all cynodonts closer to mammals than to Cynognathia. The exact placement of probainognathids relative to other basal probainognathians varies between analyses. Some analyses find probainognathids to be very close relatives of Prozostrodontia, a group of advanced probainognathians that includes mammals and their close relatives. Some analyses alternatively find Ecteniniidae, a group of large predatory cynodonts, to be closer to prozostrodontians than the probainognathids. Cladogram from Martinelli et al (2016) Cladogram from Stefanello et al. (2023) References Prehistoric probainognathians Prehistoric therapsid families Ladinian first appearances Carnian extinctions Taxa named by Alfred Romer