the single biggest problem as far as human-induced negative influences on the species. It is rare or absent in murky water or where stream gravel is covered by silt. Thus, it would be very sensitive to human activities such as stream channelization, sedimentation, and impoundment, which are known threats to species’ viability. Statuses in other states include “vulnerable” and “possibly extirpated” in the case of North Carolina. The American Fisheries Society lists E. s. atripinne as resilient, but ultimately with a status of “Special Concern”. This is because species such as E. atripinne that specialize in benthic habitats in small to medium-sized rivers are more likely to be threatened by human activities. 0Unfortunately, in the southern United States, the watersheds that support the greatest numbers of species are generally associated with privately owned land, meaning the majority of fish species in the southern states are not protected by federal ownership of the land. References [Harrington, Richard C. and Thomas J. Near, “Phylogenetic and Coalescent Strategies of Species Delimitation in Snubnose Darters (Percidae: Etheostoma).” Systematic Biology 61 (2012): 63-79] Cumberland Snubnose darter Fish of the Eastern United States Freshwater fish of the Southeastern United States Cumberland darter Cumberland Snubnose darter