self-esteem. The Sámi languages belong to the Uralic language family, linguistically related to Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian. Due to prolonged contact and import of items foreign to Sámi culture from neighboring Scandinavians, there are a number of Germanic loanwords in Sámi, particularly for "urban" objects. The majority of the Sámi now speak the majority languages of the countries they live in, i.e., Swedish, Russian, Finnish and Norwegian. Efforts are being made to further the use of Sámi languages among Sámi and persons of Sámi origin. Despite these changes, the legacy of cultural repression still exists. Many older Sámi still refuse to speak Sámi. In addition, Sámi parents still feel alienated from schools and hence do not participate as much as they could in shaping school curricula and policy. In Norway, the name of the language is samisk, and the name of the people is Same; in Finland, the name of the language is spelled saame and the name of the people saamelainen. American scientist Michael E. Krauss published in 1997 an estimate of Sámi population and their languages. Kemi Sámi language became extinct in the 19th century. Many Sámi do not speak any of the Sámi languages any more due to historical assimilation policies, so the number of Sámi living in each area is much higher. Division by geography Sápmi is traditionally divided into: Eastern Sápmi (Inari, Skolt, Akkala, Kildin and Teri Sámi in Kola peninsula (Russia) and Inari (Finland, formerly also in eastern Norway) Northern Sápmi (Northern, Lule and Pite Sámi in most of northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland) Southern Sápmi (Ume and Southern Sámi in central parts of Sweden and Norway) It should also be noted that many Sámi now live outside Sápmi, in large cities such as Oslo in Norway. Division by occupation A division often used in Northern Sámi is based on occupation and the area of living. This division is also used in many historical texts: Reindeer Sámi or Mountain Sámi (in Northern Sámi boazosapmelash or badjeolmmosh). Previously nomadic Sámi living as reindeer herders. Now most have a permanent residence in the Sámi core areas. Some 10% of Sámi practice reindeer herding, which is seen as a fundamental part of a Sámi culture and, in some parts of the Nordic countries, can be practiced by Sámis only. Sea Sámi (in Northern Sámi mearasapmelash). These lived traditionally by combining fishing and small-scale farming. Today,