to the electorate did the former Principality of Calenberg become the nucleus of what later became the German state of Lower Saxony. Industrialization had already begun during the liberal French period. The industrialist, Johann Egestorff (1772–1834), used the economic opportunities of the years from 1803 to 1813 and was able to purchase limestone quarries on the hill of the Lindener Berg, west of Hanover. To burn the lime he had coal mined in the Deister hills. His son, Georg Egestorff, started an iron foundry and engineering company. The Calenberg village of Linden then developed into an industrial town. The population of Calenberg in 1846 was 186,000. Princes of Calenberg References Sources Güßfeld, Ludwig; Erben, Homann (1786/2002). Die Fürstenthümer Grubenhagen, Calenberg, Wolfenbüttel und Blankenburg 1786. Verlag Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza, Reprint 1786/2002, (Historic map) Historisches Museum Hannover (1979). Calenberg – Von der Burg zum Fürstentum. Hanover Hauptmeyer, Carl-Hans (1983) Calenberg – Geschichte und Gesellschaft einer Landschaft. Hanover Havemann, Wilhelm (1974/75). Geschichte der Lande Braunschweig und Lüneburg. 3 volumes. Reprint. Hirschheydt, Hanover 1974/75, (Original edition: Verlag der Dietrich'schen Buchhandlung, Göttingen 1853-1857) Kalthof, Edgar (1982). Geschichte des südniedersächsischen Fürstentums Göttingen und des Landes Calenberg im Fürstentum Calenberg 1285–1584, Verlag Otto Zander, Herzberg (Harz)-Pöhlde, Patze, Hans (Begr.) (1977). Geschichte Niedersachsen. 7 volumes. Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hanover (Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen, 36) (Overview by the publishers) Pischke, Gudrun (1987). Die Landesteilungen der Welfen im Mittelalter. Lax, Hildesheim, Calenberg Calenberg 1490s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 1494 establishments in Europe 1705 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire Early Modern history of Germany Former monarchies of Europe Former principalities