bourgeoisie and leaves political and social power to the non-communist left". Défaite ouvrière et exclusion, co-written with Mustapha El Miri (2000), is a study of the trajectory of 500 minimum wage workers in Marseille. It calls into question the methodology of exclusion. For the authors, exclusion manifests itself in the defeat of workers during the 1980s and corresponds with globalization, which multiplied inequalities not only in the Third World but within advanced industrial countries by putting downward pressure on salaries, in particular those of unskilled workers. Driven from their countries of origin, a migrant labour force from rural areas often encountered this situation and the class was defeated; moreover, this defeat is characterized by less collectivity : unemployment, precariousness, and the growth of informal urbanization. In "Planification territoriale, dynamique métropolitaine et innovation institutionnelle : la Région Urbaine de Lyon" (in Politiques et management public, 1998, Vol. 16, N. 1), Bernard Jouve refers to Danielle Bleitrach and Alain Chenu's 1974 publication Aménagements : régulation ou aggravation des contradictions sociales as "an analysis, developed from the perspective of the Marxist urban sociology of the 1970s, of both the balanced metropolises and the work of OREAMs [Organisations d'Etude et d'Aménagement de l'Aire Métropolitaine], tools for domination designed by the State to locally meet the requirements of monopolistic capitalism." In Les Annales de la recherche urbaine (1978, Vol. 1, N. 1, pp. 80–89), Elizabeth Campagnac devotes a whole paragraph (p. 84) of her article "Mobilité et transformation des modes de vie ouvriers" to her indebtness to Danielle Bleitrach and Alain Chenu's research work on three main types of workers found in a number of factories in the Marseille region: "their work analyses differentiations in workers' modes of living in terms of rank in division of labour, nature and type of qualifications in a broad sense, the formation of which depends largely on the conditions of reproduction within the family unit and the social environment – in terms of what D. Bleitrach and A. Chenu call the hegemonic mode of capital in relation to the various segments of the working class. They thus manage to bring out what is at the core of the unity of life in the workplace and life outside the workplace". In "Sur quelques ouvrages relatifs à la sidérurgie [note bibliographique]," published in Revue d'économie industrielle (1979, Vol. 8, N. 1, pp. 124–129), A. Dahmani, M. Villard and B. Loustalet provide