assures that settings continue to be correct. For rental skis, such an adjustment is required for each change of customers. Waxing: Most ski wax minimizes gliding friction on snow. "Grip wax" promotes grip on snow for cross-country skis. Wax may be applied in three ways, melting on, rubbing on and as a paste. Hot wax is applied with heat by ironing the melted wax on the ski base and allowing it to penetrate the pore structure, it is then scraped off and burnished. Hard wax may be rubbed on and smoothed, mechanically from a bar or canister of the material. This technique is the rule for grip waxes. Paste wax allows reducing friction with a rapid adjustment to snow conditions at the expense of durability. Edge shaping: Edges engage the snow, especially during icy conditions. The angle from the plane of the bottom of the ski is set, depending on the type of skiing anticipated, as follows: Slalom skiers: 0° to 0.5° Intermediate skiers and giant-slalom skiers: 0.5° to 1° Beginners and down-hill racers: 2° Edge shaping may be done daily with carborundum or diamond stone to remove imperfections. Tuning the edges requires a series of applications of sharpening tools and stones, working at approximately right angles along the metal edge. Base repair: Ski base repair has three levels: cleaning, filling imperfections, and surface preparation. Cleaning promotes the removal of dirt and wax, allowing repair material to bond to the ski. Repair of gouges may be accomplished with a drip-candle of paraffin and polyethylene blend or a harder, more durable stick of pure polyethylene. Both are melted into the imperfections and then scraped even with the surface of the ski. Surface preparation involves blending of repairs into the base and then texturing to befit the snow conditions with a gritty material, using successively finer grits, depending on the snow temperature. Other treatments include "rilling" installing miniature grooves along the ski or a steel brush. See also List of ski brands Noboard Monoski Skwal Snowboard Snurfer Splitboard Teleboard Water ski References External links Physics of skiing. FIS equipment tolerances. Skiing equipment Norwegian words and phrases