contraceptives or received medical checkups and thus were at a higher risk of contracting a disease or getting pregnant. While HIV/AIDS poses a major risk to victims of sex trafficking everywhere, some scholars criticize the academic publications that exist specifically around men and boys in the sex industry for focusing too heavily on HIV/AIDS and presenting them as living health risks to society rather than victims who need the same legal, psychological, and social support services as everyone else. Protection and prevention Laws Several laws were enacted in the 1990s to help prevent sex trafficking and to protect those who are trafficked. In 1992, Thailand initiated a program to work with families and society to alter positive attitudes toward child prostitution. Legal measures were also implemented to suppress sexual trafficking. In 1996, Thailand introduced a new law on the suppression and prevention of prostitution. Prostitution by adults is considered an offence that "upsets public morality" in Thailand. Those convicted are fined, and minors are forcibly rehabilitated. If parents were directly involved in the selling of their children to sex traffickers, they are severely punished as well. In 1997, Thailand enacted a new anti-trafficking law. This law included women, girls, and boys of all nationalities trafficked into Thailand. Thai law has yet to formally recognize the adult male victim population, a highly stigmatized group that is often rendered invisible by local lawmakers and anti-trafficking advocates alike. Thailand initiated a Memorandum of Understanding for the Treatment of Trafficking of Women and Children in 1999. It is a guideline for responsible governmental agencies to take legal action against traffickers and "provide social assistance to trafficking women and children of Thai and other nationalities." In addition, Thailand has a number of bilateral memoranda of understanding (MOUs) for anti-trafficking cooperation with the governments of Cambodia (2003), Lao PDR (2005), and Myanmar (2009). The Thai-Lao and Thai-Myanmar MOUs are executed through action plans as well as case management meetings to handle cross-border issues. In 2008, Thailand enacted a newer, more comprehensive anti-trafficking law, the Anti-Trafficking in Person Act BE 2551, with a definition of "human trafficking" in line with the international definition contained in the Palermo Protocol of the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime. Thus, this law criminalizes both sex and labor trafficking, of men, women, and children of any nationality. Thailand is also implementing its second national plan to suppress and prevent human