Several fields of human cultural and scientific development are not included in the list of Nobel Prizes, because they are neither among the prizes established as part of Alfred Nobel's will nor, in the case of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, sponsored afterwards by the Nobel Foundation. While the foundation has discouraged (and occasionally taken legal action against) individuals and organizations that have used the Nobel name to refer to prizes not meeting the aforementioned criteria, several prominent individuals and organizations have nonetheless used the label "Nobel Prize of X" to refer to highly prestigious awards in fields of activity not covered by the official Nobel Prizes. These awards are listed below. Prizes sponsored by the Nobel Foundation Alfred Nobel's last will of 1895 only included five prizes, covering outstanding achievements who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. The original Nobel prizes thus includes: Nobel Prize in Chemistry Nobel Prize in Physics Nobel Prize in Literature Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine In addition to the prizes listed above, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences is sponsored by the Nobel Foundation. The foundation has trademarked the term "Nobel Prize" and this designation cannot be legally used to refer to any prizes other than the five original Nobels. Prizes not sponsored by the Nobel Foundation Several prizes in fields of study and achievement not covered by the original Nobel Prizes have been established by various entities. Some have been referred to as the "Nobel Prize of" that particular field, in the vast majority of cases without the approval of the Nobel Foundation. These prizes are generally the highest awards in their fields. For some fields, more than one prestigious prizes are listed below. Some most important prizes in the world are presented in bold. The distinguished prizes not conferred by the Nobel Foundation include (with the year when a prize was first awarded in brackets): Mathematical sciences, physical sciences and applied sciences Applied mathematics John von Neumann Lecture Prize (1960) Carl Friedrich Gauss Prize (2006)1 George David Birkhoff Prize (1968)2 Norbert Wiener Prize (1970)2 See also 'Mathematics' and 'Operations research' below. Astronomy Kavli Prize in Astrophysics (2008) Gruber Prize in Cosmology (2000) Crafoord Prize in Astronomy (1985) Shaw Prize in Astronomy (2004) Automation/control/cybernetics IEEE Control Systems Award (1982) Giorgio Quazza Medal (1981) Hendrik