project to assist African American families in finding affordable housing outside slum areas) and $167,500 to the Fair Housing Council (an organization fighting housing discrimination). By 1973, the Fair Housing Council convinced 45 out of the county's 60 municipalities to pass fair housing resolutions, and Operation Equality had filed lawsuits and won fair housing consent agreements with landlords owning more than 10,000 units. During the first five years of its Ford Foundation grant, GCAF disbursed more than $1.8 million in 52 separate grants, which included $160,000 to the Cuyahoga County Mayors and City Managers Association; $233,438 to Western Reserve University to establish a graduate program in public management science; $157,000 to the Welfare Federation of Cleveland; $45,000 to the Lake Erie Watershed Conservation Foundation; $100,000 Community Action for Youth; $50,000 to Cuyahoga Community College; $11,000 to the Governmental Research Institute; $24,000 to PACE; and $15,000 to Cleveland elementary school libraries. Second grant-making round and merger In 1966, the Ford Foundation made a second $1.25 million grant to GCAF to support its grant-making abilities. The Hanna estate also made another $1.25 million for operational support. The Ford Foundation, however, indicated it was unlikely to make a second renewal of its grant and challenged GCAF to consider where its funding would come from in the future. Norton and Smith believed that, although GCAF had not yet made much of an impact on The Cleveland Foundation's grant-making decisions, GCAF should merge with the larger, wealthier, more established foundation. In 1963, John Sherwin, Sr. succeeded Lindseth as chairman of The Cleveland Foundation. The following year, Sherwin wrote a memo to the files expressing his concern that The Cleveland Foundation's Distribution Committee was not adequately evaluating grant proposals before approving them, and that the foundation's staff was not properly trained or numerous enough to do its work. On January 10, 1965, GCAF director Dolph Norton wrote a confidential memo to Sherwin suggesting that GCAF and The Cleveland Foundation merge. He also suggested that the merged organization's board be specifically diversified to include at least one woman, one African American, and one young person. With Cleveland Foundation chairman J. Kimball Johnson nearing retirement age, Norton suggested that either Sherwin himself, Kent Smith, or Carter Kissell (vice chairman of the board of directors of steelmaker Midland-Ross and then-chairman of the Businessmen's Interracial Committee on Community Affairs). The merged organization should have three divisions, Norton said: A Community