and planned, or to that between arising from the characteristics of a system and from an individual flaw. In a less formal sense, systemic biases are sometimes said to arise from the nature of the interworkings of the system, whereas systematic biases stem from a concerted effort to favor certain outcomes. Consider the difference between affirmative action (systematic) compared to racism and caste (systemic). See also Bandwagon effect Disinformation Echo chamber (media) Ethnocentrism Flag-waving Framing (social sciences) Funding bias Gatekeeping (communication) Gender bias on Wikipedia Inherent bias Institutional racism Managing the news Media bias Media manipulation Observational error Paradigm shift Prejudice Propaganda Racial bias on Wikipedia Spin (public relations) Underrepresented groups References Further reading "Commerce Dept. Accused Of Systemic Bias". By John Files. 6 October 2005. New York Times. "Clinton Postpones Inmate's Execution. Systemic Bias To Be Studied". By Deb Riechmann, Associated Press. 8 December 2000. Miami Herald. Resources for Confronting Systemic Bias and Racism University of Wisconsin-Madison Bias Polling terms