interface. Uses **Safety analysis tool**: The SHELL model can be used as a framework for collecting data about human performance and contributory component mismatches during aviation incident/accident analysis or investigation as recommended by the International Civil Aviation Organisation. Similarly, the SHELL model can be used to understand systemic human factors relationships during operational audits with the aim of reducing error, enhancing safety and improving processes For example, LOSA (Line Operations Safety Audit) is founded on Threat and error management (TEM) that considers SHELL interfaces. For instance, aircraft handling errors involve liveware-hardware interactions, procedural errors involve liveware-software interactions and communication errors involve liveware-liveware interactions. **Licensing tool**: The SHELL model can be used to help clarify human performance needs, capabilities and limitations thereby enabling competencies to be defined from a safety management perspective. **Training tool**: The SHELL model can be used to help an aviation organisation improve training interventions and the effectiveness of organisation safeguards against error. References ICAO Circular 216-AN31 "Human factors Digest No 1", 1989 First version of this article from aviationknowledge.wikidot.com/aviation:shell-model, wikidotUser:mjperry, wikidotUser:jdperezgonzalez Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License External links AviationKnowledge - Shell Model Interface Errors This AviationKnowledge page provides examples of aviation accidents where errors or mismatches at SHELL interfaces have either contributed to or caused accidents AviationKnowledge - Shell Model Variants, You can also consult on two variants to the SHELL model: SCHELL SHELL-T. AviationKnowledge - ICAO: Fundamental Human Factors Concepts This AviationKnowledge page is a synopsis of ICAO's digest number 1 and provides a good background context for the SHELL Model. ICAO's digest number 1 is accessed as CAP 719: Fundamental Human Factors Concepts that includes further information and examples of SHELL Model components and interfaces within the aviation context AviationKnowledge - ICAO: Ergonomics This AviationKnowledge page is a synopsis of ICAO's digest number 6 and outlines information on ergonomics (the study of human-machine system design issues), human capabilities, hardware and flight deck design and the environment AviationKnowledge - ICAO: Human Factors in Air Traffic Control** : This AviationKnowledge page is a synopsis of ICAO's digest number 8 and discusses aspects of the SHELL Model with respect to ATC CAP 718: Human Factors in Aircraft Maintenance and Inspection** : This Civil Aviation Authority Publication discusses aspects of the SHELL Model with respect to aircraft maintenance and inspection Aviation safety