to global changes in carbon dioxide as more saline waters are less soluble to carbon dioxide. In addition, during glacial periods, the hydrography is such that a possible cause of reduced circulation is the production of stratified oceans. In such cases, it is more difficult to subduct water through the thermohaline circulation. Not only is salinity a driver of ocean circulation, but changes in ocean circulation also affect salinity, particularly in the subpolar North Atlantic where from 1990 to 2010 increased contributions of Greenland meltwater were counteracted by increased northward transport of salty Atlantic waters. However, North Atlantic waters have become fresher since the mid-2010s due to increased Greenland meltwater flux. See also Desalination for economic purposes Desalination of water Desalination of soil: soil salinity control Sodium adsorption ratio Measuring salinity Salinometer Salinity by biologic context In organisms generally, with particular emphasis on human health Electrolytes Fluid balance Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Salt poisoning In plants Arabidopsis thaliana responses to salinity In fish Stenohaline fish Euryhaline fish Salinity by geologic context Fresh water Seawater Soil salinity Thermohaline circulation Paleosalinity CORA dataset data on salinity of global oceans General cases of solute concentration Osmotic concentration Tonicity References Further reading MIT page of seawater properties, with Matlab, EES and Excel VBA library routines Equations and algorithms to calculate fundamental properties of sea water. History of the salinity determination Practical Salinity Scale 1978. Salinity calculator Lewis, E. L. 1982. The practical salinity scale of 1978 and its antecedents. Marine Geodesy. 5(4):350–357. Equations and algorithms to calculate salinity of inland waters Chemical oceanography Aquatic ecology Oceanography Coastal geography Water quality indicators Articles containing video clips Salts