of political theory, Turner has argued that the rise of expert knowledge has altered the conditions of liberal democracy by increasing the importance of a new form of politically relevant inequality: epistemic inequality. But, Turner does not argue that inequality justifies the reliance on experts. Instead, he argues that this is only one solution among many to the problems produced by the fact that knowledge is distributed unequally. Turner uses examples such as the claims in economics and the debate over climate change to show that reliance on experts can go wrong, and that the mechanisms of self-policing attributed to the scientific community are often ineffective. Deciding whether or not to accept the products of experts or expert communities is a political decision. To the extent that such decisions replace democratic deliberation or become the content of democratic deliberation, liberal democracy itself becomes transformed from government by discussion among the equally informed into contestation over expertise itself. History of Sociology: Turner is also recognized for his contributions to the history of sociology, especially in The Impossible Science, a contemporary overview of the history of American sociology. He has published on the methodology of the social sciences, including the notion of causality. In particular, he focuses on the problems in statistical causality and the process of selection. This is connected to Turner's work on Max Weber's theory of causality, which Turner has shown is derived from law and legal probability, most notably in Max Weber. Lawyer as Social Thinker. He has also stressed Weber's use of empathy (Einfühlung) to solve the generic problem of the under-determination of description. Turner is also editor or co-editor of an additional 11 books and author of some 60 articles, 44 book chapters, and 36 review essays and published exchanges. Selected publications Books Sage Handbook of Political Sociology. William Outhwaite and Stephen Turner, eds. London: Sage. 2019. The Calling of Social Thought: Rediscovering the Work of Edward Shils. Christopher Adair-Toteff and Stephen Turner, eds. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2019. Cognitive Science and the Social: A Primer. New York: Routledge. 2018. The Politics of Expertise. New York: Routledge. 2014 Explaining the Normative. Oxford: Polity Press. 2010. Review Essays on this book: Del Mar, Maksymilian. 2010. Normativism, anti-normativism and humanist pragmatism. Human Studies 33 (2-3):305-23; Fuller, Steve. 2010. Explaining the Normative. Times higher Education. 10 June 2010. ; Wickham, Gary. 2011. Dousing the Dragon's Fire. Thesis Eleven 107