KISS FM 98.8 is a privately owned radio station broadcasting to Berlin and parts of Brandenburg on 98.8 FM MHz specialising in R&B, dance, hip hop and pop. It also broadcasts via analogue cable in Berlin and Brandenburg on 97.90 MHz and nationwide via DAB+. Its studios are part of the medienzentrum Berlin located in the shopping center Das Schloss in the district of Steglitz. Gross advertising revenue of Kiss FM amounted to €11.2m in 2011. Audience reach and competitors KISS FM has a technical reach of 4.2 million listeners living in Berlin and Brandenburg. Its core target group are young people living in Berlin between the ages of 14 and 29 years. Within this target group, KISS FM is third place with 23,000 listeners per hour, behind 104.6 RTL and STAR FM. In the target group most important to advertisers, people aged 14–49, KISS FM is sixth place with 35,000 listeners. In total, KISS FM reaches 57,000 listeners per hour in Berlin and Brandenburg. Its most important competitors are JAM FM, another black music station with a Rhythmic CHR format, Fritz, the public radio station for youths in Berlin and Brandenburg, and ENERGY Berlin which is part of NRJ, a Pan-European chain of youth-oriented radio stations. History KISS FM started its broadcasts from Voltastraße in the locality of Wedding in January 1993. It was named after the New York radio station 98.7 Kiss FM which was one of the first stations to play rap music regularly, catering only to an African-American audience. The vision of the Berlin adaptation was to play "underrepresented music". The broadcasting license for KISS FM was tied to certain requirements which are still in force today. KISS FM must air a program with music and spoken word which focuses on all fields of young life in Berlin, especially vocational training, work, leisure time and youth-related problems. Furthermore, the program must be socially engaged, react to current trends and put an emphasis on the integration of minorities living in Berlin. In its beginning, KISS FM was broadcast solely via analogue cable on 98,45 MHz making it hard for the station to reach a significant number of listeners. On 1 August 1994, the cable frequency was switched to today's 97,90 MHz. In the same month, Kiss FM was considering to discontinue its broadcasts due to financial issues and appealed to the regional media authority MABB to assign