Chile, who had never been conquered during the colonial era, with Bilbao supporting their autonomy. Bilbao conceived of the Americas as having two main cultural contours. "America, in its two-fold nature as Saxon and Latin, witnesses not the contradiction of ideas, as in Europe, but the exclusivity of ideas. America has crippled harmony. Harmony is individualism and sociability. The North embodies individualism; the South, sociability. The Saxon-Yankee is Protestant and federal; the Spanish American is Catholic and a centralizer... the Yankee is the centrifugal force; the American from the South is the centripetal force. Both are necessary for order to exist." Works "La sociabilidad chilena" in El Crepúsculo, June 1844 América en peligro. 1862 El evangelio americano 1864 Obras completas de Francisco Bilbao. Vol. 1. Buenos Aires, 1866. See also Latin America References Further reading Donoso, Armando. "El pensamiento vivo de Bilbao." Santiago de Chile, Nascimiento (1940). Lipp, Solomon. Three Chilean Thinkers, chapter 1. 1975. Tenorio-Trillo, Mauricio. Latin America: The Allure and Power of an Idea. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2017. Varona, Alberto J. Francisco Bilbao, revolucionario de América. 1973. 1823 births 1865 deaths Liberal Party (Chile, 1849) politicians Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera alumni People of the 1851 Chilean Revolution Politicians from Santiago