Corruption is a serious problem in Iran, being widespread, mostly in the government. Corruption levels Transparency International's 2021 Corruption Perception Index ranks the country in 150th place out of 180 countries, on a scale where lower-ranked countries are perceived to have a more honest public sector. Iran's ranking has fallen steadily since a high of 130th in 2017. Reformists and conservatives alike – at times even the Supreme Leader – routinely criticize corruption in the government. Although a Reuters special investigation has revealed Supreme Leader Khamenei controls a massive financial empire built on property seizures worth $95 billion. Then-President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has vouched to fight "economic/oil Mafia" at all echelons of government. President Ahmadinejad has also proposed that lawmakers consider a bill, based on which the wealth and property of all officials who have held high governmental posts since 1979 could be investigated. Out of the $700 billion earned during the presidency of Ahmadinejad for the sale of oil, $150 billion have disappeared. Many Iranians believe the country's economic problems are a byproduct of mismanagement and corruption. On February 3, 2013, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad played a video tape in the Iranian parliament that tied the heads of two branches of the government, the legislative and judiciary, to a documented financial corruption case related to the Larijani brothers. One of the objectives of the Iranian revolution was to have no social classes in Iran. Yet, Iran's Department of Statistics reports that 10 million Iranians live under the absolute poverty line and 30 million live under the relative poverty line. Iranian President Rouhani has linked social ills, including poverty and homelessness, to corruption. Hossein Raghfar, an economist at Tehran's Alzahra University, has suggested that as little as 15% of Iran's economic problems can be attributed to sanctions. Pahlavi Era The Imperial State of Iran, the government of Iran during the Pahlavi dynasty, lasted from 1925 to 1979. Corruption was a serious problem during this period. Stephanie Cronin of Oriental Institute, Oxford, describes corruption under the rule of Reza Shah as "large-scale". As oil prices rose in 1973, the scale of corruption also rose, particularly among the royal family, their partners and friends. According to Manouchehr Ganji who created a study group for Farah Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was not sensitive to the issue, but addressed every now and then petty matters of low-ranking officials. As Ganji writes, the group submitted at least