to mRNA. 2007 Gregory J. Hannon for elucidation of the enzymatic engine for RNA interference. 2008 Angelika Amon for groundbreaking studies that have provided insight into the mechanism of the central process of chromosome segregation and the regulation of segregation. 2009 Stephen P. Bell for groundbreaking studies illuminating the mechanisms of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. 2010 Jeannie T. Lee by using X-chromosome inactivation as a model system, Lee has made unique contributions to our understanding of epigenetic regulation on a global scale, including the role of long, non-coding RNAs, interchromosomal interactions, and nuclear compartmentalization. 2011 James M. Berger for elucidating the structures of topoisomerases and helicases and providing insights into the biochemical mechanisms that mediate the replication and transcription of DNA. 2012 Zhijian James Chen for his creative use of elegant biochemistry both in elucidating an unsuspected role for polyubiquitin in a kinase-signaling cascade important for cancer and immunity and in discovering a novel link between innate immunity and a mitochondrial membrane protein that forms prion-like polymers to trigger antiviral responses. 2013 Sue Biggins (2013) for the isolation and in vitro characterization of a functional kinetochore complex, and for the use of that system to explore kinetochore function. 2014 David M. Sabatini for his discovery of components and regulators of the mTOR kinase pathway and his elucidation of the important roles of this signaling pathway in nutrient sensing, cell physiology, and cancer. 2015 Xiaowei Zhuang for the development of a high-resolution microscopy method (STORM) that allows molecular-scale resolution, by bypassing the ‘diffraction limit’ that has long shackled light microscopy. In addition, she developed the photo-switchable fluorescent dyes that have made this method a powerful and critical tool in many areas of biological research and neuroscience. 2016 Dianne K. Newman for her discovery of microbial mechanisms underlying geologic processes, thereby launching the field of molecular geomicrobiology and transforming our understanding of how the Earth evolved. 2017 Rodolphe Barrangou for his landmark discovery that bacteria have adaptive immune systems, groundbreaking work that catalyzed the manipulation of the CRISPR-Cas9 pathway for genome engineering. 2018 Howard Y. Chang for the discovery of long noncoding RNAs and the invention of genomic technologies. 2019 David Reich for creative use of molecular biology to trace ancient human migrations, reveal how population mixtures shaped modern humans, and illuminate disease risk factors across populations. 2020 Hashim Al-Hashimi for pioneering studies into RNA and DNA function on the atomic