published in the Russian language, and Western scientists' access to Soviet press was limited during the Cold War. It is likely that carbon nanotubes were produced before this date, but the invention of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) allowed direct visualization of these structures. 1952 Anthropometric cosmetology or Ilizarov apparatus by Gavril Ilizarov 1954 Nuclear power plant Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant by Igor Kurchatov 1955 MiG-21 World's most produced supersonic aircraft. 1955 Ballistic missile submarine R-11 Zemlya submarine-launched ballistic missile by Victor Makeev, Project 611 ballistic missile submarine 1955 Fast-neutron reactor BN350 nuclear fast reactor. 1955 Leningrad Metro 1955 Tokamak The Tokamak T-4 was tested in 1968 in Novosibirsk, conducting the first ever quasistationary thermonuclear fusion reaction. The first actual experimental tokamak was built in 1955. The Tokamak design plays the basic role in modern projects for power generation based on thermonuclear fusion like ITER. 1957 ANS synthesizer 1957 Synchrophasotron 1957 Spaceport Baikonur Cosmodrome launch complex by Vladimir Barmin 1957 Intercontinental ballistic missile The world's first successful intercontinental ballistic missile, R-7 Semyorka, was developed under supervision of Sergey Korolev between 1953 and 1957. 1957 Orbital space rocket The world's first successful intercontinental ballistic missile, as well as a first space rocket and expendable launch system, R-7 Semyorka, was developed under supervision of Sergey Korolev between 1953 and 1957. 1957 Artificial satellite Sputnik 1, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program. 1957 Space capsule Sputnik 2 1957 Raketa hydrofoil by Rostislav Alexeyev 1958 Modern ternary computer Setun, by Nikolay Brusentsov 1959 Nuclear icebreaker A nuclear-powered icebreaker is a purpose-built ship with nuclear propulsion for use in waters continuously covered with ice. Nuclear-powered icebreakers are far more powerful than their diesel powered counterparts, and have been constructed by Russia primarily to aid shipping in the frozen Arctic waterways in the north of Siberia, along the Northern Sea Route. NS Lenin was the world's first nuclear icebreaker, launched in 1957 at the Admiralty Shipyard and completed in 1959. 1959 Space probe Luna 1, also the first escape velocity spacecraft and the first Sun satellite. 1959 Missile boat Komar-class missile boat 1959 Kleemenko cycle 1959 Staged combustion cycle 1960s 1960s Rocket boots 1960 Reentry capsule Sputnik 5 1961 Human spaceflight Vostok 1 (, Orient