it wasn't written specifically about Babi Yar, it was broadly received as such. Poems by Holovanivskyi, Ozerov, Ilya Ehrenburg and Pavel Antokolsky (Death Camp) soon followed, but the Jewish identity of the victims was revealed only through "coded" references. Lyudmila Titova Possibly the first known poem on the subject was written in Russian the same year the massacres took place, by Liudmila Titova, a young Jewish-Ukrainian poet from Kiev and an eyewitness to the events. Her poem, Babi Yar, was discovered only in the 1990s. Mykola Bazhan Mykola Bazhan wrote a poem called Babi Yar in 1943, explicitly depicting the massacres in the ravine. Bazhan was nominated for the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature. The Party forced him to decline the nomination. Yevgeny Yevtushenko In 1961, Yevgeny Yevtushenko published his poem Babi Yar in a leading Russian periodical, in part to protest the Soviet Union's refusal to recognize Babi Yar as a Holocaust site. The poem's first line is "Nad Babim Yarom pamyatnikov nyet" ("There are no monuments over Babi Yar"). The anniversary of the massacre had been observed in the context of the "Great Patriotic War" throughout the 1950s and 60s; the code of silence about what it meant for the Jews was broken only in 1961, with the publication of Yevtushenko's Babi Yar, in Literaturnaya Gazeta. The poet denounced both Soviet historical revisionism and still-common anti-Semitism in the Soviet Union of 1961. "[I]t spoke not only of the Nazi atrocities, but also of the Soviet government's own persecution of Jewish people." Babi Yar first circulated as samizdat (unofficial publications without state sanction). After its publication in Literaturnaya Gazeta, Dmitri Shostakovich set it to music, as the first movement of his Thirteenth Symphony, subtitled Babi Yar. Moysey Fishbeyn An important Babi Yar poem was written by Moysey Fishbein in Ukrainian in 1974. It was translated into English by Roman Turovsky. Ilya Ehrenburg Ehrenburg penned six poems about the Holocaust that first appeared without titles (identified only by numbers) in 1945-46. They were published in three magazines based in Moscow: Novy Mir (New World), Znamya (The Banner) and Oktyabr' (October) (). In one, he wrote of the "grandmother's ravine" through the repetitive use of words: Now, every ravine is my utterance, And every ravine is my home. The actual title of the poem, Babi Yar, was restored only in a 1959 collection of his work. Other authors In 1943, Sava