support base from all walks of life, including the Muhajirs mainly from upper-middle and middle class, while lower-middle class muhajirs turned to Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan. Despite tough opposition from PPP and TLP, PTI managed to bag the popular vote en masses during the 2018 Pakistani general elections, though with a lower voter turnout which was believed to be a result of Altaf Hussain's election boycott. PTI continued to win elections held in muhajir areas till 2022, but in 2023, after the merger of the MQM factions, MQM staged a comeback into Muhajir politics. In 2023 Karachi local government elections MQM-P's boycott resulted in very low voter turnouts in the Muhajir dominated areas of Karachi, especially Karachi Central District. Social and political views The Muhajirs are socially urbane, liberal, and religiously tolerant. Politically, the Muhajirs echoed the views of the religious parties that eschewed pluralism and ethnic identities and propagated a holistic national unity based on the commonality of the Islamic faith followed by the majority of Pakistanis. The dichotomy between the Muhajirs' social and political dispositions was a result of the sense of insecurity that the community felt in a country where the majority of its inhabitants were 'natives'. Lacking the historical and cultural roots of native Pakistani ethnicity, the Muhajirs backed the state's project of constructing a homogeneous national identity that repulsed ethnic sentiment. But in the 1980s, Muhajir nationalism surged for the first time with the rise of the secular Muhajir nationalist party MQM, until it's collapse in 2016. The secularity of muhajirs has bought the community in constant violence with Pakistani Taliban. Shehreyar Zaidi identified todays Muhajirs as independent freethinkers, not bound to a particular ideology. Society Economic status Muhajirs are currently beleived to be the most affluent ethnic group of Pakistan, and constitute a significant proportion Pakistan's upper-middle class. They tend to dominate businesses and stock markets in Pakistan, and pay more taxes than any other ethnic group. A 2023 research conducted by Karachi University found that 9% of muhajirs were upper-class, while 17% were upper-middle class, 52% middle class, 13% lower middle and 9% lower class. A survey conducted by Political Barometer found that 33% of Pakistani earning above 250,000 rupees intended to vote for Muhajir Nationalist Parties. A 2019 study by Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center found that muhajir women have the highest employment rate and monthly income among all major ethnic groups of Pakistan. According