jealousy of the new Dey. In 1808, one of the first acts of the new Dey, Ali III ar-Rasul was exiling Hamidou whose popularity he saw as a threat. Hamidou was sent into exile in Beirut but Hadj Ali Dey who came to power in 1809, reinvited him into the country and reappointed him into all of his previous positions. Back in Algiers, he received the command of a division of four ships, a 44-gun frigate commanded by himself, a 44-gun frigate commanded by the Raïs Ali Gharnaout, La Portugaise, the aforementioned 44-gun frigate commanded by the Raïs Ahmad Zmirli, a brig of 20 guns, commanded by Raïs Mustapha, a Maltese renegade. The dey authorized him to cross in the Atlantic Ocean which Raïs Hamidou did under the cover of night . The Algerian squadron captured three Portuguese ships. The Portuguese signed a peace treaty with the Algerians in 1810, paying heavy compensation. In 1811, a war broke out between the Deylik of Algiers and The Beylik of Tunis. On 10 October 1811, Hamidou captured an English ship containing Tunisian goods. On May 22, with a fleet of six warships, and four gunboats, he captured a Tunisian frigate which he brought back to Algiers after a tough fight against a fleet of twelve Tunisian warships in the Action of 22 May 1811. Following this naval battle, Hamidou received an ovation after the Dey complimented him in open court. Hamidou recorded a number of other successes between 1812 and 1815. He took part in attacks against ships from Greece, Sicily, Sweden, Holland, Denmark, and Spain. According to some sources, during his career, he seized a total of more than 200 sailboats. Death He died in 1815 after being ambushed by an American fleet during the US-Algerian war. References Sources John de Courcy Ireland (1974), "Raïs Hamidou: The Last of the Great Algerian Corsairs", The Mariner’s Mirror, 60(2), 187–196. Paul Desprès, Raïs Hamidou : Le dernier corsaire barbaresque d'Alger, Harmattan, mars 2007 H. D. de Grammont, Histoire d'Alger sous la domination turque, Paris 1887 1773 births 1815 deaths Privateers Algerian sailors 19th-century Algerian people Barbary Wars Barbary pirates 19th-century pirates 18th-century Algerian people