place on 2 February in the presence of the President Theodor Heuss. 1952 – On the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community on 23 July, the International Ruhr Authority ceases their work. The Coal and Steel Community is the seed of the later European Union. 1954 – In Oberhausen the annual short-film festival takes place for the first time. 1955 – In Dortmund the oldest (stone) Rathaus in Germany is demolished. 1956 – the demand for coal reaches 124,6 million tonnes per year and the number of workers in Ruhr mining reaches its high point at 494,000. 1957 – At Bochum Observatory in October, Heinz Kaminski receives radio signals from Sputnik 1, possibly the first outside the Soviet Union to do so. 1959 – In Bonn, Bochum miners protest against the import of cheap American coal. The Zechensterben (death of the mines) begins. 1962 – Opening of an Opel factory in Bochum. 1962 – The writer Max von der Grün publishes his first novel, influenced by the working world of miners of the Ruhr, Männer in zweifacher Nacht. 1963 – The Bundesliga (German football league) is inaugurated. It has three clubs from the Ruhr: Schalke 04, Meidericher SV (heute: MSV Duisburg), Borussia Dortmund 1964 – The Adolf-Grimme-Preis is awarded for the first time in Marl. The first winner is Günter Gaus. 1964 – The Rationalisierungsverband des Steinkohlenbergbaus proposes the closure of 31 large mines employing 64,000 workers. Demonstrations follow. 1964 – The Planetarium Bochum is opened. Since then it has been the most modern and largest installation of its type in Germany. 1965 – The Ruhr University in Bochum is opened, the first University in the Ruhr. Garden show in Gruga in Essen. 1966 – On 5 May, Borussia Dortmund win the European Cup Winners Cup by beating Liverpool 2–1 in Glasgow. 1966 – The Duisburger Vertrag is concluded on 16th. September. It forms an agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and Bavaria over the financing and execution of the extension to the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, forming the basis for a through connection between the mouth of the Rhine in Rotterdam and the mouth of the Danube on the Black Sea. 1967 – Krupp was converted into a Kapitalgesellschaft. 1968 – The University of Dortmund was founded on 16 December. 1969 – The Ruhrkohle AG was founded. 1969 – The Stadtbahngesellschaft Ruhr, founded on an initiative of the