violence possess more behavioral problems than those who experience only one or the other. The long-term effects of dual exposure in young children can have very negative outcomes later in life. These outcomes have been documented as leading to behavioral problems that include school dropout, violence, teen pregnancy, substance abuse, eating disorders, and even suicide attempts. A study following children from preschool through adolescence found that young children exposed to domestic violence and child abuse were more likely to experience anti-social behaviors in their adolescence. Young children exposed to both domestic violence and child abuse were also more likely to commit an assault and participate in delinquent behavior in their adolescence than those not exposed at all. Lastly, the Adverse Childhood Experiences study (ACE) found a connection between multiple categories of childhood trauma (e.g., child abuse, household dysfunction including domestic violence, and child neglect) and health/behavioral outcomes later in life. The more traumas a child was exposed to, the greater risk for disabilities, social problems, and adverse health outcomes. More recently, researchers have used elements of this model to continue analysis into different aspects of trauma, stressful experiences, and later development. Ways to help The ways to help victims of domestic violence are: Arranging school age children to receive counseling from professionals at their school, often school counselors. Experimenting with various types of counseling: play therapy, peer support groups, anger management classes, and safety programs to teach kids how to extract themselves from dangerous situations. Finding a loving and supportive adult to introduce to the child and encourage the child to spend as much time regularly with the adult. This may include a trusted family member or community advocate. The Family Violence Defense Fund reports that the single most important ingredient to help children heal and develop resiliency is the presence of a loving adult. Providing a safe environment that does not include violence in any form after a child has witnessed domestic violence. Finding ways to discipline that do not involve hitting, name-calling, yelling or any form of verbally aggressive behavior. Helping children create a sense of safety by having scheduled routines, such as regular meals and homework times. See also References Further reading Breaking the Cycle Consulting the leading voice on adolescent to parent abuse and violence: http://www.childtoparentviolence.com Project Making Medicine. Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. 2005. Oklahoma City, OK. Hooper, L. M. Expanding the discussion regarding