established in 1619 on the southeastern promontory of Amsterdam Island, abandoned around 1660) Ytre Norskøya (Dutch settlement possibly rivaling Smeerenburg in size; probably established by members of the Zeeland chamber in the 1620s or later, and abandoned in 1670) Line notes References Walter Brian Harland, Lester M. Anderson, Daoud Manasrah, Nicholas J. Butterfield. 1997. The geology of Svalbard C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg External links Geology of Svalbard Database of place names at the Norwegian Polar Institute