Philippe N. Baumard (born in Paris, France, 1968) graduated from the University of Aix-Marseille II (BA industrial economics, 1990), and Paris Dauphine University (MSc, 1991; Ph.D. 1994). Philippe Baumard is an organizational scientist who has held visiting professorships at New York University from 1997 to 1998, University of California, Berkeley from 2004 to 2007, Stanford University from 2008 to 2010. He is currently professor at the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (CNAM), associate-researcher at École Polytechnique's Chair on Innovation & Regulation, Paris, and president of the scientific council of France's High Council for Strategic Education and Research Education and career Baumard received his early education at the Military Academies of Saint-Cyr-l'École(1983) and Aix-en-Provence (1985). He studied industrial and international economics at the University of Aix-Marseille II, and published his first book, Strategy and Surveillance of Competitive Environments while a graduate student. This early work foresaw the rise of a global knowledge-driven economy where surveillance provides a source of capitalist gains. Baumard coined it the "neo-panoptic economy", inspired by Jeremy Bentham's panopticon, and Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish. Warning readers of the potential threats to individual freedom in a network economy, Baumard described how "seeing without being seen" would become an inescapable engine of growth. He joined the History Dept of the French School of Advanced Studies in Social Sciences in 1990, where he explored the role of informational loss in the failure of French Guinea's independence in the early 1960s. Granted the Oxford and Paris Universities' Chancellors fellowship, he pursued his Doctoral studies at Nuffield College (91-92), Oxford, the University of Technology, Sydney (92-93), and New York University Stern School of Business (93-94). His PhD dissertation addressed the role of tacit knowledge and unlearning in crisis situations; it focused on executives in Qantas, Pechiney, and Indosuez. Research Baumard's areas of interest include organization theory, competitive dynamics, implicit learning and managerial cognition, innovation and managerial failures. He was an early contributor to the study of tacit knowledge in organizations, stressing the role of tacit and intuitive processes in dealing with crises and ambiguous situations. His findings led to the development of an artificial intelligence engine that aims at replicating implicit and tacit learning in human communications. In 1997, he collaborated with Prof. Bo Hedberg, Stockholm University, on "imaginary organizations"; this research examined how boundary-less organizations learn from their rapid growth and pitfalls. In 2000, he joined France Telecom -