Augusto Novelli (17 January 1867 – 7 November 1927), also known as Novellino, was an Italian Florentine satirical journalist, writer, and dramatist. A prolific playwright who completed more than fifty dramatic pieces (many in the Tuscan (Florentine) dialect), Novelli is critically regarded as one of the founding fathers of the modern Florentine vernacular (dialect) theater. Biography Well known for his lifelong association with the city of Florence, Augusto Novelli was born there on 17 January 1867. Largely self-educated, Novelli succeeded in becoming an erudite intellectual despite a minimal formal education that ended after three years of primary schooling. Enthused by the creative world of the Italian theater from an early age, Novelli managed to complete the farce Una sfida ai bagni (A Challenge to the Baths) as a teenager and wrote early plays such as La capanna del veterano (The Veteran's Cabin) and La Società dei senza testa (Society of the Headless) in the 1880s. Having founded the satirical magazine Il vero Monello (The True Rogue) and become its chief editor in 1888, he soon cast his attention on the cause of Florentine drama, which began to appear in Novelli's journal in the Florentine vernacular form in 1892. As a politically active member of the intelligentsia from the beginning of his career, Novelli was hounded by the establishment as a young man, and in the 1890s was given a fifteen-month prison term as punishment for his adherence to the socialist movement during a period of fierce political conservatism. (Despite this political martyrdom, Novelli would later be expelled by the Italian Socialist Party's radical elements for being too reformist, or impermissibly moderate.) Novelli's Il morticino (The Dead Child), a play written during his prison term, premiered in 1893 while the dramatist was still carrying on his work from behind bars. The subsequent year witnessed the debut of Novelli's Purgatorio, Inferno, Paradiso (Purgatory, Inferno, Paradise). In Britain, the Victorian era Freethinker Samuel Porter Putnam observed that "Novelli. . . was cheered when acquitted on the charges of irreverence and blasphemy." The play critically regarded as Novelli's most notable theatrical work, L'acqua cheta (Still Water), first opened at Florence's Teatro Alfieri on 28 January 1908. Though since hailed as a classic masterpiece of Florentine comedyeven described as the beginning of the modern Florentine vernacular theaterthe work opened to mixed critical reviews that were largely negative, at first receiving a positive review from only