INWG standard. Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf acknowledged Davies and Scantlebury in their 1974 paper "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication". Scrapbook Scrapbook was an information storage and retrieval system that went live in mid-1971. It included what would now be called word processing, e-mail and hypertext. In this it anticipated many elements of the World Wide Web. The project was managed by David Yates who said of it "We had a community of bright people that were interested in new things, they were good fodder for a system like Scrapbook" and "When we had more than one Scrapbook system, hyperlinks could go across the network without the user knowing what was happening". It was decided that any commercial development of Scrapbook should be left to industry and it was licensed to Triad and then to BT who marketed it as Milepost and developed a transaction processor as an additional feature. Various implementations were marketed on DEC, IBM and ITL machines. All NPL implementations of Scrapbook were closed down in 1984. Network security In the early 1990s, the NPL developed three formal specifications of the MAA: one in Z, one in LOTOS, and one in VDM. The VDM specification became part of the 1992 revision of the International Standard 8731–2, and three implementations in C, Miranda, and Modula-2. Electromagnetics A 2020 study by researchers from Queen Mary University of London and NPL successfully used microwaves to measure blood-based molecules known to be influenced by dehydration. Metrology The National Physical Laboratory is involved with new developments in metrology, such as researching metrology for, and standardising, nanotechnology. It is mainly based at the Teddington site, but also has a site in Huddersfield for dimensional metrology and an underwater acoustics facility at Wraysbury Reservoir near Heathrow Airport. Directors of NPL Directors of NPL include a number of notable individuals: Sir Richard Tetley Glazebrook, 1900–1919 Sir Joseph Ernest Petavel, 1919–1936 Sir Frank Edward Smith, 1936–1937 (acting) Sir William Lawrence Bragg, 1937–1938 Sir Charles Galton Darwin, 1938–1949 Sir Edward Victor Appleton, 1941 (acting) Sir Edward Crisp Bullard, 1948–1955 Dr Reginald Leslie Smith-Rose, 1955–1956 (acting) Sir Gordon Brims Black McIvor Sutherland, 1956–1964 Dr John Vernon Dunworth, 1964–1977 Dr Paul Dean, 1977–1990 Dr Peter Clapham, 1990–1995 Managing Directors Dr John Rae, 1995–2000 Dr Bob McGuiness, 2000–2005 Steve McQuillan, 2005–2008 Dr Martyn Sené, 2008–2009, 2015 (acting) Dr Brian Bowsher, 2009–2015 Chief Executive Officers Dr Peter Thompson, 2015–present NPL