is a taxonomic work by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, published in Vienna in 1763. As well as describing hundreds of new species, contained observations on the species' biology, including the first published account of queen bees mating outside the hive. Classification In contrast to his predecessors Carl Linnaeus and Johan Christian Fabricius, who had used the structure of the insect wing and the structure of the insect mouthparts, respectively, as the main means of classifying arthropods, Scopoli favoured a more holistic approach. In , Scopoli described 1153 species of "insects" (a term which at that time included many arthropods), divided into seven orders: Coleoptera (beetles and orthopteroid insects) – species 1–329 Proboscidea (= Hemiptera) – species 330–418 Lepidoptera – species 419–676 Neuroptera – species 677–712 Aculeata (= Hymenoptera) – species 713–838 Halterata (= Diptera) – species 839–1024 Pedestria (various wingless animals, including silverfish, fleas, mites, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods) – species 1025–1153 Taxa The animals described in were found in the Duchy of Carniola (also called the ), an area at that time under the control of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Nowadays, it is the western part of Slovenia. For each species, Scopoli gave references to previously published illustrations and binomial names. Few works using binomial nomenclature had appeared by 1763; those cited by Scopoli include the 10th edition of (1758) and (1761) by Carl Linnaeus, and (1761) by Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus. More than half of the species listed by Scopoli in were described as new. They include: 15. Scarabæus eremita, now Osmoderma eremita 65. Curculio piger, now Cleonus piger 97. Curculio glaucus, now Phyllobius glaucus 112. Attelabus lilii, now Lilioceris lilii 124. Cantharis fulva, now Rhagonycha fulva 146. Cantharis nobilis, now Oedemera nobilis 199. Buprestis salicina, now Smaragdina salicina 264. Carabus catenulatus 408. Aphis fabae 428. Papilio fagi, now Hipparchia fagi 510. Phalaena fulminea, now Catocala fulminea 525. Phalaena rubiginosa, now Conistra rubiginosa 526. Phalaena clavipalpis, now Paradrina clavipalpis 527. Phalaena deceptoria, now Deltote deceptoria 532. Phalaena nebulata, now Euchoeca nebulata 535. Phalaena fimbrialis, now Thalera fimbrialis 537. Phalaena punctinalis, now Hypomecis punctinalis 540. Phalaena lineata, now Siona lineata 542. Phalaena exanthemata, now Cabera exanthemata 545. Phalaena ornata, now Scopula ornata 546. Phalaena sylvata, now Abraxas sylvata 549. Phalaena glaucata, now Cilix glaucata 551. Phalaena chlorosata, now Petrophora chlorosata 561. Phalaena moeniata, now Scotopteryx moeniata 565. Phalaena aurata, now Pyrausta aurata 567. Phalaena ochrata, now Idaea ochrata 571. Phalaena alpinata,