the Swiss Alps; at the same period a commission was established to control and standardize the naming of Alpine minerals. Glaciers In the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he believed originated to the west in the Bernese Oberland. Because of his work he came to be known as the "father of the ice-age concept" although other naturalists before him put forth similar ideas. Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exclusively to the study of Alpine glaciers. Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the bottom of the valley while the top of the valley consists of erosion from earlier ice ages. Glacial valleys have characteristically steep walls (reliefs); valleys with lower reliefs and talus slopes are remnants of glacial troughs or previously infilled valleys. Moraines, piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier, accumulate at edges, centre, and the terminus of glaciers. Alpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were believed to be home to dragons in the medieval period. The cracking creates unpredictable and dangerous crevasses, often invisible under new snowfall, which causes the greatest danger to mountaineers. Glaciers end in ice caves (the Rhône Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage, and loss of life. High levels of precipitation cause
{
        'QUESTION: What happened to the Swiss Alps during the Miocene epoch?': 'ANSWER: During the Miocene epoch, the Swiss Alps experienced severe erosion due to glaciation.',
        'QUESTION: Who discovered the presence of glaciers in the Swiss Alps?': 'ANSWER: Naturalist Louis Agassiz discovered the presence of glaciers in the Swiss Alps.',
        'QUESTION: How did Louis Agassiz study glacier movement?': 'ANSWER: Louis Agassiz studied glacier movement at the Unteraar Glacier, observing how it moved per year, faster in the middle than at the edges.',
        'QUESTION: Why are glaciers significant in shaping the landscape of the Swiss Alps?': 'ANSWER: Glaciers play a crucial role in shaping the landscape of the Swiss Alps by picking up rocks and sediments as they move, causing erosion and forming valleys over time.',
        'QUESTION: What type of relief do glaciated valleys typically have?': 'ANSWER: Valleys shaped by glaciers usually have steep walls, also called "reliefs."',
        'QUESTION: Where can we find moraines?': 'ANSWER: Moraines, which are piles of rock collected by glaciers, can be found at the edges, center, and termini of glaciers.',
        'QUESTION: What happens when a piece of glacier breaks off?' :'ANSWER: When a part of a glacier breaks off, it may result in flooding, property damage, and sometimes even loss of life.',
        'QUESTION: How does high precipitation affect the Swiss Alps?': 'ANSWER: High levels of precipitation contribute to increased glacier activity and further erosion of the landscape in the Swiss Alps.'
    }
    
    return q_a_dict