politics rather than science, while Lewontin, Steven Rose and Leon Kamin, who drew a distinction between the politics and history of an idea and its scientific validity, argue that sociobiology fails on scientific grounds. Gould grouped sociobiology with eugenics, criticizing both in his book The Mismeasure of Man. Noam Chomsky has expressed views on sociobiology on several occasions. During a 1976 meeting of the Sociobiology Study Group, as reported by Ullica Segerstråle, Chomsky argued for the importance of a sociobiologically informed notion of human nature. Chomsky argued that human beings are biological organisms and ought to be studied as such, with his criticism of the "blank slate" doctrine in the social sciences (which would inspire a great deal of Steven Pinker's and others' work in evolutionary psychology), in his 1975 Reflections on Language. Chomsky further hinted at the possible reconciliation of his anarchist political views and sociobiology in a discussion of Peter Kropotkin's Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, which focused more on altruism than aggression, suggesting that anarchist societies were feasible because of an innate human tendency to cooperate. Wilson has claimed that he had never meant to imply what ought to be, only what is the case. However, some critics have argued that the language of sociobiology readily slips from "is" to "ought", an instance of the naturalistic fallacy. Pinker has argued that opposition to stances considered anti-social, such as ethnic nepotism, is based on moral assumptions, meaning that such opposition is not falsifiable by scientific advances. The history of this debate, and others related to it, are covered in detail by , , and . See also Biocultural anthropology Biosemiotics Cultural evolution Cultural selection theory Darwinian anthropology Dual inheritance theory Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary developmental psychology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary psychology Genopolitics Human behavioral ecology Kin selection Memetics Phytosemiotics Social evolution Social neuroscience Sociophysiology Zoosemiotics References Informational notes Citations Bibliography Richards, Janet Radcliffe (2000). Human Nature After Darwin: A Philosophical Introduction. London: Routledge. External links Sociobiology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) The Sociobiology of Sociopathy, Mealey, 1995 Speak, Darwinists! – interviews with leading sociobiologists Race and creation by Richard Dawkins Scientist at Work | Edward O. Wilson | Taking a Cue From Ants on Evolution of Humans by Nicholas Wade Biology Ecology Ethology Evolutionary biology Evolutionary psychology Subfields of zoology Science studies