any tone called "rising" (上) for historical reasons. Low rising and falling tones can be distinguished from high rising and falling tones by underlining the accent mark: . The underline also transcribes the Chinese yin tones, under the mistaken impression that these tones are actually lower. Two additional tone marks, without any defined phonetic value, are used for Chinese: "level" maˏ (平) and checked maˎ (入); these may also be underlined. See also Africa Alphabet African reference alphabet Dinka alphabet ISO 6438 Pan-Nigerian alphabet References Lepsius, C. R. 1849. Denkmäler aus Ägypten un Äthiopien. Full text at Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum (MDZ). Lepsius, C. R. 1854. Das allgemeine linguistische Alphabet: Grundsätze der Übertragung fremder Schriftsysteme und bisher noch ungeschriebener Sprachen in europäische Buchstaben. Berlin: Verlag von Wilhelm Hertz Full text available on Google Books. Lepsius, C. R. 1855. Das allgemeine linguistische Alphabet: Grundsätze der Übertragung fremder Schriftsysteme und bisher noch ungeschriebener Sprachen in europäische Buchstaben. Berlin: Verlag von Wilhelm Hertz. Full text available on Internet Archive. Lepsius, C. R. 1863. Standard Alphabet for Reducing Unwritten Languages and Foreign Graphic Systems to a Uniform Orthography in European Letters, 2nd rev. edn. Williams & Norgate, London. Full text available on Google Books. Full text available on Internet Archive. Lepsius, C. R. 1863. Standard Alphabet for Reducing Unwritten Languages and Foreign Graphic Systems to a Uniform Orthography in European Letters, 2nd rev. edn. London 1863, modern reprint with introduction by J. Alan Kemp, John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam 1981. Preview available on Google Books. Faulmann, Carl 1880. Das Buch der Schrift enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und aller Völker des Erdkreises, 2nd rev. edn. Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien. Full text available on Internet Archive. Köhler, O., Ladefoged, P., J. Snyman, Traill, A., R. Vossen: The Symbols for Clicks. Latin alphabets Writing systems of Africa Phonetic alphabets Writing systems introduced in the 1840s German inventions 1849 introductions Egyptology