(he̍k and jio̍k, respectively). For more explanation, see Literary and colloquial readings in Hokkien. Min Dong In the Fuzhou dialect of Min Dong, literary readings are mainly used in formal phrases and words derived from the written language, while the colloquial ones are used in more colloquial phrases. Phonologically, a large range of phonemes can differ between the character's two readings: in tone, final, initial, or any and all of these features. The following table uses Foochow Romanized as well as IPA for some of the major differences in readings. Gan The following are examples of variations between literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters in Gan Chinese. See also Onyomi Reconstructions of Old Chinese, for a more detailed study on historical Chinese pronunciation Sino-Japanese vocabulary Sino-Korean vocabulary Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary#Monosyllabic loanwords Sino-Xenic pronunciations References Further reading 王洪君 (Wang Hong-jun). (2009). 兼顾演变、推平和层次的汉语方言历史关系模型 [A Historical relation model of Chinese dialects with multiple perspectives of evolution, level and stratum]. 方言, 2009(3), 204–218. 李蓝. (2014). 文白异读的形成模式与北京话的文白异读. 中国社会科学, 9, 163–179. 耿振生. (2003). 北京话文白异读的形成. 语言学论丛, 27. 康韶真(Khng Siâu-Tsin). (2013). 少年人對台語文白選讀ê使用情形kap影響因素 [The Usage Situation and Influencing Factors for Young People's Choice of Colloquial or Literary Pronunciations in Taiwanese]. Journal of Taiwanese Vernacular, 5(2), 38–53. 張堅 (Zhang Jian). (2018). 潮州方言的「正音」與新文讀層次 [Zhengyin and the New Literary Pronunciation of Chaozhou Dialect]. 漢學研究, 36(3), 209–234. 陳忠敏 (Chen Zhongmin). (2018). 吳語、江淮官話的層次分類：以古從邪崇船禪諸聲母的讀音層次為依據 [Strata Subgrouping of Wu and Jianghuai Mandarin Dialects—Based on the Pronunciations of Some Initials in Middle Chinese]. 漢學研究, 36(3), 295–317. 楊秀芳 (Yang Hsiu-fang). (1982). 閩南語文白系統的研究(Doctoral dissertation). Department of Chinese Literature, National Taiwan University. 賴文英. (2014). 臺灣客語文白異讀探究. Hakka Affairs Council, Taiwan R.O.C. Chinese characters Varieties of Chinese