collisions which occur on the road network occur between moving, rather than stopped, traffic. For example, on all-lane running motorways between 2016 and 2020, 76 collisions happened involving at least one stopped vehicle and 1,370 happened involving no stopped vehicles. Overall, Government statistics show that all lane running smart motorways register well on safety performance. Statistics clearly demonstrate a decrease in personal injury collision and casulty rates compared with the national trend. On individual conversions, a decrease in recorded after introduction of all lane running. There was effectively no change in the Killed & Seriously Injured collision and casualty rates. However, Highways Magazine revealed that in the long-term, smart motorways may become more dangerous because the extra space they create is taken up by increased traffic. Fatalities Between 2015 and 2020, the total fatalities in the UK attributed to smart motorways number at least 38. This is a proportion of total fatalities on the motorway network, which varies year on year. For example, in 2016, there were 77 deaths of the motorway network and in 2015, there were 92 deaths. Out of total fatalities on England's road network in 2020, 0.64% took place on all-lane running and dynamic hard shoulder motorways, which collectively carried 3.29% of traffic in England. Smart motorways are the safest in terms of fatality rates, as demonstrated in the table below. In September 2018, a woman was killed after her car broke down in an area with no hard shoulder and was hit by another vehicle. Warning signs were not activated until 22 minutes after the breakdown, and the coroner criticised the smart motorway system for not making it clear to drivers that "the onus is on them" to report breakdowns. Per mile travelled, fatal casualty rates are a third higher on conventional motorways. However, according to Highways Magazine, DfT data shows that the fatality rate on All lane running motorways is higher than conventional motorways. In 2018, the ALR 'live lane' fatality rate was 0.19 per 100,000,000 vehicle miles, compared to 0.14 on conventional motorways. However in 2019, it was 0.14 and 0.13 respectively. Criticisms The Campaign for Better Transport argued that whilst it would reduce the need for widening schemes, it did nothing to reduce traffic and CO2 emissions. Friends of the Earth criticised the scheme as "widening on the cheap" and also pointed to a possible increase in vehicle emissions. Highways England argue