one working kidney, so if kidney failure occurs it may not impact the overall health of the individual. However, this is a rare occurrence and surgical intervention is almost always performed before this occurs. Most patients with this disorder do well and have no long-term problems after treatment. Research Due to the fact that Fraley Syndrome is caused by a rare anatomical abnormality, current research revolves around treatment methods. There have been descriptions of nephron-sparing approaches such as infundibulo-infundibulostomy, infundibulo-pyelostomy, infundibuloplasty with vasculopexy, vasculopexy with nephropexy, and ligation of a branch of the posterior segmentary artery. In 2016, a laparoscopic approach was used to treat an individual with Fraley Syndrome. Specifically, a laparoscopic YV-infundibulo-pyeloplasty with vasculopexy of a posterior segmental renal artery was performed. The results were a less invasive, and the surgeon was able to view structures under magnification. Additionally, in 2018, a laparoscopic calycectomy was performed without clamping of renal branches. This allowed for the preservation of renal tissue, and thereby preserving arterial flow to avoid parenchymal ischemia. See also Hydronephrosis References Kidney diseases