of haggling consumers goes up, prices tend to rise. Processual theory This theory isolates distinctive elements of the bargaining chronology in order to better understand the complexity of the negotiating process. Several key features of the processual theory include: Bargaining range Critical risk Security point Integrative theory Integrative bargaining (also called "interest-based bargaining," "win-win bargaining") is a negotiation strategy in which parties collaborate to find a "win-win" solution to their dispute. This strategy focuses on developing mutually beneficial agreements based on the interests of the disputants. Interests include the needs, desires, concerns, and fears important to each side. They are the underlying reasons why people become involved in a conflict. "Integrative refers to the potential for the parties' interests to be [combined] in ways that create joint value or enlarge the pie." Potential for integration only exists when there are multiple issues involved in the negotiation. This is because the parties must be able to make trade-offs across issues in order for both sides to be satisfied with the outcome. Automated bargaining When a bargaining situation is complex, finding Nash equilibrium is difficult using game theory. Evolutionary computation methods have been designed for automated bargaining, and demonstrated efficient and effective for approximating Nash equilibrium. See also Alternating offers protocol Discounts and allowances Group buy Retailing Intra-household bargaining Golden Balls - a TV game where bargaining takes place. Fixed price References An explanation of the narrative theory of bargaining Ribbonfarm.com Further reading Uchendu, Victor. "Some Principles of Haggling in Peasant Markets." in Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Oct. 1967), pp. 37–50. Definitions: Bargaining, and Bargaining Zone. Psychological perspective of when we bargain in desperation. Ethnographic analysis of tourists haggling for souvenirs: Gillespie, A. (2007). In the other, we trust Buying souvenirs in Ladakh, North India, Academia.edu. On bargaining theory: Abhinay Muthoo. "Bargaining Theory with Applications", Cambridge University Press, 1999. On automated bargaining: Tim Gosling, Nanlin Jin & Edward Tsang, Games, supply chains and automatic strategy discovery using evolutionary computation, in J-P. Rennard (Eds.), Handbook of research on nature-inspired computing for economics and management, Vol II, Chapter XXXVIII, Idea Group Reference, 2007, 572-588 Bargaining theory Cooperative games Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)