carried out border clearings in 1977-1978, destroying a number of Assyrian and Kurdish villages, and displacing their population. Villages that had been spared in the late 1970s were destroyed by the Iraqi Army in the Al-Anfal campaign in 1987-1988, and all Assyrians in the region were moved to refugee camps, from which they moved to Iraqi towns or emigrated abroad to Europe, North America, or Australia. In total, all 82 villages in the sub-district of Barwari Bala were destroyed in the campaign, of which 35 villages were entirely inhabited by Assyrians. Assyrians returned to rebuild their villages after the establishment of the Iraqi no-fly zones in 1991, however, the majority have remained in the diaspora. Geography Iraq Southern or lower Barwari corresponds to the part of the region now located within northern Iraq, and encompasses Barwari Bala and Barwari Žēr. Barwari Bala ("upper Barwari" in Kurdish) is a sub-district in Amadiya District within the Dohuk Governorate, and is located alongside the Iraq–Turkey border. The sub-region of Barwari Bala is separated from the Sapna valley to the south by the Matina mountains, and from the historical region of Lower Tyari in Hakkâri Province in Turkey by the Širani mountains to the north. Its eastern border is defined by the Great Zab, beyond which lies Nerwa Rekan, and the Khabur serves as the western boundary of Barwari Bala. Barwari Žēr ("lower Barwari" in Kurdish) is located further to the south of Barwari Bala. The following villages in Barwari Bala are currently inhabited by Assyrians: Tarshīsh Jdīdā Beṯ Kolke. Tūṯā Shamāyā Māyā Derishke. Aïnā d'Nūne Hayyat Beṯ Shmiyāye Dūre Helwā Malakṯā Aqrī. Beṯ Balōkā Hayyis Mūsākān Merkaje Qasrka Baz Betanure Sardasht Cham Dostina Khwara. Kani Balavi Jelek Iden Chaqala The following villages in Barwari Bala were formerly inhabited by Assyrians: Alqōshtā. Avsarke. Bazif. Beluzan. Butara. Dargeli. Maghribiya. Tirwanish. Turkey The districts of Barwari Sevine, Barwari Shwa'uta, Barwari Qudshanes, and Bilidjnaye were located in southeastern Turkey, and constituted northern or upper Barwari. The following villages in Barwari Sevine were formerly inhabited by Assyrians: Ḥardālānīs. Qōṭrānīs Aḥwānīs Shmūnīnīs. Sīwīne. Espen Ṣallan Qūrānīs. Karme Ōret. The following villages in Barwari Qudshanes were formerly inhabited by Assyrians: Qūdshānīs Beṯ Nānō Nerwā Tīrqōnīs Kīgar Sōrīnes Tarmel Beṯ Ḥājīj Peḥḥen Chāros The following villages in Bilidjnaye were formerly inhabited by Assyrians: Derres. Āwert Dāden. Beṯ Respi Ālāṣ Nauberi The following villages in Barwari Shwa'uta were formerly inhabited by Assyrians: