other language devices; presentation of instructions using diagrams and/or sentences etc. The solutions adopted after consideration of these informational design factors play a crucial role in effective human performance at the L-S interface. Mismatches at the L-S interface may occur through: Insufficient/inappropriate procedures Misinterpretation of confusing or ambiguous symbology/checklists Confusing, misleading or cluttered documents, maps or charts Irrational indexing of an operations manual. A number of pilots have reported confusion in trying to maintain aircraft attitude through reference to the Head-Up-Display artificial horizon and 'pitch-ladder' symbology. Liveware-Hardware (L-H) Interaction between human operator and machine Involves matching the physical features of the aircraft, cockpit or equipment with the general characteristics of human users while considering the task or job to be performed. Examples: designing passenger and crew seats to fit the sitting characteristics of the human body designing cockpit displays and controls to match the sensory, information processing and movement characteristics of human users while facilitating action sequencing, minimising workload (through location/layout) and including safeguards for incorrect/inadvertent operation. Mismatches at the L-H interface may occur through: poorly designed equipment inappropriate or missing operational material badly located or coded instruments and control devices warning systems that fail in alerting, informational or guidance functions in abnormal situations etc. The old 3-pointer aircraft altimeter encouraged errors because it was very difficult for pilots to tell what information related to which pointer. Liveware-Environment (L-E) Interaction between human operator and internal and external environments. Involves adapting the environment to match human requirements. Examples: Engineering systems to protect crews and passengers from discomfort, damage, stress and distraction caused by the physical environment. Air conditioning systems to control aircraft cabin temperature Sound-proofing to reduce noise Pressurisation systems to control cabin air pressure Protective systems to combat ozone concentrations Using black-out curtains to obtain sleep during daylight house as a result of transmeridian travel and shift work Expanding infrastructure, passenger terminals and airport facilities to accommodate more people due to larger jets (e.g. Airbus A380) and the growth in air transport Examples of mismatches at the L-E interface include: Reduced performance and errors resulting from disturbed biological rhythms (jet lag) as a result of long-range flying and irregular work-sleep patterns Pilot perceptual errors induced by environmental conditions such as visual illusions during aircraft approach/landing at nighttime Flawed operator performance and errors as a result of management failure to properly address issues at the L-E interface including: Operator stress due