bearing further a grey spot at the hind margin and the hindwing bearing an extended dusting of black beyond the cell, forming a kind of band. An enlarged edition of this form from Central Asia (Kuldja, Alai), witli the black markings still more intensified and the transparent border more widened, is known as gigantea Stgr. (10f): specimens of this race in which the ground-colour has assumed a slightly yellowish tint are called ab. ochracea Aust. — The egg of the species is conical, whitish. Larva cylindrical, tapering at both ends, black, short-hairy, the body ornamented with orange spots; feeds in April and May on Corydalis mnemosyne typ. on C. halleri, C. cava, C. solida, concealed in day-time. Pupation in the ground in a loose cocoon ; pupa thick, obtuse, hoary, luteous. Habits The clouded Apollo is locally common in some places in central Europe. The female lays whitish eggs with a granular surface. The caterpillar feeds only on sunny days, otherwise it is hidden under leaves or stones. The blunt-ended chrysalis lies on the ground in a light spun covering. The caterpillars feed exclusively on Corydalis species. To prevent the continuing disappearance of this butterfly from many places in central Europe, it is now protected in some regions. They inhabit small patches and individuals move from patch to patch and conservation of a network of patches is required to maintain the gene pool. Etymology The species was named in the classical tradition for Mnemosyne the mother of the nine Muses Subspecies partial list See Global Biodiversity Information Facility for a more complete list of subspecies (mostly described by Hans Fruhstorfer, Felix Bryk and Curt Eisner). Parnassius mnemosyne adamellicus Parnassius mnemosyne balcanica [Bryk & Eisner, 1930] Parnassius mnemosyne bucharanus [Bryk, 1912] Parnassius mnemosyne caucasia [Verity, [1911] ] Parnassius mnemosyne craspedontis [Fruhstorfer, 1909] Parnassius mnemosyne falsus [Pagenstecher, 1911] Parnassius mnemosyne giganteus [Staudinger, 1886] Parnassius mnemosyne leonhardiana [Fruhstorfer, 1917] Parnassius mnemosyne nivalis [Grose-Smith, 1908] Parnassius mnemosyne nubilosus [Christoph, 1873] Parnassius mnemosyne ochraceus [Austaut, 1891] Parnassius mnemosyne orientalis [Verity, 1911] Parnassius mnemosyne parnassia [Bryk, 1932] Parnassius mnemosyne problematicus [Bryk, 1912] Parnassius mnemosyne talboti [Bryk, 1932] Parnassius mnemosyne ucrainicus [Bryk & Eisner, 1932] Parnassius mnemosyne ugrjumovi [Bryk, 1914] Parnassius mnemosyne uralka [Bryk, 1921] Parnassius mnemosyne valentinae [Sheljuzhko, 1943] Parnassius mnemosyne weidingeri [Bryk & Eisner, 1932] For a list of subspecies types in the British Museum (Natural History), see Ackery, P. R. (1973) "A list of