coral reefs. Landforms do not include several man-made features, such as canals, ports and many harbors; and geographic features, such as deserts, forests, and grasslands. Many of the terms are not restricted to refer to features of the planet Earth, and can be used to describe surface features of other planets and similar objects in the Universe. Examples are mountains, hills, polar caps, and valleys, which are found on all of the terrestrial planets. The scientific study of landforms is known as geomorphology. In onomastic terminology, toponyms (geographical proper names) of individual landform objects (mountains, hills, valleys, etc.) are called oronyms. Recent developments Landforms may be extracted from a digital elevation model (DEM) using some automated techniques where the data has been gathered by modern satellites and stereoscopic aerial surveillance cameras. Until recently, compiling the data found in such data sets required time consuming and expensive techniques involving many man-hours. The most detailed DEMs available are measured directly using LIDAR techniques. See also Geomorphology List of landforms Open-geomorphometry project Terrain Geomorphologist Beach erosion and accretion Beach evolution Beach nourishment Modern recession of beaches Raised beach Strand plain Coastal management, to prevent coastal erosion and creation of beach Coastal and oceanic landforms Coastal development hazards Coastal erosion Coastal geography Coastal engineering Coastal morphodynamics Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation (CERF) Erosion Bioerosion Blowhole Natural arch Wave-cut platform Longshore drift Deposition (sediment) Coastal sediment supply Sand dune stabilization Submersion References Sources Further reading Hargitai Hetal. (2015) Classification and Characterization of Planetary Landforms. In: Hargitai H (ed) Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms. Springer. DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3 https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-4614-3134-3%2F1.pdf Page D (2015) The Geology of Planetary Landforms. In: Hargitai H (ed) Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms. Springer. External links Open-Geomorphometry Project [[Category:Landforms|] Landscape