Serb mafia in Scandinavia Kotur mob Yugoslav Brotherhood Montenegrin mafia (see also allegations of Milo Đukanović's involvement in cigarette smuggling) Macedonian mafia Frankfurt mafia Bajrush klan Nezim klan' Romanian mafia Băhăian organisation Clanu Camataru Clanu Cordunenilor Clanu Rosianu Craiova Underground Killers Gang Croatian organized crime (see also Croatian National Resistance, involved in racketeering in the United States during the Cold War) Croatian Democratic Union Post-Soviet organized crime Although organized crime existed in the Soviet era, the gangs really gained in power and international reach during the transition to capitalism. The term Russian Mafia, 'mafiya' or mob is a blanket (and somewhat inaccurate) term for the various organized crime groups that emerged in this period from the 15 former republics of the USSR and unlike their Italian counterparts does not mean members are necessarily of Russian ethnicity or uphold any ancient criminal traditions, although this is the case for some members. Russian-Jewish mafia Brighton Beach Agron gang Nayfeld gang Balagula gang Mogilevich organization Brothers' Circle (Existence is debatable) Russian mafia (See also Lubyanka Criminal Group, Three Whales Corruption Scandal and Sergei Magnitsky)Moscow Izmaylovskaya gang Solntsevskaya bratvaVarese, Frederico (2005) The Russian mafia: private protection in a new market economy, Oxford University Press, New York branch Orekhovskaya gang St Petersburg (See also Baltik-Eskort)Tambov Gang Togliatti mafia Uralmash gang Lazovsky gang Vladivostok gang Kurganskaya group Tsapok gang 'Elephants' group Kazan gang A.U.E. Ukrainian mafia (See also Ukrainian oligarchs and Oleksandr Muzychko)Donetsk Clan Salem gang Mukacheve cigarette smuggling syndicate Lithuanian mafia Vilnius Brigade Estonian mafia Linnuvabriku group Transnistrian mafia Caucasian crime syndicatesSee also Caucasus EmirateGeorgian mafia (See also Mkhedrioni and Forest Brothers)Kutaisi clan Tbilisi clan 21st Century Association Armenian mafia Mirzoyan-Terdjanian organization Armenian Power Azeri mafia Janiev organization Chechen mafia (See also Special Purpose Islamic Regiment and Kadyrovtsy)Obschina Labazanov gang Central Asian crime syndicates Uzbek mafia (See also Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan)Rakhimov organization Kyrgyz mafia Erkinbayev group Akmatbayev group Kolbayev group Asian organized crime East Asian criminal organizations Korean criminal organizations (see also North Korea's illicit activities)Jongro street gang Japanese YakuzaSee also Kenji Doihara's criminal activities and Aum ShinrikyoThe yakuza of Japan are similar to the Italian mafias in that they originated centuries ago and follow a rigid set of traditions, but have several aspects that make them unique, such as their full-body tattoos and their fairly open place in Japanese society. Many yakuza groups are umbrella organizations, smaller gangs reporting to a larger crime