and compass, as well as GPS; e. traditional and survival skills; f. operations in support of Regular Force units; g. basic military drill; h surveillance; i. search and rescue; j. North Warning System patrolling; and k. patrol leadership and administration. Ultimately, the CAF maintains the responsibility to respond to any kind of threat to Canada's north. The CAF prepares for this commitment by undertaking three sovereignty exercises per year to maintain the skills required to operate in weather extremes at great distances from support bases. Ranger support includes 1 CRPG staff and Rangers for each exercise. Ranger Patrols are additionally tasked with sovereignty patrols in the area of 300 km radius around their communities, with patrol members taking as much as a week to exercise a military presence, at specific locations around the North. References Bibliography Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. (2013). The Canadian Rangers: A Living History. Vancouver: UBC Press. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. (2015). Vigilans: The 1st Canadian Ranger Patrol Group. Yellowknife: 1 CRPG. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. (2013). Canada's Rangers: Selected Stories, 1942-2012. Kingston: Canadian Defence Academy Press. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. (2007). "Guerrillas in Our Midst: The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers, 1942-45." BC Studies no. 155. Pages 95–131. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. (2007). "Teaching Canada's Indigenous Sovereignty Soldiers ... and Vice Versa: 'Lessons Learned' from Ranger Instructors." Canadian Army Journal vol. 10, no. 2. Pages 66–81. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. (2006). "The Canadian Rangers: A Postmodern Militia That Works." Canadian Military Journal vol. 6, no. 4. Pages 49–60. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. (2007). "Canada's Northern Defenders: Aboriginal Peoples in the Canadian Rangers, 1947-2005," in Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian Military: Historical Perspectives ed. P. Whitney Lackenbauer and Craig Mantle. Kingston: CDA Press. Pages 171–208. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. (2013). "Sentinels of Sovereignty: How the Canadian Rangers came to be the shadow army of the North," Canada's History (April/May 2013): 48–50. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. (2013). If It Ain't Broke, Don't Break It: Expanding and Enhancing the Canadian Rangers. Working Papers on Arctic Security No. 6. Toronto: Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation and ArcticNet Arctic Security Projects, March 2013. 23 pp. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney. (2012). "The Canadian Rangers: Supporting Canadian Sovereignty, Security, and Stewardship since 1947," Above and Beyond: Canada's Arctic Journal (September/October 2012): 31–36. Military units and formations of the Canadian Army Military units and formations established in 1998