star and was exactly the same except the council title and motto was replaced with "Shanghai Volunteer Corps" and the Prussian flag (representing Germany) was retained even when it was removed from the council flag after 1917. The insignia of the companies also differed: the German Company, "Prinz Heinrich Kompagnie", wore a crowned "H" monogram on their shoulder straps for Prince Heinrich of Prussia (Kaiser Wilhelm II's younger brother and commander of the German East Asia Squadron, 1899-1903), and the Jewish Company, who wore collar insignia consisting of a Star of David with "SVC" in the centre. The Portuguese Company wore red collar tabs, as worn by the Portuguese Army, and had the distinction of being the only SVC unit to be decorated by any government, when on 5 October 1932, the Portuguese Minister to China presented the Company with the Military Order of Christ. Units The SVC reached its maximum strength in the early 1930s where it consisted of the following units- Light Horse (1882, American Troop) Field Artillery Battery Light Artillery Battery (prior to 1924 it was the Scandinavian Company) Field (Engineers) Company Armoured Car Company (1928) "A" Company (British) "B" Company (1890, Eurasian) "C" Company (Chinese) American Company (1900) Japanese Company (1907) "H" Company (1932, Jewish Company) Philippine Company (1932, under American Officers) Portuguese Company (1906) Shanghai Scottish (1914) American Machine Gun Company (1932) Transport Company (1932) Signals Company (1932) Interpreter Company (1932) Air Defence Company Public School Cadet Company White Russian Regiment (1927) The German Company, founded in 1891 and granted permission to be named the "Prinz Heinrich Kompagnie" in 1898, and the Austro-Hungarian Company, founded in 1912, were both disbanded in 1917 with China's entry into the First World War. The Italian Company, founded in 1914, also later disbanded in 1920. With the exception of the White Russians, the Corps were all unpaid Volunteers with the SVC financed by the Shanghai Municipal Council. On 16 January 1941 the Russian Regiment became the Auxiliary Detachment of the Shanghai Municipal Police. Commandants The following officers served as commandant of the SVC: Lieutenant T. F. Wade (1854) R. C. Antrobus (1864–1865) Sir Harry Smith Parkes (1865) Sir Edmund Grimani Hornby (1865-1867) Captain T. Brewer (1870–1874) Major J. Hart (1874–1879) Major J. F. Holliday (1879–1881) Major C. J. Holliday (1881–1886) Major G. J. Morrison (1886–1891) Major C. J. Holliday (1891–1892) Major G. J. Morrison (1894–1896) Captain Donald Mackenzie (1896–1897)