to India, and Qing declared dethroning him. Later Wen returned to Peking, he was appointed a Councillor of the Foreign Office. In the early years of the Republic of China In October 1911 Xinhai Revolution broke out, Wen Tsung-yao, Wu Tingfang and Zhang Jian declared their support for republicanism. After the Republic of China was established in 1912, Wen participated in the movement for political parties. In August 1912 he participated in the Song Jiaoren's Kuomintang where he was appointed a councilor. In December 1915 the National Protection War broke out, Wen joined the National Protection Army against Yuan Shikai. In May 1916 the Military Bureau() was established, Wen was appointed Deputy Diplomatic Envoy. In September 1917 Sun Yat-sen started the Constitutional Protection Movement, and established the Canton Militarist Government. Wen also participated in it, but he supported Cen Chunxuan who was in opposition to Sun. In May 1918 Sun lost the leadership in the Government, when the governmental System was transformed to 7-President System. As Cen got the position of Chief of the Presidents, the disappointed Sun resigned as the President. In April 1920 Wen was appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs by Cen, and in May, also got the position of President. But in November, Cen was defeated by Sun and Chen Jiongming's troops, Wen also retired and hid in Shanghai for over 10 years. In the Reformed Government and the Wang Jingwei regime In February 1938 Wen Tsung-yao was contacted by the Japanese who were invading China, and started to organize the Puppet Government for Japan with Liang Hongzhi. In the next month, they established the Reformed Government of the Republic of China in Nanking, Wen was appointed Chief of the Legislative Yuan (). In March 1940 the Wang Jingwei regime was established, Wen was appointed Chief of the Judicial Yuan (), and successively held many important positions. After Japan unconditionally surrendered and the Wang Jingwei regime collapsed, Wen Tsung-yao was arrested by the Nationalist Government in Shanghai on September 27, 1945. On July 8, he was sentenced to life imprisonment on the charge of treason (Hanjian). Wen Tsung-yao died in prison in Nanking on November 30, 1947. Alma mater Queen's College, Hong KongTianjin University References Footnotes Shao Guihua (), Wen Zongyao. Republic of China politicians from Guangdong Foreign Ministers of the Republic of China Chinese collaborators with Imperial Japan Kuomintang collaborators with Imperial Japan 1876 births 1947