serious people should be under obligation to the editor of these documents" to Russell's "The holders of power in Russia, as elsewhere, are practical men, prepared to inflict torture upon idealists in order to retain their power." The "celebrated intellectuals" were: Arnold Bennett H. N. Brailsford Georg Brandes Karel Čapek Albert Einstein Knut Hamsun Gerhardt Hauptmann Sven Hedin Bernard Kellerman Selma Lagerlöf Harold Laski Sinclair Lewis Maurice Maeterlinck Thomas Mann Karin Michaëlis Romain Rolland Bertrand Russell Arthur Schnitzler Upton Sinclair H. G. Wells Rebecca West Izrael Zangwill "Exile", "Letters from Prison", and "The Northern Camps" The next three sections, "Exile", "Letters from Prison", and "The Northern Camps", are collections of letters, mostly from anarchists, syndicalists, and socialist revolutionaries, who had been exiled from Russia, imprisoned, or sent to forced labor camps (gulags). Civil Liberties and Administration of Justice and Prisons The succeeding section, "Documents Concerning Civil Liberties and Administration of Justice and Prisons", is made up of various documents. Most were produced by prisoners, although the section includes an open letter from Vera Figner, an appeal to Lenin by the group associated with Golos Truda (supported by Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman, who were then in the Soviet Union) and Trotsky's reply, and "Rules for Prisoners of the Inner Prison of the Vetcheka" by the OGPU (the Soviet secret police, successors to the Cheka). The documents concern conduct in the prisons, the use of hunger strikes by prisoners, prisoners' right to choose public defenders, imprisonment without trial, political repression of opponents of the Soviet regime, and related topics. Questionnaires This section comprises a collection of responses by 44 prisoners to questionnaires circulated among them in an attempt to learn more about their political backgrounds (Mensheviks, 12; Zionist-Socialists, 16; Socialist-Revolutionists, 4; Left Socialist Revolutionists, 3; Anarchists, 7; Non-Partisan, 2), their ages and gender, how often they had been arrested (on average, more than three times), and other relevant information about them. Of the 44, for example, "only a few" had faced trial, "very few" had access to counsel, and "many" had been sentenced without any formal hearing although "more recently" a magistrate or board had examined evidence and passed sentence. In one case, a prisoner was given his sentence in written form. Laws and Regulations The final section, "Excerpts from Laws and Regulations", is a collection of excerpts from various applicable Soviet laws. References External links Letters from Russian Prisons, available