of the premises are present. The majority also emphasized that the existence of a search warrant provides objective justification for the detention. On these grounds, the majority held that, for Fourth Amendment purposes, a warrant to search for contraband founded on probable cause implicitly carries with it the limited authority to detain the occupants of the premises while a proper search is conducted. Criticism The bright-line rule announced in Michigan v. Summers has received mixed reception. Professor Wayne R. LaFave has taken the position that the rule is sound because it is well-tailored to the governmental interests at stake. Furthermore, the clarity of the rule will protect liberty. Other scholars have challenged the efficacy and clarity of the bright-line rule in practice. One scholar has made the case that the Summers rule has been "extended well beyond what the Court's initial rationale should reasonably allow" and, as a result, has "put at risk the very liberty interests that it was designed to protect." References External links United States Supreme Court cases Legal history of Michigan United States Fourth Amendment case law United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court 1981 in United States case law Detroit Police Department