Officer Ahmed's knowledge. Unsatisfied with the result of the test, Captain Chaudhry berated his co-pilot and humiliated him in a "harsh, snobbish" tone. This lasted for about one hour. By the time Captain Chaudhry decided to stop, First Officer Ahmed had become quiet and submissive. He had fully lost his self-esteem, enabling Captain Chaudhry to freely do any violations from the standard procedures without any suggestions or corrective actions from the far less experienced Ahmed. Captain Chaudhry's feeling of superiority was also shown later in the approach phase of the flight. He decided not to follow the ATC's suggestion to wait inside the holding pattern and dismissed his co-pilot's concern regarding establishing visual contact with the runway, despite this being crucial for the approach procedure. If the pilots had not established visual contact, abandoning the approach was required. He also continued the approach when the aircraft was already outside of the protected zone. When the GPWS sounded, he still continued the approach, despite the low altitude of the aircraft and warnings from his co-pilot. He also told First Officer Ahmed to falsify their ATC report when the controller asked on whether they had established visual contact. Series of failures Captain Chaudhry's test on First Officer Ahmed during the initial segment of the flight caused Ahmed's self-confidence to collapse, enabling Chaudhry to fly the aircraft without many restrictions. His errors on controlling the aircraft eventually caused Flight 202 to crash. During the approach, he insisted to the ATC to make a right-hand, downwind approach for several times. The ATC refused to grant his request and Captain Chaudhry decided to comply with the procedure. Then, for reasons unknown, he decided to disobey the procedures, in which he selected the NAV mode, which was not allowed during an approach. The lateral navigation of the Airbus A321's flight management system consisted of two modes - the "selected" mode and the "managed" (NAV) mode. Pilots use a knob to select their intended heading. By using the "selected" mode, the pilots simply just need to put their desired heading by turning the knob. The autopilot then will turn the aircraft towards the heading and the heading will be maintained by the autopilot. In a circling approach, pilots normally use the selected mode. In the "NAV" mode, the pilots can plan a set of headings and the autopilot will follow the established route. Therefore, the pilots do