Americans about their opinions on several political issues including national basic income; 43% either "strongly supported" or "somewhat supported" the idea. 2018: The results of a poll by Gallup conducted last year between September and October were published. 48% of respondents supported universal basic income. 2019: In November, an Austrian initiative received approximately 70,000 signatures but failed to reach the 100,000 signatures needed for a parliamentary discussion. The initiative was started by Peter Hofer. His proposal suggested a basic income of €1,200 for every Austrian citizen. 2020: A study by Oxford University found that 71% of Europeans are now in favour of basic income. The study was conducted in March, with 12,000 respondents and in 27 EU-member states and the UK. A YouGov poll likewise found a majority for universal basic income in United Kingdom and a poll by University of Chicago found that 51% of Americans aged 18–36 support a monthly basic income of $1,000. In the UK there was also a letter, signed by over 170 MPs and Lords from multiple political parties, calling on the government to introduce a universal basic income during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020: A Pew Research Center survey, conducted online in August 2020, of 11,000 U.S. adults found that a majority (54%) oppose the federal government providing a guaranteed income of $1,000 per month to all adults, while 45% support it. 2020: In a poll by Hill-HarrisX, 55% of Americans voted in favour of UBI in August, up from 49% in September 2019 and 43% in February 2019. 2020: The results of an online survey of 2,031 participants conducted in 2018 in Germany were published: 51% were either "very much in favor" or "in favor" of UBI being introduced. 2021: A Change.org petition calling for monthly stimulus checks in the amount of $2,000 per adult and $1,000 per child for the remainder of the COVID-19 pandemic had received almost 3 million signatures. See also Citizen's dividend Economic, social and cultural rights Equality of outcome Estovers FairTax § monthly tax rebate Geolibertarianism Global basic income Happiness economics Humanistic economics Involuntary unemployment Job guarantee Left-libertarianism Limitarianism (ethical) Living wage Moral universalism New Cuban economy Old Age Security Post-work society Quatinga Velho Rationing Social safety net Speenhamland system The Triple Revolution Universal Credit Universal value Universalism Wage subsidy Welfare capitalism Workfare Working time References Notes Further reading Ailsa McKay, The Future of Social Security Policy: Women,