span of Indoplanorbis exustus is 4 months and during this time it lays about 60 egg clusters. Predators Eggs of Indoplanorbis exustus were experimentally predated and destroyed by Pomacea bridgesii. Raut & Aditya (2002) hypothetized that Pomacea bridgesii could be a potential biocontrol agent for Indoplanorbis exustus. Parasites Indoplanorbis is of economic importance in that it is responsible for the transmission of several species of the genus Schistosoma which infect cattle and cause reduced livestock productivity. The snail is also of medical importance as a source of cercarial dermatitis among rural workers, particularly in India. Indoplanorbis exustus is best known as the intermediate host responsible for the transmission of Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale, as well as other trematodes such as Echinostoma spp. and some spirorchids. A third species of Schistosoma, S. indicum (Montgomery, 1906), is also transmitted by I. exustus. Other snails have been implicated in transmission of these three Schistosoma species (such as Lymnaea luteola, a host for S. indicum and S. nasale, and L. acuminata, a host for S. nasale and S. spindale), I. exustus is the most important host for S. nasale and S. spindale, as well as for S. indicum in certain regions. I. exustus may be the sole natural intermediate host for these three Schistosoma species on the Indian sub-continent. Indoplanorbis exustus is also an intermediate host for: Artyfechinostomum malayanum – as the first intermediate host Hypoderaeum conoideum – as the first intermediate host Fasciola gigantica Paramphistomum mehrai Paramphistomum explanatum Gastrodiscus secundus Petagifer srivastavi Plasmiorchis orientalis Pseudodiscus collinsi Gastrothylax crumenifer Enterohaemotrema paleorticum Cotylophoron cotylophorum Cotylophoron indica Cotylophoron bhaleraoi Cotylophoron mathurapurensis Indoplanorbis exustus has been implicated in outbreaks of cercarial dermatitis in human populations in India, Laos, Malaysia and Thailand. Cercarial dermatitis results from the cutaneous allergic reaction in people exposed to larval schistosomes (cercariae) shed by infected snails into freshwater bodies such as lakes, ponds, and paddy fields. The cercariae cause pruritus (itching) and papular eruptions, with often severe secondary infections, as they attempt to infect a non-permissive definitive host and die in the skin. Toxicology Aqueous extract of a common medicinal plant of India Euphorbia tithymaloides (Euphorbiaceae) has molluscicidal activity against Indoplanorbis exustus. Ethanol extract of Solanum xanthocarpum has molluscicidal activity against Indoplanorbis exustus LC50 = 198.00 mg/L and LC90 = 236.80 mg/L. The latex of Euphorbia milii has molluscicidal activity against Indoplanorbis exustus that depends on its hybrid of the plant. The