and Norton given one year to prove his leadership of the organization. Influential early grants In 1962, GCAF and The Cleveland Foundation provided a grant to help Cuyahoga County plan the creation of Cuyahoga Community College. GCAF also helped lobby local training schools and private colleges, which had opposed the community college on the grounds that it would be competitive with them. The college opened in 1963. Smith, originally an opponent of the effort, became its biggest booster. He aggressively and successfully solicited funds for the college from area businesses, successfully breaking a century-long Cleveland taboo on private donations to public endeavors. In September 1963, GCAF created and funded a "program advisory committee", the Plan for Action by Citizens in Education (PACE)—one of many such committees the foundation sponsored to provide it with citizen and activist input on critical issues, including recommending and implementing solutions. PACE grew out of the $18,000 educational system study grant made in 1962, and GCAF funded the program advisory committee's work for three years with a $110,000 operating grant. GCAF also provided funding in the fall of 1963 to Community Action for Youth (CAY). GCAF's $7,000 grant to CAY permitted the organization, whose funding was running out, to search for new financing. In June 1963, CAY won a major $1 million grant to combat juvenile deliquency from the President's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime. GCAF made a $100,000 matching grant to CAY to allow CAY to win the federal monies. By the end of 1963, the GCAF board had fulsome praise for Norton's leadership. During 1963, GCAF developed a grant decision-making process that later would become standard among community foundations. First, GCAF sought to build consensus around what the problem was and what the solutions should be. Second, grants focuses on coordinating efforts among existing groups, rather than a go-it-alone strategy. Third, the grants were often matching grants, or were used by the recipient organization to attract other resources. Fourth, the grants were used to attract existing high-quality talent to the recipient organization, or to develop such talent. In 1966, GCAF, The Cleveland Foundation, and the Carnegie Foundation jointly provided $400,000 to Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University to study whether the two colleges should merge. They did so in 1967, forming Case Western Reserve University. On November 3, 1966, GCAF and The Cleveland Foundation gave $180,000 to Operation Equality (a