which rivaled that of Työmies — one which stayed loyal to the Socialist Party of America during the factional war which swept the Finnish Socialist Federation in 1920–1921. The paper began as a weekly in January 1905, edited by Taavi Tainio under the auspices of the Finnish Socialist Publishing Company, renamed the Raivaaja Publishing Company in 1929. During the decade of the 1910s, the Finnish Socialist Federation split into three geographic districts, with Raivaaja the official organ for the east, Työmies in the middle district, and Toveri in the west. Raivaaja was a radical publication in its early years, but the paper moved gradually to a moderate social democratic position over time, coming down firmly in the Socialist Party camp during the 1920s factional controversy. The paper launched with a circulation of about 2,000, hit its stride in the 1910s with a circulation in excess of 8,000, and peaked with a circulation of 10,000 in 1927 before beginning a long downward slide. As was the case with the publishing company of Työmies, the Raivaaja operation produced an array of annual publications, such as an annual yearbook-and-calendar, and auxiliary publications, such as the monthly Säkeniä/Nykyaika. The list of editors of the publication over the years included such major names as Frans Josef Syrjälä, Yrjö Makelä, Eemeli Parras, Santeri Nuorteva, Oskari Tokoi, and Yrjö Halonen. The publication continued in continuous publication for over 100 years, making it one of the longest-running publications in the history of the American radical press, with the paper finally going down in 2010 for budgetary reasons. Soihtu (The Torch) (July 1905 – December 1906) — This monthly 32-page magazine of the Finnish Socialist Federation, produced in Hancock, Michigan, by the publishers of Työmies. Content was serious and theoretical in tone, with coverage of contemporary issues through the socialist prism. A complete run of the magazine is held by the University of Helsinki in Finland, with other partial runs in Finnish institutions. Soihtu was succeeded without interruption by the monthly magazine Säkeniä, produced in Massachusetts by the publishers of Raivaaja. Säkeniä (Sparks) (January 1907 – April 1921) — Säkeniä was a monthly slick-paper literary, artistic, and theoretical magazine produced in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, by the publishers of Raivaaja. The publication launched with a print run of 2,000 copies and gained a substantial readership, peaking with a circulation of 11,000 at the time of its discontinuation in 1921. Among the