there must be at least four months whose mean temperatures are at or above . Climatology Continental climates exist where cold air masses infiltrate during the winter from shorter days and warm air masses form in summer under conditions of high sun and longer days. Places with continental climates are as a rule are either far from any moderating effect of oceans or are so situated that prevailing winds tend to head offshore. Such regions get quite warm in the summer, achieving temperatures characteristic of tropical climates but are colder than any other climates of similar latitude in the winter. Neighboring climates In the Köppen climate system, these climates grade off toward temperate climates equator-ward where winters are less severe and semi-arid climates or arid climates where precipitation becomes inadequate for tall-grass prairies and shrublands. In Europe these climates may grade off into oceanic climates (Cfb) or subpolar oceanic climates (Cfc) in which the influence of cool oceanic air masses is more marked toward the west. In eastern Asia and the eastern and central United States these climates grade off toward humid subtropical climates (Cfa/Cwa) or subtropical highland climates (Cwb) to the south. The subarctic climate (Dfc/Dwc/Dsc), with very cold, long and dry winters, but with at least one month above , might be considered a sub-type of the continental climate. List of locations with a continental climate The climate is continental if the 0°C coldest-month isotherm is used, but it is temperate if the -3°C isotherm is used. Eurasia Asia Armenia: Yerevan Azerbaijan: Qabala China: Beijing, Changchun, Dalian, Harbin, Jinan (bordering Cwa), Lhasa (bordering BSk/Cwb), Qingdao (bordering Cwa), Shenyang, Shigatse, Ulanhot, Ürümqi (bordering BSk) Georgia: Akhaltsikhe Iran: Ardabil (bordering BSk), Hamadan (Dsa bordering BSk), Tabriz (Dsa bordering BSk), Urmia (bordering BSk) Japan: Aomori, Asahikawa, Hakodate, Kushiro, Nagano, Nichinan (bordering Cfa), Sapporo Kazakhstan: Almaty, Astana, Shymkent (Dsa) Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek (Dsa) Mongolia: Baruunturuun (bordering Dwc) North Korea: Haeju, Pyongyang South Korea: Chuncheon, Daejeon, Incheon, Seoul South Ossetia: Tskhinvali (disputed with Georgia) Turkey: Ardahan, Erzurum, Hakkâri (Dsa), Muş (Dsa) Europe Austria: Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Salzburg Belarus: Brest, Gomel, Minsk, Pinsk Bosnia and Herzegovina: Goražde, Istočno Sarajevo, Livno Bulgaria: Pazardzhik (bordering Cfa), Pernik, Pleven, Sofia (bordering Cfb), Veliko Tarnovo Croatia: Gospić Czech Republic: Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň Estonia: Hiiumaa, Pärnu, Saaremaa, Tallinn Finland: Åland, Helsinki, Kouvola, Lappeenranta, Pori, Turku France: Chamonix Germany: Augsburg (bordering Cfb), Erfurt, Kempten, Magdeburg (bordering Cfb), Potsdam (bordering Cfb), Wittenberg Greece: