An electronic example The following is an example of subtractive synthesis as it might occur in an electronic instrument. It was created with a personal computer program designed to emulate an analogue subtractive synthesizer. This example will attempt to imitate the sound of a plucked string. Whilst the following example illustrates how a desired sound might be achieved in practice, only the final three stages are really subtractive synthesis, and the early stages could be considered to be a form of additive synthesis. First, two oscillators produce relatively complex and harmonic-rich waveforms: Pulse-width modulation is added for a dynamically changing tone: The two sounds are mixed. In this case they are combined at equal volume, but any ratio could be used. The combined wave is passed through a voltage-controlled amplifier connected to an ADSR envelope. In other words, its volume is changed according to a pre-set pattern. This is an attempt to emulate the envelope of a plucked string: Then pass the sound through a shallow low-pass filter: In this case, to better emulate the sound of a plucked string, the filter cutoff frequency should start in the mid-range and to low. The effect is similar to an electric guitar's wah pedal. In real music production, there is often an additional step. An oscillator with a very low frequency modulates one or more sounds over time, creating a dynamically changing sound. See also Additive synthesis Minimoog MicroKorg Modular synthesizer Korg MS-20 Novachord Steiner-Parker Synthacon References External links AMS – A free software synthesis program for ALSA. Sound synthesis types ru:Субтрактивный синтез