training. Studies done on the elderly show that low-intensity eccentric conditioning can actually minimize muscle damage According to Gault the low cost of energy, and low oxygen demand make low-intensity eccentric exercise ideal for the elderly. Eccentric contraction and oxygen consumption: Oxygen consumption is needed for muscles to work properly. Eccentric muscle contractions are considered to be negative work as the muscle is working with resistance. Negative work is the mechanical energy absorbed by the work conducted on a muscle when the force on the muscle is greater than the force produced. An experiment was conducted on bicycle riding. The amount of oxygen consumption was measured during the motion of pedaling forward as positive work and pedaling with resistance as negative work. Less oxygen was consumed during negative work then that of positive work with the oxygen consumption ratio being 3:7. Due to the low oxygen consumption of eccentric exercise studies have been conducted on patients with severe COPD. An eccentric cycling exercise workout was created for these patients and the results found there to be no side effects, minimal muscle soreness that had no effect on power, and a high compliance. Furthermore, other cycling studies concluded that eccentric cycling was a safe alternative for COPD patients as they can perform high intensity work with lower cost. Eccentric contractions and cardiac output: With lower cost of oxygen how would eccentric exercise affect the heart? A study was performed to test how eccentric and concentric contractions effect cardiac autonomic modulation after exercise. Men (aged 18–30) were divided into four groups: concentric control, eccentric control, concentric training, and eccentric training. Results concluded that resistance training (eccentric contractions) promoted strength gain. An increase in cardiac vagal modulation during recovery was also concluded. A lot of studies have been conducted regarding eccentric exercise over the last decade. It can be said there is substantial evidence that eccentric exercise truly exceeds concentric exercise for rehabilitation and training aspects in force, energy cost, oxygen consumption, and muscular strengthening. Sports and rehabilitation With eccentric training, muscles are able to create more for less work, which has special meaning in the realms of high performance sports — both for injury prevention and optimal-performance training. For athletes and sports enthusiasts, this eccentric model can help with explosive force training in order to prevent injuries or recurring injuries, and trains the body to use the kinetic force driven by eccentric