is founded. 1950 – The eastern United States is covered by a thick haze from the Chinchaga fire in western Canada. 1957 – President Eisenhower sends the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock, Arkansas, to enforce desegregation. 1959 – TAI Flight 307 crashes during takeoff from Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport in Bordeaux, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France, killing 55 people. 1960 – , the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, is launched. 1972 – Japan Airlines Flight 472 lands at Juhu Aerodrome instead of Santacruz Airport in Bombay, India. 1973 – Guinea-Bissau declares its independence from Portugal. 1975 – Southwest Face expedition members become the first persons to reach the summit of Mount Everest by any of its faces, instead of using a ridge route. 1993 – The Cambodian monarchy is restored, with Norodom Sihanouk as king. 1996 – Representatives of 71 nations sign the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty at the United Nations. 2005 – Hurricane Rita makes landfall in the United States, devastating portions of southwestern Louisiana and extreme southeastern Texas. 2007 – Between 30,000 and 100,000 people take part in anti-government protests in Yangon, Burma, the largest in 20 years. 2008 – Thabo Mbeki resigns as president of South Africa. 2009 – The G20 summit begins in Pittsburgh with 30 global leaders in attendance. 2009 – SA Airlink Flight 8911 crashes near Durban International Airport in Durban, South Africa, killing the captain and injuring the rest of the crew. 2013 – A 7.7-magnitude earthquake strikes southern Pakistan, killing at least 327 people. 2014 – The Mars Orbiter Mission makes India the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt. 2015 – At least 1,100 people are killed and another 934 wounded after a stampede during the Hajj in Saudi Arabia. Births Pre-1600 15 – Vitellius, Roman emperor (d. 69) 936 – 'Adud al-Dawla, Buyid king (d. 983) 1301 – Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (d. 1372) 1418 – Anne of Cyprus, Duchess of Savoy (probable; d. 1462) 1433 – Shekha of Amarsar, Rajput chieftain (d. 1488) 1473 – Georg von Frundsberg, German Knight and landowner (d. 1528) 1501 – Gerolamo Cardano, Italian mathematician, physician, and astrologer (d. 1576) 1534 – Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (d. 1581) 1564 – William Adams, English sailor and navigator (d. 1620) 1583 – Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian general (d. 1634) 1601–1900