women. Of that total, 17% worked in academia, that is, at universities and undergraduate institutions, and men held 53% of those positions. 5% of scientists worked for the federal government, and about 3.5% were self-employed. Of the latter two groups, two-thirds were men. 59% of scientists in the United States were employed in industry or business, and another 6% worked in non-profit positions. By gender Scientist and engineering statistics are usually intertwined, but they indicate that women enter the field far less than men, though this gap is narrowing. The number of science and engineering doctorates awarded to women rose from a mere 7 percent in 1970 to 34 percent in 1985 and in engineering alone the numbers of bachelor's degrees awarded to women rose from only 385 in 1975 to more than 11000 in 1985. See also Engineers Inventor Researcher Fields Medal Hippocratic Oath for Scientists History of science Intellectual Independent scientist Licensure Mad scientist Natural science Nobel Prize Protoscience Normative science Pseudoscience Scholar Science Social science Related lists List of engineers List of mathematicians List of Nobel laureates in Physics List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine List of Russian scientists List of Roman Catholic cleric-scientists References External articles Further reading Alison Gopnik, "Finding Our Inner Scientist", Daedalus, Winter 2004. Charles George Herbermann, The Catholic Encyclopedia. Science and the Church. The Encyclopedia press, 1913. v.13. Page 598. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962. Arthur Jack Meadows. The Victorian Scientist: The Growth of a Profession, 2004. . Science, The Relation of Pure Science to Industrial Research. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Page 511 onwards. Websites For best results, add a little inspiration – The Telegraph about What Inspired You?, a survey of key thinkers in science, technology and medicine Peer Review Journal Science on amateur scientists The philosophy of the inductive sciences, founded upon their history (1847) – Complete Text Audio-Visual "The Scientist", BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Gribbin, Patricia Fara and Hugh Pennington (In Our Time, Oct. 24, 2002)