The Command, Control and Interoperability Division is a bureau of the United States Department of Homeland Security's Science and Technology Directorate, run by Dr. David Boyd. This division is responsible for creating informative resources(including standards, frameworks, tools, and technologies) that strengthen communications interoperability, improve Internet security, and integrity and accelerate the development of automated capabilities to help identify potential threats to the U.S. The division took over most of the functions envisioned by the U.S. Congress for the Office of Emergency Communications (OEC), which was under the Cybersecurity and Communications unit created by the Homeland Security Appropriations Act (2007). These included the coordination of emergency communications planning, preparedness, and response. This particular area serves as the basis for the division's involvement in developing protocols for emergency responders. Customers include local, tribal, state, federal, international, and private emergency response agencies; agencies that plan for, detect, and respond to hazards; and private-sector partners that own, operate, and maintain the nation's cyber infrastructure. Five program areas The CCID is managed by the DHS Directorate for Science and Technology. This division works to accomplish its mission of creating and deploying information resources to enable seamless and secure interactions among homeland security stakeholders. It is also the primary research and development organization of the DHS and is headed by the Under Secretary for Science and Technology. In 2010, this directorate requested for $968 million, which included the proposed $15 million increase to the $74.9 million funding the Command, Control, and Interoperability Division was allocated in 2009. The CCID is organized through five program areas: Basic/Futures Research; Cyber Security; Knowledge Management Tools; Office for Interoperability and Compatibility; and Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Investigative Technologies. Basic/Futures Research The Basic/Futures Research program area is led by Dr. Joseph Kielman. The program was put in place to conduct long-term, fundamental research in support of CCID. It also strives to advance technologies that can serve the department and the local, tribal, state, federal, and international partners. This program area also develops and fosters a research community to identify and demonstrate novel information discovery, analysis, and management concepts and capabilities. This enables the division to identify, assess, minimize or prevent the impact of terrorist attacks and natural or man made disasters. Within the Basic/Futures Research Program are actually two programs. The first is known as the Visual Analytics and Precision Information Environments Program; he second includes the Discrete-Element Computing, Privacy, and Forensics