two forms of 'you' for formal and informal situations. Although informal address using the 2nd person singular ti form (known as tikanje) is officially limited to friends and family, talk among children, and addressing animals, it is increasingly used among the middle generation to signal a relaxed attitude or lifestyle instead of its polite or formal counterpart using the 2nd person plural vi form (known as vikanje). An additional nonstandard but widespread use of a singular participle combined with a plural auxiliary verb (known as polvikanje) signals a somewhat more friendly and less formal attitude while maintaining politeness: Vi ga niste videli. ('You did not see him': both the auxiliary verb niste and the participle videli are plural masculine. Standard usage.) Vi ga niste videl/videla. ('You did not see him': the auxiliary verb niste is plural but the participle videl/videla is singular masculine/feminine. Nonstandard usage.) The use of nonstandard forms (polvikanje) might be frowned upon by many people and would not likely be used in a formal setting. The use of the 3rd person plural oni ('they') form (known as onikanje in both direct address and indirect reference; this is similar to using Sie in German) as an ultra-polite form is now archaic or dialectal. It is associated with servant-master relationships in older literature, the child-parent relationship in certain conservative rural communities, and parishioner-priest relationships. Vocabulary Numbers Foreign words Foreign words used in Slovene are of various types depending on the assimilation they have undergone. The types are: sposojenka (loanword)fully assimilated; e.g. pica ('pizza'). tujka (foreign word)partly assimilated, either in writing and syntax or in pronunciation; e.g. jazz, wiki. polcitatna beseda ali besedna zveza (half-quoted word or phrase) – partly assimilated, either in writing and syntax or in pronunciation; e.g. Shakespeare, but Shakespearja in genitive case. citatna beseda ali besedna zveza (quoted word or phrase)kept as in original, although pronunciation may be altered to fit into speech flow; e.g. first lady in all cases. The loanwords are mostly from German and Italian, while the more recently borrowed and less assimilated words are typically from English. Writing system This alphabet () was derived in the mid-1840s from the system created by the Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj. Intended for the Serbo-Croatian language (in all its varieties), it was patterned on the Czech alphabet of the 1830s. Before that was, for example, written as , or ; as , , or ; sometimes