The Chinese rural left behind women have emerged along with the rural population who has migrated in the country called internal migration after Chinese Economic Reform in the early 1980s. Usually, the rural Chinese people that were "left behind" are women identified generally as the wives whose husbands migrated from rural areas for employment or to conduct business and having an absence of at least half a year. These left behind women were also called left behind wives with a mean age of 38.29 years old. 82 percent of this population was aged from 31 to 45 years old It was estimated that the number of women left behind in Chinese rural areas is 47 to 50 million. Individual issues Increasing workload Usually, after rural men migrate in the cities, women left behind in the countryside have become the major labor force in Chinese agriculture. As a consequence, the new labour division which is simply identified as the “rural men migrate to cities while their wives are left behind to take care of the agriculture and the household” has emerged in China et al.). Because women have been the only workforce in millions of farmer families as men's migration, besides agriculture work, these women also assumed a traditional workload, that was, doing housework, raising the children, providing care for the old people, and at the same time raising livestock and poultry to subsidize the family expenses. In addition, the divergent character of household land made it difficult to operate mechanized farming, which meant that the agricultural farming has to rely on elementary manual labor by women. Some survey in a south-western province showed that in the busy season, the women's mean work hours per day was 11 hours, among them, about 20% women had to work for more than 12 hours a day. Even in the free season, 58% of women had to work for more than 8 hours per day, 20% women more than 10 hours. Almost 80% of women reported there was no leisure time for them (). Physical and psychological problems Chinese rural women left behind are increasingly affected by various social, economic, and demographic changes that directly or indirectly influence their health negatively. Many surveys on Chinese women left behind reported that majority of this population has been suffering physical health problems, including reproductive tract infection, maternity disease, occupational diseases, as well as high-risk of STIs