The Normalized Google Distance (NGD) is a semantic similarity measure derived from the number of hits returned by the Google search engine for a given set of keywords. Keywords with the same or similar meanings in a natural language sense tend to be "close" in units of Normalized Google Distance, while words with dissimilar meanings tend to be farther apart. Specifically, the Normalized Google Distance (NGD) between two search terms x and y is where N is the total number of web pages searched by Google multiplied by the average number of singleton search terms occurring on pages; f(x) and f(y) are the number of hits for search terms x and y, respectively; and f(x, y) is the number of web pages on which both x and y occur. If the then x and y are viewed as alike as possible, but if then x and y are very different. If the two search terms x and y never occur together on the same web page, but do occur separately, the NGD between them is infinite. If both terms always occur together, their NGD is zero. Example: On 9 April 2013, googling for "Shakespeare" gave 130,000,000 hits; googling for "Macbeth" gave 26,000,000 hits; and googling for "Shakespeare Macbeth" gave 20,800,000 hits. The number of pages indexed by Google was estimated by the number of hits of the search term "the" which was 25,270,000,000 hits. Assuming there are about 1,000 search terms on the average page this gives . Hence . "Shakespeare" and "Macbeth" are very much alike according to the relative semantics supplied by Google. Introduction The Normalized Google Distance is derived from the earlier Normalized Compression Distance. . Namely, objects can be given literally, like the literal four-letter genome of a mouse, or the literal text of Macbeth by Shakespeare. The similarity of these objects is given by the NCD. For simplicity we take it that all meaning of the object is represented by the literal object itself. Objects can also be given by name, like 'the four-letter genome of a mouse,' or 'the text of Macbeth by Shakespeare.' There are also objects that cannot be given literally, but only by name, and that acquire their meaning from their contexts in background common knowledge in humankind, like 'home" or "red." The similarity between names for objects is given by the NGD. Google Distribution and Google Code The probabilities of