French language as the medium of proceedings. Courts operated by embassies and consulates tried their respective citizens in regards to criminal matters. See also Egypt in World War II Egypt in the Middle Ages References Further reading Baer, Gabriel. Studies in the Social History of Modern Egypt (U Chicago Press, 1969). Chamberlain. M.E. The Scramble for Africa (3rd ed. 2009) pp 33–43. pp 28–39. online Daly, M. W. ed. The Cambridge history of Egypt. Vol. 2: Modern Egypt from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century. (1998). online Fletcher, Max E. "The Suez Canal and World Shipping, 1869-1914". Journal of Economic History 18#4 (1958): 556–573. in JSTOR Green, Dominic. Three empires on the Nile: the Victorian jihad, 1869-1899 (Simon and Schuster, 2007). Harrison, Robert T. Gladstone's imperialism in Egypt: techniques of domination (Greenwood, 1995). Iacolucci, Jared Paul. "Finance and Empire:'Gentlemanly Capitalism'in Britain's Occupation of Egypt." (MA Thesis, CUNY, 2014). online Karakoç, Ulaş. "Industrial growth in interwar Egypt: first estimate, new insights" European Review of Economic History (2018) 22#1 53–72, online Knaplund, Paul. Gladstone's Foreign Policy (Harper and Row, 1935) pp 161–248. online Landes, David. Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt (Harvard UP, 1980). Langer, William L. European Alliances and Alignments, 1871–1890 (2nd ed. 1950) pp 251–280. online Mak, Lanver. The British in Egypt: Community, Crime and Crises 1882-1922 (IB Tauris, 2012). Mangold, Peter. What the British Did: Two Centuries in the Middle East (IB Tauris, 2016). Marlowe, John. A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations: 1800-1956 (Archon Books, 1965). Mowat, R. C. "From Liberalism to Imperialism: The Case of Egypt 1875-1887." Historical Journal 16#1 (1973): 109–24. online. Owen, Roger. Lord Cromer: Victorian Imperialist, Edwardian Proconsul (Oxford UP, 2004). Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism (1961) pp 76–159. online Tignor, Robert. Modernization and British Colonial Rule in Egypt, 1882-1914 (Princeton UP, 1966). Tignor, Robert. Egypt: A Short History (2011) pp 228–55. Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. The history of modern Egypt: from Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (4th ed. Johns Hopkins UP, 1991). Primary sources Cromer, Earl of. Modern Egypt (2 vol 1908) online free 1220pp Milner, Alfred. England in Egypt (London, 1892). online Egypt 1882 1900 Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty Ottoman Egypt 1900 British colonisation in Africa 1882 establishments in Egypt 1956 disestablishments in Egypt Egypt Egypt