in spacecraft, or in ground-based experiments that mimic aspects of spaceflight Space chemistry – Reactions of elements to form more complex compounds, such as amino acids, are key to the study of chemistry in space. Astrobotany – Sub-discipline of botany that is the study of plants in space environments. Archaeoastronomy – studies ancient or traditional astronomies in their cultural context, utilizing archaeological and anthropological evidence. Space archaeology – the study of human artifacts in outer space Forensic astronomy – the use of astronomy, the scientific study of celestial objects, to determine the appearance of the sky at specific times in the past. Techniques used in astronomical research: Theoretical astronomy – mathematical modelling of celestial entities and phenomena Astrometry – study of the position of objects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the kinematics of objects in our galaxy. Photometry – study of how bright celestial objects are when passed through different filters Spectroscopy – study of the spectra of astronomical objects Observational astronomy – practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus. Observatories on the ground as well as space observatories take measurements of celestial entities and phenomena. It is concerned with recording data. The subdisciplines of observational astronomy are generally made by the specifications of the detectors: Radio astronomy – >300 µm Submillimetre astronomy – 200 µm to 1 mm Infrared astronomy – 0.7–350 µm Optical astronomy – 380–750 nm Ultraviolet astronomy – 10–320 nm High-energy astronomy X-ray astronomy – 0.01–10 nm Gamma-ray astronomy – <0.01 nm Neutrino astronomy – Neutrinos Gravitational wave astronomy – Gravitons Astronautics The science and engineering of spacefaring and spaceflight, a subset of Aerospace engineering (which includes atmospheric flight) Space technology is technology for use in outer space, in travel or other activities beyond Earth's atmosphere, for purposes such as spaceflight, space exploration, and Earth observation. Spaceflight Human spaceflight Outline of space exploration Space architecture Life-support system Space station Space Habitation Module Life in space Bioastronautics Animals in space Microorganisms tested in outer space Plants in space Humans in space Women in space Effect of spaceflight on the human body Sleep in space Food in space Medicine in space Neuroscience in space Religion in space Christmas on the International Space Station Sex in space Writing in space See also References External links Institute of Space Technology, Pakistan Space Sciences @ NASA