by Saladin late in his reign. They were: al-Afḍal Nur al-Din Ali, emir of Damascus (b. 1 Shawwal 565 AH ( June 1170) in Egypt) al-'Azīz Imad al-Din Abu al-Fath Uthman, sultan of Egypt (b. 8 Jumada I 567 AH ( January 1172) in Egypt) al-Ẓāfir Muzaffar al-Din Abu al-Abbas Khidr (b. 5 Sha'ban 568 AH ( March 1173) in Egypt) al-Ẓāhir Ghiyath al-Din Abu Mansur Ghazi, emir of Aleppo (b. mid-Ramadan 568 AH (May 1173) in Egypt) al-Mu'izz Fath al-Din Abu Ya'qub Ishaq (b. Rabi I 570 AH (October/November 1174) in Egypt) al-Mu'ayyad Najm al-Din Abu al-Fath Mas'ud (b. Rabi I 571 AH (September/October 1175) in Damascus) al-A'izz Sharaf al-Din Abu Yusuf Ya'qub (b. Rabi II 572 AH (October/November 1176) in Egypt) al-Zāhir Mujir al-Din Abu Sulayman Dawud (b. Dhi al-Qi'dah 573 AH (May 1178) in Egypt) al-Mufaḍḍal Qutb al-Din Musa, later called al-Muẓaffar (b. 573 AH (1178) in Egypt) al-Ashraf Izz al-Din Abu Abd Allah Muhammad (b. 575 AH (1179/1180) in Sham) al-Muḥsin Zahir al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad (b. Rabi I 577 AH (July/August 1181) in Egypt) al-Mu'aẓẓam Fakhr al-Din Abu Mansur Turanshah, (b. Rabi I 577 AH (July/August 1181) in Egypt) al-Jawwād Rukn al-Din Abu Sa'id Ayyub (b. Rabi I 578 AH (July/August 1182)) al-Ghālib Nasir al-Din Abu al-Fath Malikshah (b. Rajab 578 AH (November/December 1182)) al-Manṣūr Abu Bakr (b. after Saladin's death (1193) in Harran) The sons who were full brothers were: al-Afḍal, al-Ẓāfir, and al-Mufaḍḍal al-'Azīz, al-Mu'ayyad, and al-A'izz. al-Ẓāhir and al-Zāhir al-Mu'izz and al-Jawwād al-Ashraf and al-Muḥsin al-Mu'aẓẓam, al-Ghālib, and al-Manṣūr The sons listed by Imad number fifteen, but elsewhere he writes that Saladin was survived by seventeen sons and one daughter. According to Abu Hamah, Imad missed two sons who were born to slave-women: Imad al-Din Shadhi and Nusrat al-Din Marwan. As for Saladin's daughter, she was Mu'nisah Khatun; she married her cousin al-Kamil Muhammad ibn Adil. Saladin also had other children who died before him, such as al-Mansur Hasan and Ahmad. Al-Zahir Dawud, whom Imad listed eighth, is recorded as being his twelfth son in a letter written by Saladin's minister. Not much is known of Saladin's wives or slave-women. He married Ismat al-Din Khatun, the widow of Nur al-Din Zengi, in 1176. She did not have children. One of his wives, Shamsah, is buried with her son al-Aziz in the tomb of al-Shafi'i. Recognition and legacy Western world Saladin was widely