and neocentromere form. Another element to consider from the evolutionary standpoint is that because neocentromeres are viable and can be transmitted meiotically from one generation to the next, they may play a role in species evolution. Recently, it was shown in Drosophila that co-evolution of CENPA and its chaperone CAL1 may explain species incompatibility. This incompatibility exists between centromeric histones. This observation encourages neocentromeres to be studied along with their chaperones, to see if neocentromeres may also perhaps have “neo-chaperones” accompanying them. Over time neocentromeres may also spread in a population and "mature" into full centromeres by accumulating repetitive elements, this can then lead to something known as evolutionary new centromeres. Centromere repositioning and evolutionary new centromeres are also thought to be involved in speciation as incompatibility between centromeres may give rise to reproductive barriers. Related phenomena Other phenomena or studies, that may or may not be explicitly related to neocentromeres, may pertain to connections that have not been made in scientific literature yet. Holocentromeres, which are point centromeres distributed throughout the chromosome, have been most extensively studied in worms, C. elegans. Holocentromeres serve as model comparisons to neocentromeres because holocentromeres have seemingly arbitrary “seeds” of CENPA distributed throughout the chromosome, which work together to make a functional kinetochore. It is important to note that these CENPA seeds are excluded from genes or loci that are transcribed in the germline or early embryo. This leads to the thought that the seemingly random scattering of these seeds is not inherited, and that each generation or meiosis has its own distinct scatter. Findings in model organisms, namely inducing neocentromerization in chicken and fungal systems, have brought up a few more correlations for thought. Specifically, in chicken DT40 cells, it was found that neither histone modifications nor early replication timing is associated with neocentromere formation. Moreover, it was also found that neocentromeres form on both transcriptionally active and inactive loci, challenging the widely accepted notion that centromeres do not appear on coding regions of the chromosome. This leads to questions of how neocentromeres may disrupt transcription and expression of those genes. Finally, a recent discovery is having double-stranded RNA specify centromere location. It seems that the arrays of repetitive sequence flanking the centromere are transcribed into RNA that may in turn become RNAi machinery that aids the formation of heterochromatin. This may possibly relate to regulating the levels of centromeric proteins, similar to