corresponds to Delphineae, D to Cimicifugae and E to Ranunculoideae. Consequently, Wang and colleagues (2009) proposed a new classification with five subfamilies, and further subdividing Ranunculoideae into ten tribes. The relationship between the subfamilies is shown in the cladogram; In addition to the two monotypic subgenera, Coptoideae has 17 species and Thalictroideae has 450, including Thalictrum and Aquilegia. The other genera (2025 species, 81% of the family) belong to Ranunculoideae. Kingdonia had been included by Tamura in Anemoneae, but is now added to Circaeasteraceae. Subfamilies of Ranunculaceae (5) and tribes of Ranunculoideae Glaucidioideae (Tamura) Loconte (1) Hydrastidoideae Engler (1) Coptidoideae Tamura (2) Thalictroideae Raf. (10) Ranunculoideae Arn. (46) Adonideae Kunth Delphinieae Schröd. Nigelleae Schröd. Helleboreae DC. Cimicifugeae Torr. and A.Gray Caltheae Bercht. and J.Presl Asteropyreae W.T.Wang and C. Y.Chang Callianthemeae W.Wang and Z. D.Chen Anemoneae DC. Ranunculeae DC. Genera Ranunculaceae contains approximately 43 genera. Subfamily Glaucidioideae Glaucidium Siebold & Zuccarini Subfamily Hydrastidoideae Hydrastis L. Subfamily Coptidoideae Coptis Salisb. Xanthorhiza Marshall Subfamily Thalictroideae Aquilegia L. Dichocarpum W.T.Wang & P.K.Hsiao Enemion Rafinesque Isopyrum L. Leptopyrum Reichenbach Paraquilegia J.R.Drumm. & Hutch. Paropyrum Ulbr. Semiaquilegia Makino Thalictrum L. Urophysa Ulbr. Subfamily Ranunculoideae Tribe Adonideae Adonis L. Megaleranthis Ohwi Trollius L. Tribe Delphinieae Aconitum L. Consolida Gray Delphinium L. Tribe Nigelleae Nigella L. Tribe Helleboreae Helleborus L. Tribe Cimicifugeae Actaea L. Anemonopsis Siebold & Zuccarini Beesia Balf.f. & W.W.Sm. Cimicifuga Wernisch. Eranthis Salisb. Souliea Franch. Tribe Caltheae Caltha L. Tribe Asteropyreae Asteropyrum J.R.Drumm. & Hutch. Tribe Callianthemeae Callianthemum C.A.Mey. Tribe Anemoneae Anemoclema (Franch.) W.T.Wang Anemone L. Clematis L. Hepatica Mill. Naravelia Adans. Pulsatilla Mill. Tribe Ranunculeae Barneoudia Gay Calathodes Hook.f. & Thomson Callianthemoides Tamura Ceratocephala Moench Ficaria Guett. Halerpestes Greene Hamadryas Comm. ex Juss. Knowltonia Salisb. Krapfia DC. Laccopetalum Ulbr. Metanemone W.T.Wang Miyakea Miyabe & Tatew. Myosurus L. Oreithales Schltdl. Oxygraphis Bunge Paroxygraphis W.W.Sm. Ranunculus L. Trautvetteria Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Previous genera Anemonella Spach → Thalictrum Psychrophila (DC.) Bercht. & J.Presl → Caltha Fossil record Fossils of fruits, pollen, seeds, and leaves are known from several dozen locations. The fossil record begins in the early Cretaceous and continues throughout the Tertiary. In most cases, the fossils are assigned to extant genera, or show a close relationship to a particular extant genus. Uses Some Ranunculaceae are used as herbal medicines because of their alkaloids and glycosides, such as Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal), whose root is used as a tonic. More than 30 species are used in homeopathy,