from the Calenburg principality from which sprang the de facto Kingdom of Hanover. Hanover being the Junior branch, and Wolfenbüttel the Elder. The very temporary Kingdom of Hanover and immediately disputed new Duchy was deemed illegally formed as not allowed to be done by the Junior branch (Hanover's Regency) while the Chief prince Charles II was awaiting to come of age in 1821. When he came of age there was immediate confrontation and open protests on an annual and consistent basis. The new constitution of Brunswick was declared illegal, as well as all new laws passed by Hanover during their Regency. These acts were officially declared as an English invasion and usurpation in the edict of Charles II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel on May 10, 1827. In the 10th year of his reign he was driven from the Duchy, and had since condemned these treasonous acts of his brother and Hanover as capital offenses, and sentenced them as such. France, the UK and the USA co-signed treaties that would have ousted Hanover and placed them in the hands of Charles II, had they followed through. In 1866 Prussia annexed the territories and refused to recognize the Kingdom of Hanover or any of those new titles. Prince Charles II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel also protested these violent annexations from his places of exile in Paris, as well as Geneva Switzerland, and from the UK. His protests included repudiations of the new entities and titles created by the Council of Vienna, most of which were published in the Gazette on an annual basis. Prussia recognized Duke Charles II as the rightful Duke, although in exile. Most countries agreed as well, that he remained the de jure (and 10 years de facto) Duke and recognized all his execution of office as de facto. These recognitions were consistent with what transpired from his signed and sealed will dated the 12th of April 1873. The whole world unanimously honored his will which stated Hanover and his brother were (after having been condemned to death) not his natural family. The text included all the domains, estates, etc of Brunswick were transferred to Geveva. Otto von Bismark honored the treaty in sending financial assets of the domains of Brunswick to Geneva. Principality of Calenberg (later Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg) In 1432 the estates gained by the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel between the Deister and Leine split away as the Principality of Calenberg. To