– earned as much as 50 yen a day (by comparison, teachers were paid a monthly salary of 300 yen). Other gangs followed suit and all over Japan open-air markets sprang up. About 30% of those working in the markets were "third-country people". Third-country people After the Empire of Japan's surrender, the territories it had controlled (often for decades) were broken up to form new countries, like North and South Korea, or occupied by Allied Powers. In response, the Japanese government regarded peoples of these places as foreigners, though they still had Japanese citizenship. Many thousands of these people had decided to emigrate to Japan. They were called "third-country people" or "third-national people" (daisan-kokujin in Japanese). With no work for even the Japanese and with thousands of refugees returning from the former colonies every day, there was little chance for third-country people to find work and so they turned en masse to the black markets and other underworld activities. Turf war With vast amounts of money to be made and simmering racist undercurrents, fights for control of the markets were probably inevitable. In fights broke out between Taiwanese gangs and a Japanese Yakuza group, Matsuba-kai. Outside the Shibuya police station over a thousand Matsuba members fought hundreds of Taiwanese gang members with clubs, metal pipes and some small firearms. Seven Taiwanese were killed and thirty-four wounded. The Japanese police suffered casualties too: one policeman was killed and another injured. The Japanese public were outraged by the chaos and blamed the non-Japanese Asians and the incompetence of the Japanese police. Tensions between the Korean and Taiwanese communities mounted. More than forty Taiwanese men were arrested in connection with the incident, but their cases were quickly taken up by the Chinese component of Allied command in Tokyo. The men were given a very public trial and the Japanese government was also forced to put the Tokyo policemen who were involved in the incident on trial, something that was unheard of in Japan. The trial resulted in thirty-five convictions; sentences were either hard labor or deportation. The trial put a spotlight on the Chinese population in Japan; the Chinese used their influence in Allied command to grant special status to ethnic Chinese, and gave them special rights including extra rations, a privilege that was not granted to ethnic Koreans. In media In the killer, Yoshio Kodaira, in Tokyo Year Zero, by David Peace,