of total population (2018) rate of urbanization: 3.73% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.) Major infectious diseases degree of risk: very high (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever water contact diseases: schistosomiasis animal contact diseases: rabies respiratory diseases: meningococcal meningitis note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Senegal is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine Maternal mortality ratio 315 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) Drinking water source improved total: 78.5% of population urban: 92.9% of population rural: 67.3% of population unimproved total: 21.5% of population urban: 7.1% of population rural: 32.7% of population (2015 est.) Education expenditures 5.3% of GDP (2019) Country comparison to the world: 51st Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2017 est.) total population: 51.9% male: 64.8% female: 39.8% (2017 est.) Total population: 57.7% Male: 69.7% Female: 46.6% (2015 est.) School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) total: 9 years male: 8 years female: 9 years (2020) total: 9 years male: 9 years female: 9 years (2017) Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 total: 4.1% male: 2.9% female: 6.7% (2019 est.) Gender ratio At birth: 1.03 male(s)/female Under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/females Total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.) Emigration Senegal was historically a destination country for neighboring economic migrants, but in recent decades West African migrants more often use Senegal as a transit point to North Africa, or as a stop