1954, the gravestone to the memory of Bozzini was uncovered; the words dedicated to him by his friend Feyerlein may still be read in it: “To the devote soul of Philipp Bozzini, doctor of medicine, who was the first to explore the inside of organs through his ingenious light projector. He was able to tenaciously fight fever in other people, with a great sense of duty, and succumbed on the night from the 4th to the 5th day of April 1809, in his 36th year of life. His faithful friend F.F." See also Antonin Jean Desormeaux References 1. Bozzini (1806) "Lichtleiter, eine Erfindung zur Anschauung innerer Teile und Krankheiten, nebst der Abbildung" (Light conductor, an invention for viewing internal parts and diseases, together with illustrations), Journal der practischen Arzneykunde und Wundarzneykunst (Journal of Practical Medicine and Surgery), 24 : 107-124. 2. Philipp Bozzini, Der Lichtleiter oder die Beschreibung einer einfachen Vorrichtung und ihrer Anwendung zur Erleuchtung innerer Höhlen und Zwischenräume des lebenden animalischen Körpers [The light conductor, or description of a simple instrument and its use for illuminating inner cavities and intersticies of the living animal body] (Weimar, (Germany): Industrie Comptoirs, 1807). 3. Désormeaux MAS (1855) De l´endoscope, instrument propre à éclairer certaines cavités intérieures de l´économie. Comptes Rendus Hébdomadaires des Séances de l´Academie des Sciences 40:692. 4. Désormeaux MAS (1865) De l´endoscope et de ses applications au diagnostic et au traitement des affections de l'urètre et de la vaissie. Baillière Paris. 5. Figdor PP (2001) Philipp Bozzini. Endo-Press, Tuttlingen, Germany. 6. Grünfeld J (1879) Zur Geschichte der Endoskopie und der endoskopischen Apparate. Med Jahrb, Wien, Austria S 237-291. 7. Hauri D. A look inside the bladder—the human behind it. Der Urologe A 2005.44(4):401-407.[PubMed] 8. Mann G. Altes Neues Philipp Bozzini (1773–1809). Medizinhist 1972;7:201-203.[PubMed] 9. Reuter HJ, Reuter MA (1988) Bozzini und die Endoskopie des 19.Jahrhunderts. Thieme-Stuttgart-Germany. 10. Reuter MA (1998) Geschichte der Endoskopie. Krämer, Stuttgart, Germany. 11. Reuter MA (2004) Entwicklung der Urologie. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 12. Reuter MA Philipp Bozzini (1773–1809): The endoscopic idealist]. Der Urologe A 2006.45(9):1084-1091.[PubMed] 13. Roediger E (1990) Der Frankfurter Arzt Philipp Bozzini, der Erfinder des Lichtleiters (1773–1809). Alt Frankfurt 1: 46-55 (reprint:1972 Medizinhist J7:204-217. 14. Ségalas M. Description of an instrument for inspecting the urethra and bladder. Lancet 1827;7:603. 18th-century German physicians Physicians from Frankfurt Physicians from Mainz German anatomists 1773 births 1809 deaths Endoscopy Deaths from typhus 19th-century German inventors