Program. The Visual Analytics and Precision Information Environments Program uses visually based mathematical methods and computational algorithms to discover, manipulate, or comprehend diverse data. The program also conducts research on novel advanced technologies and techniques for understanding and manipulating information in multiple forms or modes. These techniques tend to include text, video, images, audio, databases, and sensor data. The knowledge found through this program helps to anticipate terrorist incidents and/or catastrophic events. The Discrete-Element Computing, Privacy, and Forensics Program consists of software algorithms and hardware architectures that access, process and manage multiple types and modes of information. This program assesses threats and consequences, ensuring information privacy and securing the cyber infrastructure while protecting telecommunications interoperability. The Discrete-Element Computing, Privacy, and Forensics Program provides real-time data analysis and decision support against potential threats and imminent disasters. Cyber security The CCID Cyber Security Program Area is run by Dr. Douglas Maughan. The program specializes in cyber-security research, development, testing, and evaluation in order to decrease the amount of economic and national security threats on our nation. This will help secure the nation's current and future critical cyber infrastructure in support of the Department of Homeland Security operational missions and the priorities established in the president's National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace. Cyber Security has three program areas within the overall program: Information Infrastructure Security (IIS), Cyber Security Research Tools and Techniques (RTT), and Next Generation Technologies (NGT.) There were also separate activities and programs within the Cyber Security program area. These consist of Defense Technology Experimental Research (DETER)Testbed: Department of Homeland Security Secure Wireless Access Prototype (DSWAP: Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) Project: IronKey: Linking the Oil and Gas Industry to Improve Cyber Security (LOGIIC): Project 25 Compliance Assessment Program (P25 CAP): Protected Repository for the Defense of Infrastructure against Cyber Threats (PREDICT.) Knowledge Management Tools The Knowledge Management Tools program area of Command, Control, and Interoperability is led by Dr. John Hoyt and provides knowledge management capabilities to reduce the risk of terrorist attacks, prepare for natural and man-made disasters, and provide an effective response to these disasters. Knowledge Management Tools also develops new tools, devices, and methods to process and analyze massive amounts of information that are widely dispersed and are found in multiple forms. Office for Interoperability and Compatibility The CCID Office for Interoperability and Compatibility is led by Karen Ray. This program area works with emergency response communities