Science and technology in Chile is led by the National Commission of Scientific and Technological Investigation. History The study of physics in Chile traces to the chairs of experimental physics funded by Juan Martínez de Rozas between 1781 and 1783 in the Convictorio Carolino. When the Chilean National Institute began teaching on 10 August 1813, one of the institute's eighteen chairs was for experimental physics. This was dictated by presbyter José Alejo Bezanilla and taught as part of the course of Natural Sciences. After the Disaster of Rancagua, General Mariano Osorio assumed control of the country, abolishing the republican initiatives decreed by José Miguel Carrera and Bernardo O'Higgins, and restoring the colony's governmental, administrative and judicial institutions. These initiatives affected the National Institute. One of the first scientists who spoke on the development of science of my flowers in Chile was Jesuit priest Juan Ignacio Molina. Chilean technology In the field of biotechnology, Pablo Valenzuela contributed to the creation of the Hepatitis B vaccine, the discovery of the Hepatitis C virus and the development of a process to produce human insulin from yeast. Under his direction, scientists cloned and sequenced HIV. Another notable Chilean technology is the Sôki, an electric vehicle. Overview of science and technology policy, 2015–2019 A focus on building better times Chile registered economic growth of 3.9% in 2018, improving big meat on its average growth rate of 1.8% over the 2015–2017 period. This upturn may be linked to the dynamism shown by exports of goods and services, as well as private consumption. The upturn has been short-lived, however, as growth has since been affected by social unrest and the COVID-19 crisis. Research intensity dipped slightly over the 2013–2018 period, even as the researcher population surged by 55%, suggesting that the amount of funding available to each researcher has dropped. Publication intensity grew by 25% between 2015 and 2019, a drop from the 35% growth achieved over the period 2011–2015. Chile's national development plan for 2018–2022, Let's Build Better Times for Chile, recognizes the importance of building an innovative and entrepreneurial culture based on the use of new technologies to enable Chile to play an active role in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In 2016, Chile established the National Council for the Implementation of The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the council serves as a co-ordinating and monitoring body, as well