uranium. Another report done by the Canadian Medical Journal reported that after researching they identified 55 factors that may cause cancer, including 20 that have been shown to increase the risk of leukemia and lymphoma. The Yale Public Health analysis warns that millions of people living within a mile of fracking wells may have been exposed to these chemicals. Environmental effects The potential environmental effects of hydraulic fracturing include air emissions and climate change, high water consumption, groundwater contamination, land use, risk of earthquakes, noise pollution, and various health effects on humans. Air emissions are primarily methane that escapes from wells, along with industrial emissions from equipment used in the extraction process. Modern UK and EU regulation requires zero emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Escape of methane is a bigger problem in older wells than in ones built under more recent EU legislation. In December 2016 the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued the "Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas: Impacts from the Hydraulic Fracturing Water Cycle on Drinking Water Resources in the United States (Final Report)." The EPA found scientific evidence that hydraulic fracturing activities can impact drinking water resources. A few of the main reasons why drinking water can be contaminated according to the EPA are: Water removal to be used for fracking in times or areas of low water availability Spills while handling fracking fluids and chemicals that result in large volumes or high concentrations of chemicals reaching groundwater resources Injection of fracking fluids into wells when mishandling machinery, allowing gases or liquids to move to groundwater resources Injection of fracking fluids directly into groundwater resources Leak of defective hydraulic fracturing wastewater to surface water Disposal or storage of fracking wastewater in unlined pits resulting in contamination of groundwater resources. Hydraulic fracturing uses between of water per well, with large projects using up to . Additional water is used when wells are refractured. An average well requires of water over its lifetime. According to the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, greater volumes of fracturing fluids are required in Europe, where the shale depths average 1.5 times greater than in the U.S. Surface water may be contaminated through spillage and improperly built and maintained waste pits, and ground water can be contaminated if the fluid is able to escape the formation being fractured (through, for example, abandoned wells, fractures, and faults) or by produced water