Plasmodium wenyoni Plasmodium vacuolatum Plasmodium valkiunasi Plasmodium vastator Plasmodium vaughani Plasmodium vautieri Plasmodium venkataramiahii Plasmodium vinckei Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium vivax-like Plasmodium volans Plasmodium voltaicum Plasmodium wenyoni Plasmodium yoelii Plasmodium youngi Plasmodium zonuriaeUnnamed species At least one species has been isolated from the mandrill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) that awaits full publication. It is currently known as Plasmodium sp. DAJ-2004. At least one species related to P. ovale appears to be present in chimpanzees. It is known only from a DNA sequence and awaits description.P. vivax strains can be separated into two distinct types depending on the organisation of the A and S rRNA genes. A gene conversion occurred in an Old World strain and this mutated strain give rise to a new calde of parasites in the New World. The Old World strains were subsequently re introduced - possibly via the slave trade - and these are related to the monkey parasite P. simium. The specific name Plasmodium collinsi has been proposed for the New World strains but this has not yet been accepted. A second mutation is present in the ORF 470 gene of the plasmid in the New World P. vivax strains. This protein is highly conserved. In the Old World strains of P. vivax and its relations a valine is present. In the New World strains this residue has been replaced by an isoleucine (G -> A in the first codon position). Two separate strains of P. vivax can be identified on the basis of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) gene. Both of these alleles can be found in P. simium and they occur both in the New and Old Worlds. This suggests a complex history of transmission across the world and between species. Another as yet unnamed species was isolated from humans in Madang, Papua New Guinea in 1993. This species differed immunologically and genetically from then generally recognised species infecting humans. Additional isolates of this putative species were also found in Sepik also in Papua New Guinea, Brazil, Indonesia and Madagascar. The circumsporozoite protein of this species appears to be identical to that of Plasmodium semiovale. At least two species of mosquito Anopheles deaneorum and Anopheles oswaldoi appear to be capable of transmitting this parasite. These reports have not gone unchallenged and the status of this putative species is unclear at present. This unnamed species has been named Plasmodium vivax-like and its genome has been sequenced. It is