nationality, and cultural identity. South Korean liberals and progressives tend to place more importance on political correctness in many non-Korean ethnic and cultural issues. Conservatives insist on reciprocity and on limiting foreigners' right to vote (외국인 투표권 or 외국인 참정권) in local elections. Conservatives are more opposed to 'Anti-discrimination laws' (차별금지법) that systematically outlaw racism than liberals. Liberals and progressives oppose reciprocity and argue that "all" foreigners with certain conditions should be given the right to vote in local elections. Liberals are more pro-immigrant rights, multiculturalism and pro-naturalized citizens than conservatives. Liberals and progressives oppose the concept of "danil minjok" and "pure blood", which was supported by far-right Ilminists and Park Chung-hee Thoughtists in the past. Meanwhile, right-wing culturally conservatives who support anti-communist kukmin ideology often stimulate ethnic-exclusionist racism rather than liberal-to-progressives in issues related to refugees. Liberals are more friendly to accepting refugees than conservatives. Conservatives in South Korea tend to emphasize the kukmin ideology when they oppose refugees, (나는 대한민국 국민입니다 or 국민이 먼저다) but conservatives kukmin ideology is close to "ethnic nationalism limited to South Korea" (대한민국 민족주의 or 남한만의 민족주의), which does not include North Koreans (on the 38th parallel) and Joseonjok. Some 'anti-Chinese conservatives' denounce the minjok ideology and at the same time show their disgust for Joseonjok. While liberals relatively tend to perceive Joseonjok as the same minjok, conservatives are relatively more anti-Chinese, so racism and xenophobia toward Joseonjok are common among conservatives. On March 1, 2018, Lee Jae-myung said that Germany and Japan, the aggressive and (fascist) war-crime states that started World War II, should have been divided into two countries, but it was wrong to divide the Korean Peninsula, which has done nothing wrong instead of Japan. He said the division of Korean was an excuse for Korean war. Opposition to consider racial hierarchy and pro-multiracialism Some progressive nationalists' attitudes toward racism and Korean ethnic nationalism are complicated, mainly believing that racial discrimination can never be established for a race that they consider to be a "perpetrators race" by their standards, while opposing discrimination against a race that is considered a "victim race". Anti-American, anti-Chinese, and anti-Japanese sentiment has increased in South Korea since the COVID-19 pandemic, and negative reports on Americans, Chinese, and Japanese have also increased in South Korea's major media. Some progressive nationalist biased media even argue American/Japanese/Chinese the use of racial contempt Korean-word for American/Japanese/Chinese is justified because