as an advisory body to the president; it has created several working groups. CONICYT replaced in far-reaching reform In 2018, the National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) was broken down, by law, into two new entities, the Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation and the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID). The ministry became operational in October 2019 and is responsible for policymaking and co-ordination. Its main function is to advise the presidency on the preparation, implementation and monitoring of national policies. Policy implementation itself falls to ANID, the new decentralized agency. It is attached to the Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation but has a legal personality of its own and enjoys financial and administrative autonomy. It implements two long-standing programmes, the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FONDECYT) and the Fund for the Promotion of Scientific and Technological Development (FONDEF). It has also inherited Chile's astronomy programme, which used to be implemented by CONICYT. Despite this reform, Chile has not abandoned the model of having twin agencies. These have complementary functions. Whereas ANID specializes in support for science-based innovation and entrepreneurship, the second agency, the Corporation for the Promotion of Production (CORFO), is attached to the Ministry of the Economy and specializes in supporting non-science-based innovation and entrepreneurship. Those of its programmes supporting science and technology have been transferred to ANID. Having two parallel innovation agencies makes coordination a challenge. A ministerial committee was set up by the aforementioned law of 2018 to co-ordinate the work of ministries but it has met infrequently, up to now. The aforementioned law also renamed the National Innovation Council for Development, which is now called the National Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation Council for Development, and given it a more consequential role as the advisory body to the presidency on national strategy. Over the years, CORFO has implemented numerous sectoral programmes, which are distinct from the missionoriented sectoral funds put in place by Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and others. Since 2015, CORFO has focused on enhancing the competitiveness of a particular sector by improving co-ordination between public and private agents. In 2018, CORFO funded six national programmes for creative industries, sustainable construction, healthy foods, logistics for exports, mining and the solar energy industry. It also funded three mesoregional and 16 regional programmes. Together with the Ministry of Social Development and Family, CORFO launched the Indigenous Development and