their workers' compensation liabilities are allowed to engage in self-insurance, a term meaning forgoing the purchase of insurance. By 1949, every state had enacted a workers' compensation program. In most states, workers' compensation claims are handled by administrative law judges, who often act as triers of fact. Workers' compensation statutes which emerged in the early 1900s were struck down as unconstitutional until 1911 when Wisconsin passed a law that was not struck down; by 1920, 42 states had passed workers' compensation laws. See also Advocates for Injured Workers (AIW) Albro v. Agawam Canal Co. Compensation of employees Experience modifier Federal Employers Liability Act (US) History of the United States (1865–1918): Labor and management Independent medical examination Labor power Labour law List of United States federal legislation List of US workers' compensation insurers Living wage National Council on Compensation Insurance Scaffold Law (New York) Subpoena duces tecum Transferable Skills Analysis Uninsured Employer Workers' compensation employer defense Worker's compensation Germany Workingmen's Compensation Act (Kern–McGillicuddy Act) (US) References External links United States Department of Labor Center for Workers' Compensation Studies at the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health This contains a detailed survey of the basis and international applications of the concept as of the early 20th century. Actuarial science Labour law United States labor law Social programs Trade unions Types of insurance de:Unfallversicherung