Creek Oldman Creek Nosehill Creek Jackpine Creek Berland River Wildhay River Beaver Creek Marsh Head Creek Pine Creek Pass Creek Two Creek Windfall Creek Chickadee Creek Bessie Creek Stony Creek Sakwatamau River McLeod River Northern Alberta Freeman River Timeu Creek Pembina River Lesser Slave River Lawrence Lake Creek Baptiste Lake Creek Tawatinaw River La Biche River Calling River McMillan Lake Creek Parallel Creek Pelican River House River Horse River Clearwater River Steepbank River Muskeg River Mackay River Ells River Firebag River Richardson River History Sekani, Shuswap, Kootenay, Salish, Stoney, and Cree tribes hunted and fished along the river prior to European colonization in the 18th century. From about 1778, the Athabasca River, the Clearwater River, which enters the Athabasca River from the east at Fort McMurray, and the Methye Portage were part of a primary fur trade route from the Mackenzie River to the Great Lakes (see Canadian Canoe Routes (early)). David Thompson and Thomas the Iroquois traveled through Athabasca Pass in 1811. In 1862, the Athabasca Springs area was crossed during the Cariboo Gold Rush by the Overlander Party. The northern segment of the Athabasca River became part of a major shipping network in 1921 when the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway reached Waterways near Fort McMurray, making it the northernmost point on the North American railroad grid at that time. Cargo for destinations farther north was shipped to Waterways and transferred to barges, after which fleets of tugboats took them up the river to destinations in the Athabasca and Mackenzie River watersheds. Barge traffic declined after 1964 when Hay River, on the Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories, became the northern terminus of the rail grid. Environmental concerns Owing to its proximity to the Athabasca oil sands, the river has seen significant amounts of energy infrastructure constructed along its course. On June 6, 1970, a pipeline operated by Great Canadian Oil Sands, the precursor to Suncor and the earliest commercial extraction operation, ruptured near the banks of the river. The total spill volume was estimated by Great Canadian Oil Sands at approximately . In 2012, an independent study concluded that the Athabasca River contained elevated levels of pollution downstream of the Athabasca oil sands. Testing showed this portion of the river contained mercury, lead, and 11 other toxic elements. In 2021, another independent research was conducted on the streamflow and climate data sets for the Athabasca River