of Jeune syndrome can be made as early as before birth if signs and symptoms are apparent on an ultrasound; however, diagnosis after birth usually occurs through X-rays and genetic testing, such as the tests found on the Genetic Testing Registry (GTR). Treatment Medical care In order to help relieve respiratory distress, mechanical ventilation is required in most severe cases; while pulmonary infections that tend to lead to respiratory failure occur in less severe cases. In order to treat these infections, doctors may suggest antibiotics, endotracheal suctioning, or postural drainage. Surgical care In severe cases, surgical action is needed; otherwise, failure to intervene can result in pulmonary damage and eventual fatality. Vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) surgery is the most common treatment for severe chest wall deformities. During this procedure, one or more titanium rods are attached to the ribs near the spine, which allow space for the patient’s lungs to develop. Small adjustments are made every four to six months through a small incision in the patient's back. Alternatively, lateral thoracic expansion is used to enlarge the chest wall by separating the ribs from their periosteum and covering them with titanium struts. This procedure is common among patients older than a year due to its safe and effective outcome. Chest reconstruction is another surgical procedure that promotes thoracic cage growth. It can be done as an enlargement of the thoracic cage by sternotomy and fixation with bone grafts, or a methylmethacrylate prostheses plate. References External links Ciliopathy Cytoskeletal defects