were created. Blue butterflies can commonly be seen drinking from the snowmelt; some species of blues fly as high as . The butterflies tend to be large, such as those from the swallowtail Parnassius family, with a habitat that ranges to . Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is Rosalia alpina. Spiders, such as the large wolf spider, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as . Scorpions can be found in the Italian Alps. Some of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Émosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period. History Prehistory to Christianity About 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the Würm glaciation, late Palaeolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble and Echirolles; in Austria, the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses built on piles to keep them dry. Standing stones have been found in the Alpine areas of France and Italy. The Rock Drawings in Valcamonica are more than 5000 years old; more than 200,000 drawings and etchings have been identified at the site. In 1991, a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death – an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder – suggests he was travelling from one place to another. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA of Ötzi, has shown that he belongs to the K1 subclade which cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade. The new subclade has provisionally been named K1ö for Ötzi. Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1500 and 1000 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhône valley and in Savoy. The Ligurians and Adriatic Veneti lived in north-west Italy and Triveneto respectively. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria
{
        'QUESTION: What types of animals can be found living above the snowline?': 'ANSWER: Animals like blue butterflies, certain species of beetles (such as the beautiful Rosalia alpina), spiders (like the large wolf spider), and scorpions can be found living above the snowline.',
        'QUESTION: Can you tell me about the butterflies found around snowmelt?' : 'ANSWER: Large butterflies from the swallowtail Parnassius family are often seen drinking from snowmelt.',
        'QUESTION: How do we know that some species of moths and insects have been in the region since before the Alpine orogeny?' : 'ANSWER: We have evidence of their presence because some species show signs of being indigenous to the area from possibly as far back as the time of the Alpine orogeny.',
        'QUESTION: Who was Ötzi the Iceman and what did scientists discover about him?' : 'ANSWER: Ötzi the Iceman was a Neolithic man who lived approximately 3300 BCE. He was found preserved in ice on the Similaun glacier in 1991. Scientists learned that he belonged to the K1 subclade of mitochondrial DNA, which doesn\'t fit into any of today\'s categories. They also deduced that he likely came from an alpine farming community and died due to an arrow wound.',
        'QUESTION: Which ancient cultures inhabited parts of present day Switzerland and Italy?' : 'ANSWER: Between 1500 and 1000 BCE, Celtic tribes settled in Switzerland. In Italy, the Ligurians and Adriatic Veneti lived in the northwest and northeast, respectively. Meanwhile, the Raetians populated the east and the Helvetii and Allobrogi resided in western regions.',
        'QUESTION: What resources did the Celtic tribes mine during their settlement in areas like Salzburg?' : 'ANSWER: One resource the Celts mined was salt, which they extracted from the ground in places like Salzburg in Austria.',
        'QUESTION: Where were dinosaur tracks discovered in relation to the Alps?' : 'ANSWER: Dinosaur tracks were found in Émosson in Valais, Switzerland, in the 1970s.',
        'QUESTION: When did humans first settle in the valleys and caves surrounding the lakes after the melting of the Würm glaciation?' : 'ANSWER: After the Würm glaciation ended around 10,000 years ago, humans began settling in these locations.',
        'QUESTION: Are there any notable examples of standing stones in the Alpine regions of Europe?' : 'ANSWER: Yes, standing stones have indeed been found in both France and Italy. These monuments date back thousands of years.',
        'QUESTION: What is unique about the newly classified subclade of mitochondrial DNA found in Ötzi the Iceman?' : 'ANSWER: Ötzi's mtDNA falls under the K1 subclade, which currently doesn\'t belong to any of the existing three branches within it.'
    }