regular typewriter. Conventions A few letters are used differently from the Standard German rules: (and ) are used for the affricate . is used for the unaspirated fortis . (and sometimes ) traditionally stands for the (in many dialects shortened to , but still with closed quality) that corresponds to Standard German , e.g. in 'rice' (standard German ) vs. 'giant' (standard German ). This usage goes back to an old ij-ligature. Many writers, however, do not use , but /, especially in the dialects that have lost distinction between these sounds, compare Zürich German 'rice' or 'giant' to Bernese German 'rice' vs. ('giant'). Some use even , influenced by Standard German spelling, which leads to confusion with for . represents , slightly different from Standard German as . usually represents , and can also represent or . represents , represents , and represents . Since is written as , is written as , though in eastern Switzerland is often used for both of these phonemes. Literature Since the 19th century, a considerable body of Swiss German literature has accumulated. The earliest works were in Lucerne German (Jost Bernhard Häfliger, Josef Felix Ineichen), in Bernese German (Gottlieb Jakob Kuhn), in Glarus German (Cosimus Freuler) and in Zürich German (Johann Martin Usteri, Jakob Stutz); the works of Jeremias Gotthelf which were published at the same time are in Swiss Standard German, but use many expressions of Bernese German. Some of the more important dialect writing authors and their works are: Anna Maria Bacher (born 1947), (South Walser German of Formazza/Pomatt) Albert Bächtold (1891–1981), (Schaffhausen dialect of Klettgau) Ernst Burren (born 1944), (Solothurn dialect) August Corrodi (1826–1885), (Zurich dialect) Barbara Egli (1918–2005), (Zurich Oberland dialect) Fritz Enderlin (1883–1971), , translated from C. F. Ramuz's French poem "" (Upper Thurgovian dialect) Martin Frank (born 1950), (Bernese dialect with Zurich interferences) Simon Gfeller (1868–1943), (Bernese dialect of Emmental) Georg Fient (1845–1915), (Graubünden Walser dialect of Prättigau) Paul Haller (1882–1920), (Western Aargau dialect) Frida Hilty-Gröbli (1893–1957), (St Gall dialect) Josef Hug (1903–1985), (Graubünden Rhine Valley dialect) Guy Krneta (born 1964), (collection of short stories), (prose), (Bernese dialect) Michael Kuoni (1838–1891), (Graubünden Walser dialect of Prättigau) Maria Lauber (1891–1973), (Bernese Oberland dialect) Pedro Lenz (born 1965), (Bernese Dialect) Meinrad Lienert (1865–1933), (Schwyz dialect of Einsiedeln) Carl Albert Loosli (1877–1959), (Bernese dialect of Emmental) Kurt Marti (born 1921), (Bernese dialect) Werner Marti (1920–2013), (Bernese dialect) Mani Matter