that those suffering clinical psychoses evaluate as distressingly incongruent and inexplicable are instead interpreted by spiritual individuals as positive (personal and meaningful transcendent experiences). Measurement Considerable debate persists about – among other factors – spirituality's relation to religion, the number and content of its dimensions, its relation to concepts of well-being, and its universality. A number of research groups have developed instruments which attempt to measure spirituality quantitatively, including the Spiritual Transcendence Scale (STS), the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS) and the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale. MacDonald et al. gave an "Expressions of Spirituality Inventory" (ESI-R) measuring five dimensions of spirituality to over 4000 persons across eight countries. The study results and interpretation highlighted the complexity and challenges of measurement of spirituality cross-culturally. See also Anthroposophy Esotericism Glossary of spirituality terms Ietsism Interspirituality New Age Numinous Outline of spirituality Perennial philosophy Reason Relationship between religion and science Religion Sacred–profane dichotomy Secular spirituality Self-actualization Self-help Skepticism Spiritual activism Spiritual but not religious Spiritual intelligence Spiritism Sublime (philosophy) Syncretism Theosophy Notes References Sources Published sources Web-sources Further reading Downey, Michael. Understanding Christian Spirituality. New York: Paulist Press, 1997. . . Charlene Spretnak, The Spiritual Dynamic in Modern Art: Art History Reconsidered, 1800 to the Present, 1986. . . Eck, D. L. (2009). A new religious America: How a "Christian country" has now become the world's most religiously diverse nation. New York: Harper One. . . Schmidt, L. E. (2012). Restless souls: The making of American spirituality. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press. . . Carrette, J. R., & King, R. (2011). Selling spirituality: The silent takeover of religion. London: Routledge. . . Belief Metaphysics of mind New Age Philosophy of mind