same phytotelmas to lay their larvae. There is also evidence for adults revisiting and sleeping in the phytotelmas within the home range. Because tadpoles are cannibalistic, the male parent oftentimes separates the siblings by transporting them into other phytotelmas, which increases individual offspring’s fitness. This tadpole transportation action often occurs 10–15 days after oviposition. Males can usually transport 1 to 6 tadpoles. When a male frog approaches the water body, tadpoles would almost “jump” on the back of the adult, mimicking an attack movement, while adults would not assist this mounting movement. One study showed that R. variabilis tadpoles demonstrate attraction to adult frogs that stop by the phytotelmas, with no species discrimination, and no attraction to 3-D printed frog models. Chemical cues Adult R. Variabilis can distinguish the presence of tadpoles through chemical cues and whether a tadpole is cannibalistic or not. Research published in 2011 demonstrated that when parents of R. variabilis are choosing between clean water and water previously treated with cannibalistic tadpoles, the parents avoided the treated water despite the absence of visual cues. Additionally, when parents have to choose between clean water and water in which cannibalistic tadpoles are present, parents again strongly avoided water containing cannibalistic tadpoles. On the other hand, when parents have to choose between clean water and water in which non-cannibalistic tadpoles are present, there is no significance between parent preferences. Male R. variabilis can distinguish chemical cues of different species. Adults would avoid egg deposition when chemical cues were produced by the species in the same family, Dendrobatid. The specific chemical molecule has not been identified, but it can be inferred that the evolution of producing this specific chemical compound is only present in closely related species. On the other hand, R. variabilis demonstrate a preference for Osteocephalus larvae in phytotelmas. This is due to R. variabilis’s ability to recognize specific non-cannibalistic species tadpoles such as O. Mimeticus and O. Lenoniae. This could be an evolutionary trait, as non-cannibalistic species can serve as a convenient food source for hatching R. variabilis tadpoles. Though chemical cues seem to be the main method for identifying the presence of tadpoles in phytotelma since eggs and tadpoles are usually hidden in the bottom, the mechanism of how the chemicals are released still remains unclear. Mimicry R. Variabilis is a Batesian mimic of R. Summers, and R. imitator is a Müllerian mimic of R. Variabilis.