turned away from Tarquin. The x-rays of the Cambridge painting show that the lower position of the arm had been tried there. There is an unfinished version, or study, with the raised hand but many other differences, now in the Akademie der bildenden Künste in Vienna (illustrated here). This is believed by some to be by Titian, but for others "the uncertainty of form and anatomy makes it likely to be the work of an assistant or pasticheur". Provenance Like many of the paintings of his last years, it was a commission for Philip II of Spain, and was ready for collection by the Spanish ambassador to Venice by August 1571. Titian's own title, from a letter, is Lucretia romana violata da Tarquino ("Lucretia of Rome raped by Tarquinius"). It remained in the Spanish royal collection until 1813, when it was taken to France by Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's older brother, after he lost the Spanish throne. It probably accompanied him to America from 1817 to 1832. After his death in 1844 it was sold in London in 1845, and after several private owners, it was given by Charles Fairfax Murray to the Fitzwilliam Museum in 1918. It was frequently back on the market before this, sold in all six times, probably because of its shocking power. Murray had bought it in 1886, and sold it by 1911, then bought it again. Notes References Fitzwilliam Museum, Webpage on the painting, accessed 1 May 2016 Freedberg, Sydney J. Painting in Italy, 1500–1600, 3rd edn. 1993, Yale, Jaffé, David (ed), Titian, The National Gallery Company/Yale, London 2003, (Catalogue # 36, entry by David Jaffé) Martineau, Jane (ed), The Genius of Venice, 1500–1600, 1983, Royal Academy of Arts, London (Catalogue # 130, entry by Martin Jaffé) Rosand, David, Painting in Sixteenth-Century Venice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto, 2nd ed 1997, Cambridge UP Russell, H Diane (ed), Eva/Ave; Women in Renaissance and Baroque Prints, National Gallery of Art, Washington, 1990, Steer, John, Venetian painting: A concise history, 1970, London: Thames and Hudson (World of Art), Stroud, Patricia Tyson, The Man Who Had Been King: The American Exile of Napoleon's Brother Joseph, 2014, University of Pennsylvania Press, , 9780812290424, Google books Mythological paintings by Titian Paintings in the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum 1570s paintings 1571 works Nude art Titian Cultural depictions of Sextus Tarquinius Paintings based on Fasti (poem) Paintings formerly in the Spanish royal collection