Vijaya (meaning Victorious; Chinese: 尸唎皮奈, pinyin: Shīlì Pínài; Vietnamese: Thị Lợi Bi Nai; Chinese alt: 新州, pinyin: Xīnzhōu, lit. 'New Province'; Vietnamese alts: Đồ Bàn or Chà Bàn), also known as Vijayapura, is an ancient city in Bình Định province, Vietnam. From the 12th century, it served as the capital of the Kingdom of Champa until it was conquered by Dai Viet during the Champa–Dai Viet War of 1471. Geography, economy, transport Vijaya was centred on the lowland area along lower Côn River, in what is now the south of Bình Định Province. To the east of the plain and near the estuary of the river is a strategic and well-protected location for a port. This led to the rise of Cảng Thị Nại, one of the major ports of Champa. The river leading up into the highlands to the west was important for the trade with highland peoples supplying Champa with luxury goods such as eaglewood for export. Vijaya's geography was also important for its agriculture. With one of the larger rivers of Champa, its soils were more fertile than that of many other places. This allowed for a relatively large concentration of people near the centre of Vijaya, which resulted in a relatively large number of temples. According to two noteworthy 15th century reports noted in Vietnamese grand chronicles, the Toàn thư, Vijaya had a small number of households, just 2,500, or approximately 10,000 inhabitants. More accurate, the second report states that the city had about 70,000 people living inside. History The area around Vijaya was probably one of earliest landfalls of the Cham people in what is now Vietnam. However, its architecture implies that it did not become important until the 11th or 12th century. Records suggest that there was an attack on Vijaya's citadel from the Vietnamese in 1069 (when Dai Viet was ruled by Lý Nhân Tông) to punish Champa for armed raiding in Vietnam. The Cham king Rudravarman III was defeated and captured and offered Champa's three northern provinces to Dai Viet (present-day Quảng Bình and Quảng Trị provinces). In Champa at the time there were two ruling kings–Parameśvaravarman and Rudravarman III–in Nha Trang and Phan Rang, respectively. Rudravarman of Phan Rang had good relation with the Chinese Song dynasty. None of them ever did manage to travel far north to counter the Vietnamese. Northern Champa at that time was ruled by a Cham