in the solar interior and systematically developing both the theory and the observations to establish today's precise standard model of the solar interior. Arthur J. Hundhausen (1999) - For his exceptional research in solar and solar-wind physics, particularly in the area of coronal and solar wind disturbances. Raymond G. Roble (1996) - For his indispensable contributions to understanding the effects of variable solar inputs on the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere by powerful global modeling techniques. John A. Simpson (1993) - For his pioneering studies of the properties of the charged particle environment of the Sun, the Earth, and the other planets. Peter A. Sturrock (1990) - For major contributions to the understanding of the solar magnetic activity, especially with regard about the genesis and effect of solar flares. John A. Eddy (1987) - For his demonstration of the existence and nature of solar variations of long-term and the consequences of these changes for climate and mankind. William E. Gordon (1984) - For his pioneering development of theory and instrumentation for radar backscatter studies, which opened a broad field of research in the high altitude ionosphere. Thomas M. Donahue (1981) - For his fundamental contributions to understanding the role of solar radiation in the physics and chemistry of the atmospheres and ionosphere of the Earth, Mars, and Venus. John R. Winckler (1978) - For his outstanding research on the solar modulation and acceleration of high energy particles and the discoveries of solar flare gamma rays and auroral X-rays. Jacques M. Beckers (1975) - For his extraordinary originality and achievement in the discovery and study of exotic small-scale phenomena in the Sun. Francis S. Johnson (1972) - For his pioneering work in the physics of the high atmosphere and space. Eugene N. Parker (1969) - For his comprehensive and imaginative contributions to the theoretical understanding of plasma interactions with the solar and terrestrial magnetic fields. J. Paul Wild (1969) - In recognition of his many and comprehensive contributions to solar radio astronomy. See also List of physics awards Prizes named after people References Awards established in 1969 Awards of the United States National Academy of Sciences Physics awards