Alexander Borodin, independently from Charles-Adolphe Wurtz 1873 Odhner Arithmometer by Willgodt Theophil Odhner 1873 Armored cruiser General-Admiral by Andrei Alexandrovich Popov 1874 Headlamp by Pavel Yablochkov 1875 Railway electrification system by Fyodor Pirotsky 1876 AC transformer by Pavel Yablochkov 1876 Yablochkov candle Invented in 1876 by Pavel Yablochkov, the Yablochkov candle was the first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp and was used for the world's first electric street lightning at the Exposition Universelle (1878) in Paris. 1877 Torpedo boat tender by Stepan Makarov 1877 Tracked wagon by Fyodor Blinov 1878 Cylindrical oil tank by Vladimir Shukhov 1879 Modern oil tanker by Ludvig Nobel 1880s 1880s Winogradsky column The Winogradsky column is a simple device for culturing a large diversity of microorganisms. Invented in the 1880s by Sergei Winogradsky, the device is a column of pond mud and water mixed with a carbon source such as newspaper (containing cellulose), blackened marshmallows or egg-shells (containing calcium carbonate), and a sulfur source such as gypsum (calcium sulfate) or egg yolk. Incubating the column in sunlight for months results in an aerobic/anaerobic gradient as well as a sulfide gradient. These two gradients promote the growth of different microorganisms such as Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Chlorobium, Chromatium, Rhodomicrobium, and Beggiatoa, as well as many other species of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and algae. 1888s Three-phase electric power The three-phase system was developed independently from others by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky. 1880 Vitamins By Nikolai Ivanovich Lunin (Russian Wikipedia article) 1880 Electric tram by Fyodor Pirotsky 1881 Carbon arc welding The first arc welding method was introduced by Nikolay Benardos and later patented in 1887. 1883 Cathedral of Christ the Saviour The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour is the main and largest cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church, located in Moscow on the bank of the Moskva River. It is the tallest Eastern Orthodox church in the world. Designed by Konstantin Thon, it is an outstanding example of the Byzantine Revival architecture. The domes of the cathedral for the first time in history were gilded using the technique of gold electroplating. The original building was demolished during the Soviet era, but was rebuilt in 1995–2000, having become a symbol of Russia's religious renaissance. 1884 Mozhaysky's airplane By Alexander Mozhaysky. Known as one of the earliest heavier-than-air machines to leave the ground under its own power, however still underpowered for a sustained controlled flight. 1884 Electric submarine By Stefan Drzewiecki 1888 Caterpillar