Economics. From this research come the NBER's Working Papers. Conferences The NBER convenes over 120 meetings each year at which researchers share and discuss their latest findings and launch new projects. The Summer Institute, a collection of nearly 50 smaller meetings, is held annually in July. Notable members Winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (In descending chronological order and by last name) Ben Bernanke, 2022 Joshua Angrist, 2021 David Card, 2021 Guido Imbens, 2021 Abhijit Banerjee, 2019 Esther Duflo, 2019 Michael Kremer, 2019 William Nordhaus, 2018 Paul Romer, 2018 Richard Thaler, 2017 Oliver Hart, 2016 Bengt Holmström, 2016 Angus Deaton, 2015 Lars Peter Hansen, 2013 Robert J. Shiller, 2013 Alvin E. Roth, 2012 Thomas J. Sargent, 2011 Christopher A. Sims, 2011 Peter Diamond, 2010 Dale T. Mortensen, 2010 Paul