, ž́ , ĺ , ‘ĺ , ı́ , ṕ , etc. These can also be written ky, py etc. Labialized velars are written with an over-dot: ġ , n̈ , etc. (A dot on a non-velar letter, as in ṅ and ṙ in the table above, indicates a guttural articulation.) Retroflex consonants are marked with an under-dot: ṭ , ḍ , ṇ , ṣ̌ , ẓ̌ , ṛ , ḷ , and ı̣ . The Semitic "emphatic" consonants are marked with an underline: ṯ , ḏ , s̱ , ẕ , δ̱ , ḻ . Aspiration is typically marked by h: kh , but a turned apostrophe (Greek spiritus asper) is also used: k̒ , ģ . Either convention may be used for voiceless sonorants: m̒ , ‘l . Affricates are generally written as sequences, e.g. tš for . But the single letters č , ǰ , c̀ , j̀ , ț , and d̦ are also used. Implosives are written with a macron: b̄ , d̄ , j̄ , ḡ . As with vowels, long (geminate) consonants may also be written with a macron, so this transcription can be ambiguous. Lepsius typically characterized ejective consonants as tenuis, as they are completely unaspirated, and wrote them with the Greek spiritus lenis (p’, t’, etc.), which may be the source of the modern convention for ejectives in the IPA. However, when his sources made it clear that there was some activity in the throat, he transcribed them as emphatics. When transcribing consonant letters which are pronounced the same but are etymologically distinct, as in Armenian, diacritics from the original alphabet or roman transliteration may be carried over. Similarly, unique sounds such as Czech ř may be carried over into Lepsius transcription. Lepsius used a diacritic r under t᷊ and d᷊ for some poorly described sounds in Dravidian languages. Standard capitalization is used. For example, when written in all caps, γ becomes Γ (as in AFΓAN "Afghan"). Tones Tones are marked with an acute and grave accents (backticks) to the right and near the top or the bottom of the corresponding vowel. The diacritic may be underlined for a lower pitch, distinguishing in all eight possible tones. Tone is not written directly, but rather needs to be established separately for each language. For example, the acute accent may indicate a high tone, a rising tone, or, in the case of Chinese,