or in the special case of the round church the entire building - assumed the function of a bergfried in which the population could shelter if necessary for a short period. Often the attacker withdrew again after a short while, so active defence was secondary. That the "time saving" factor was ignored in Joachim Zeune's argument was picked up by researcher, Hans Jürgen Hessel, in an essay on fortified churches in Festungsjournal 32 by the German Society for Fortress Research (2008). The estates of the gentry and large farmers often had smaller fortified barns that were mostly on islands in lakes. A projecting upper storey, capable of providing a refuge, was supported on a solid lower storey. Most examples of such fortified storage towers have been preserved in Westphalia in Germany. Joachim Zeune provided one of the few pieces of confirmed evidence of such a "miniature bergfried" in Franconia at Dürrnhof. References Sources Biller, Thomas (1993). Die Adelsburg in Deutschland. Entstehung, Form und Bedeutung. Munich. Folda, Jaroslav (2005). Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre., Cambridge University Press, 2005. Friar, Stephen (2003). The Sutton Companion to Castles, Sutton Publishing, Stroud, 2003. German Castles Association (GCA) (1999) Burgen in Mitteleuropa, Stuttgart. Pehla, Hans-Klaus (1974). Wehrturm und Bergfried im Mittelalter. Aachen. Piper, Otto (1900). Abriss der Burgenkunde, Leipzig, G. J. Göschen, 1900. Thompson, M.W. (2008). The Rise of the Castle, Cambridge University Press 2008. Castle architecture Fortified towers by type German words and phrases