shared a derived structure, necessitating a major revision of Kluge’s structure. However, there is much debate over whether chromosomes are useful for inferring gecko systematics. Donnellan et al. (1999) estimated gecko relationships using C-mos, a nuclear gene conserved throughout squamates. Their results considered Carphodactylini to be a paraphyletic assemblage, with Rhacodactylus and Pseudothecadactylus incrementally closer to diplodactylins (including Oedura). Simplified results of Donnellan et al., 1999, focusing on Australasian geckos: Modern usage (Carphodactylidae) Carphodactylidae, in its present-day usage, was codified by Han et al. (2004). They expanded on the study of Donnellan et al. (1999), and found that Carphodactylini and Diplodactylinae, as previously used, were polyphyletic. "Padless carphodactylins" formed a clade sister to pygopodines, while "padded carphodactylins" formed a grade of geckos basal to diplodactylins. This prompted several renames of major clades. The clade of "padless carphodactylins" was given the new family Carphodactylidae, while the family Diplodactylidae was erected to encompass traditional diplodactylins and "padded carphodactylins". The family Pygopodidae was basically restricted to the legless pygopodines, and subsequent studies would rename the Australasian radiation to Pygopodoidea or Diplodactyloidea. Simplified results of Han et al., 2004, using new names as defined in the study: Although placing carphodactylids sister to pygopodids was an unusual result, nearly all subsequent molecular phylogenies have supported it. Shared morphological traits are scant, but the two families both have an unusually complex squamosal with its lower end wrapping around the rear branch of the parietal. Oliver & Bauer (2011) looked into carphodactylid ingroup relationships in more depth using an analysis based on C-mos along with RAG1 (a nuclear gene) and ND2 (a mitochondrial gene). They had difficulty with resolving the base of Carphodactylidae, but strongly supported the erection of a new genus, Uvidicolus. Skipwith et al. (2019) found a different result while running phylogenetic analyses on 4268 ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) in diplodactyloid geckos. Their analysis placed Orraya as the earliest-diverging carphodactylid, suggesting that the ancestral habit for the family may have been similar to the cryptic leaf-tailed genera (Orraya, Phyllurus, Saltuarius). Simplified results of the combined nuclear and mitochondrial analysis of Oliver & Bauer, 2011: Simplified results of Skipwith et al., 2019: References Geckos Geckos of Australia Lizard families Taxa named by Arnold G. Kluge