part of Proto-Hmong-Mien diphthongs. Ratliff notes that the position of Xong (North Hmongic) is still quite uncertain. Since Xong preserves many archaic features not found in most other Hmongic languages, any future attempts at classifying the Hmong-Mien languages must also address the position of Xong. Taguchi (2012) Yoshihisa Taguchi's (2012, 2013) computational phylogenetic study classifies the Hmongic languages as follows. Hmongic Pahngic Pa Hng Northern Xong Core Hmongic Central Hmu Western Hmong–Hmyo Hmong Hmyo Pu Nu – Nao Klao Pu Nu Nao Klao Eastern Kiong Nai Ho Ne – Pana Ho Ne Pana Hsiu (2015, 2018) Hsiu's (2015, 2018) computational phylogenetic study classifies the Hmongic languages as follows, based primarily on lexical data from Chen (2013). Hmongic Pahengic: Pa Hng, Hm Nai Xiongic Western (Xiong) Eastern (Suang) Sheic She–Jiongnai Younuo Pana Hmuic North-East West (Raojia) South West Hmongic Bu-Nao Bunu Nunu Numao Hmong (Chuanqiandian) (various) Comparison Writing The Hmongic languages have been written with at least a dozen different scripts, none of which has been universally accepted among Hmong people as standard. Tradition has it that the ancestors of the Hmong, the Nanman, had a written language with a few pieces of significant literature. When the Han-era Chinese began to expand southward into the land of the Hmong, whom they considered barbarians, the script of the Hmong was lost, according to many stories. Allegedly, the script was preserved in the clothing. Attempts at revival were made by the creation of a script in the Qing Dynasty, but this was also brutally suppressed and no remnant literature has been found. Adaptations of Chinese characters have been found in Hunan, recently. However, this evidence and mythological understanding is disputed. For example, according to Professor S. Robert Ramsey, there was no writing system among the Miao until the missionaries created them. It is currently unknown for certain whether or not the Hmong had a script historically. Around 1905, Samuel Pollard introduced the Pollard script, for the A-Hmao language, an abugida inspired by Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, by his own admission. Several other syllabic alphabets were designed as well, the most notable being Shong Lue Yang's Pahawh Hmong script, which originated in Laos for the purpose of writing Hmong Daw, Hmong Njua, and other dialects of the standard Hmong language. In the 1950s, pinyin-based Latin alphabets were devised by the Chinese government for three varieties of Miao: Xong, Hmu, and Chuangqiandian (Hmong), as well as