whole of Spain (previously absent from the northeast) between 1950 and 1980, and colonising locally along the southern coast of mainland France since 1983. Like its more common relative, it is an omnivore, taking a wide variety of invertebrates, berries, and human-provided scraps. It is gregarious, forming sizeable flocks, often mixed with common starlings, of up to 100,000 in winter. Like most starlings, it is a cavity-nesting species, breeding in tree holes, buildings and in cliff crevices. It typically lays three to five eggs. Gallery References External links Ageing and Sexing (PDF; 4.5 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze spotless starling spotless starling Birds of Southern Europe Birds of North Africa Fauna of the Iberian Peninsula spotless starling