complaint), or even prosecute the fact only with a civil action with no "" and therefore no criminal prosecution at all. However, beginning from 15 January 2016, injury is no longer a crime, but a tort, while defamation is still considered a crime like before. Finally, Article 31 of the Penal Code establishes that crimes committed with abuse of power or with abuse of a profession or art, or with the violation of a duty inherent to that profession or art, lead to the additional penalty of a temporary ban in the exercise of that profession or art. Deliberately false accusations of defamation, as with any other crime, lead to the crime of calumny (Article 368, Penal Code), which, under the Italian legal system, is defined as the crime of falsely accusing, before the authorities, a person of a crime they did not commit. As to the trial, judgment on the legality of the evidence fades into its relevance. Japan The Japanese Penal Code (note: translation from government, but still not official text) seems to prescribe these related offences: "False Accusations" (false: indictment / criminal charge / criminal accusation / information) (Article 172) "Defamation" (slander/libel) (truth being irrelevant, but with: "Special Provision for Matters Concerning Public Interest") (Articles 230, 230-2. See also 232: "prosecuted only upon complaint") "Insults" (Article 231. See also 232: "prosecuted only upon complaint") "Damage to Credibility; Obstruction of Business" (defamation of businesses) (Article 233) Additionally, there is an exception stemming from Article XXI of the Constitution concerning freedom of the press, which provides that media outlets can avoid liability for defamation if they reasonably believed the defamatory statements they published to be true. The Constitution of Japan reads: Malaysia In Malaysia, defamation is both a tort and a criminal offence meant to protect the reputation and good name of a person. The principal statutes relied upon are the Defamation Act 1957 (Revised 1983) and the Penal Code. Following the practice of other common law jurisdictions like the United Kingdom, Singapore, and India, Malaysia relies on case law. In fact, the Defamation Act 1957 is similar with the English Defamaiton Act 1952. The Malaysian Penal Code is with the Indian and Singaporean Penal Codes. Mexico In Mexico, crimes of calumny, defamation and slanderous allegation () have been abolished in the Federal Penal Code as well as in fifteen states. These crimes remain in the penal codes of