five international Scouting organizations: Order of World Scouts – the first international Scouting organisation, founded in 1911. International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe, an independent faith-based Scouting organization founded in 1956. Confederation of European Scouts, established in 1978. World Federation of Independent Scouts, formed in Laubach, Germany, in 1996. World Organization of Independent Scouts, mostly South-American, founded in 2010. Some Scout-like organizations are also served by international organizations, many with religious elements, for example: Pathfinders – A youth organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, formed in 1950. Royal Rangers – A youth organization of the Assemblies of God, formed in 1962. Influence on society After the inception of Scouting in the early 1900s, some nations' programs have taken part in social movements such as the nationalist resistance movements in India. Although Scouting was introduced to Africa by British officials as a way to strengthen their rule, the values they based Scouting on helped to challenge the legitimacy of British imperialism. Likewise, African Scouts used the Scout Law's principle that a Scout is a brother to all other Scouts to collectively claim full imperial citizenship. A study has found a strong link between participating in Scouting and Guiding as a young person, and having significantly better mental health. The data, from almost 10,000 individuals, came from a lifelong UK-wide study of people born in November 1958, known as the National Child Development Study. Controversies In the United Kingdom, The Scout Association had been criticised for its insistence on the use of a religious promise, leading the organization to introduce an alternative in January 2014 for those not wanting to mention a god in their promise. This change made the organisation entirely non-discriminatory on the grounds of race, gender, sexuality, and religion (or lack thereof). The Boy Scouts of America was the focus of criticism in the United States for not allowing the open participation of homosexuals until removing the prohibition in 2013. Communist states such as the Soviet Union in 1920 and fascist regimes like Nazi Germany in 1934 often either absorbed the Scout movement into government-controlled organizations, or banned Scouting entirely. In film and the arts Scouting has been a facet of culture during most of the twentieth century in many countries; numerous films and artwork focus on the subject. Movie critic Roger Ebert mentioned the scene in which the young Boy Scout, Indiana Jones, discovers the Cross