of scandals regarding its book review system, including a practice known as "review-bombing", a form of trolling and extortion scam used for various reasons to either demote or inflate an author's book ratings. Reasons for doing this include cancel culture, financial gain, bullying and harassment, defamation or self-promotion, among other reasons. Both traditionally-published and self-published authors are targeted by review-bombing, one prominent example being Rin Chupeco, a popular fantasy novelist who has raised concerns that Goodreads takes a minimalist approach to moderation, leaving it mostly in the hands of volunteers with editing privileges, and that authors marginalized by race, gender, ethnicity and sexual orientation are often targets. Unlike parent company Amazon, Goodreads has no way to verify whether or not users actually own or have access to books they claim to have read, and does not moderate sockpuppetry, trolls or fake accounts in the same way that Amazon does. Goodreads has been largely silent on the matter, although it did impose new rules restricting reviews that criticize author behaviour versus actual books themselves, for example reviews that mock an author's political affiliation or religion. Goodreads staff are responsible for moderating such content, leaving it up to their discretion for the most part. As a result, some degree of malicious content often remains publicly posted until the affected party takes legal action towards Goodreads itself. IMDb reviews Amazon subsidiary IMDb (The Internet Movie Database), much like Goodreads, cannot verify users' access or viewership of media. According to IMDb itself, "IMDb ratings are “accurate” in the sense that they are calculated using a consistent, unbiased formula, but we don't claim that IMDb ratings are “accurate” in an absolute qualitative sense. We offer these ratings as a simplified way to see what other IMDb users all over the world think about titles listed on our site." There have been a number of cases where IMDb's ratings system has been called into question. One such case was in regards to the HBO miniseries Chernobyl; Alyssa Bereznak, a writer for The Ringer, recalled in a 2019 critical article, "last week, HBO’s Chernobyl shot to the top of IMDb’s all-time TV rankings, outperforming other mega-popular hits like Breaking Bad, Game of Thrones, and various stoner-friendly seasons of Planet Earth. And as of Tuesday, it had a 9.6-star (out of 10) average rating from more than 200,000 users on the Amazon-owned entertainment site. To the knee-jerk press,