not been authorized by the government for importation and exportation is an ‘unauthorized route’. The legal definition of these occurs in the Customs Act of the country. Notably, some definitions define any 'undeclared' trafficking of currency and precious metal as smuggling. Smuggling is a cognizable offense in which both the smuggled goods and the goods are punishable. See also Arms trafficking Battle of Mudeford Carding (fraud) Cigarette smuggling Counterfeiting Daigou French Connection Iron Law of Prohibition Pizza Connection Trial Rescates Rum-running Snakehead (gang) The Yogurt Connection References Further reading Andreas, Peter. Smuggler Nation: How Illicit Trade Made America. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013). Cohen, Andrew Wender. Contraband: Smuggling and the Birth of the American Century. (New York: W.W. Norton, 2015). Cole, W. A. “Trends in Eighteenth-Century Smuggling.” Economic History Review 10#3 1958, pp. 395–410. online in Britain Díaz, George T. Border Contraband: A History of Smuggling across the Rio Grande (University of Texas Press, 2015) xiv, 241 pp. excerpt Graham, Frank, Smuggling in Cornwall (Newcastle upon Tyne, V. Graham, 1964). Graham, Frank, Smuggling in Devon (Newcastle upon Tyne, Frank Graham, 1968). Harper, Charles G., Smugglers: Picturesque chapters in the Story of an Ancient Craft (Newcastle upon Tyne, Frank Graham, 1966) Harvey, Simon, Smuggling: Seven Centuries of Contraband (London: Reaktion Books, 2016). Jones, Evan T., 'Illicit business: accounting for smuggling in mid-sixteenth century Bristol', Economic History Review, 54 (2001). Winner of the Economic History Society's "T.S. Ashton Prize" in 2001, freely available online. Jones, Evan T, Inside the Illicit Economy: Reconstructing the Smugglers' Trade of Sixteenth Century Bristol (Ashgate, June 2012) Karras, Alan. Smuggling: Contraband and Corruption in World History (Lanham, Rowman and Littlefield, 2010) 199 pp. Karson, Lawrence. American Smuggling as White Collar Crime. (New York: Routledge, 2014). Morley, Geoffrey, Smuggling in Hampshire & Dorset 1700-1850 (Newbury: Countryside Books, 1983). . Rattenbury, John, Memoirs of a Smuggler (Newcastle upon Tyne, V. Graham, 1964). Smith, Joshua M., Borderland Smuggling: Patriots, Loyalists and Illicit Trade in the Northeast, 1783–1820 (Gainesville, University Press of Florida, 2006). . Waugh, Mary, Smuggling in Kent and Sussex 1700–1840 (Countryside Books, 1985, updated 2003). . Black markets Prison-related crime Organized crime