A sewing machine needle is a specialized needle for use in a sewing machine. A sewing machine needle consists of: shank - clamped by the sewing machine's needle holder shoulder - where the thick shank tapers down to the shaft shaft - a length suitable for driving the eye and thread through the material and down to the bobbin groove - cut in the front of the shaft to allow the thread to lie more closely to the needle as it passes through the fabric scarf - provides extra room for the hook or shuttle to pass close by eye - carries the thread point - penetrates the material by either parting the threads or cutting a hole in the fabric Domestic sewing machines, designed for use in homes as opposed to commercial sewing operations, use a common needle type (including a standardized length, as well as shank shape and diameter) referred to as "Groz-Beckert 130 / 705," "HAx1" or "15x1" needles. Needles labeled as "universal" needles are of this type and are generally the type of needles found in retail sewing supply shops. The 15x1 needle is available in different standardized shaft diameters suitable for sewing different fabrics (see the section on Size codes below). For commercial/industrial sewing machines, there are several proprietary sizes and types of needles which are not mentioned in this article. Construction The majority of sewing machine needles are made of various grades of hardened steel coated with either nickel or chromium, though certain specialty needles are coated with titanium nitride on top of chromium. Titanium nitride is a reflective golden-colored ceramic material which reduces abrasion allowing the needle to stay sharper longer and last many times longer than other varieties. The titanium does not make the needle any stronger in regards to bending, however, and such needles will bend and snap just as easily as any other. Nickel plating is the least expensive and least durable form of plating. Chrome plating lasts longer and gives better abrasion resistance. Titanium nitride on top of chromium is the most expensive and is superior in performance to both chrome and nickel. Size codes More than a dozen modern conventions exist for numbering the sizes of sewing machine needles, though only two remain in common use: the American (established and propagated by Singer) and the international system (also called the "European", "number metric" or "NM" system). The European