Zhao Erfeng in Kham is well documented, including the German origin of the army's rifles, and he was later called "the Butcher of Kham" for his work. Monks and Khampas were subjected to execution, beheadings, and dousings with fire. The monks at Batang reportedly withstood the invasion until 1906, but afterwards they and the monks from Chatring monastery were all killed, and their monasteries were destroyed. The Prince of Batang was also beheaded for taking part in the uprising. Monasteries continued to be targeted by Zhao's forces, as did all autonomous polities in Kham as the raids spread and Zhao appointed Qing Chinese officials to positions of authority. Zhao's retaliatory invasion in Kham lasted through Qing China's larger invasion of Lhasa in 1910, and on to 1911, when Zhao was killed. Zhao's death was reportedly undertaken by his own men, during the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the rise of Chinese Republican revolutionary forces, around the time of the Xinhai Revolution. A former Khampa Chushi Gangdruk Tibetan guerrilla named Aten gave the his account of the war, where he states the war started in 1903 when the Manchu Qing sent Zhao Erfeng to seize control of Tibetan areas, to control Batang and Litang. Aten recounted Zhao's destruction of Batang, and said Zhao used holy texts as shoeliners for his troops and that "[m]any Tibetans were executed by decapitation or by another typically Chinese method, mass burial while still alive." Aten also called the Manchus "alien conquerors". Beijing author Tsering Woeser has defended the Tibetans in the Batang uprising, saying that Zhao Erfeng invaded the region to "brutally stop Tibetan protests", while listing the atrocities committed by Zhao. The Qing military invasion at Batang attempted to change the power structure in the region fundamentally. The historical system of autonomous polities was also attacked, and the region was briefly under Chinese military occupation, until 1911. See also Kham Antireligious campaigns in China Anti-missionary riots in China Catholic Church in Sichuan Christianity in Tibet Religious persecution Tibet under Qing rule Notes References Bibliography Massacres of Christians Persecution of Catholics Persecution by Buddhists Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet Christian missions in China History of Tibetan Buddhism Mass murder in 1905 Military history of Tibet Conflicts in 1905 Events in Yunnan Military history of Sichuan 1905 in China Wars involving the Qing dynasty Rebellions in the Qing dynasty Foreign