of the word, as in "România", while î is used at the beginning and at the ends: "înțelegere" (understanding), "a urî" (to hate). A compound word starting with the letter î will retain it, even if it goes in the middle of the word: compare "înțelegere" (understanding) with "neînțelegere" (misunderstanding). However, if a suffix is added, the î changes into â, as in the example: "a urî" (to hate), "urât" (hated). Russian Â is used in the ISO 9:1995 system of Russian transliteration as the letter Я. Serbo-Croatian In all standard varieties of Serbo-Croatian, "â" is not a letter but simply an "a" with the circumflex that denotes vowel length. It is used only occasionally and then disambiguates homographs, which differ only by syllable length. That is most common in the plural genitive case and so it is also called "genitive sign": "Ja sam sâm" (). Turkish Â is used to indicate the consonant before "a" is palatalized, as in "kâr" (profit). It is also used to indicate in words for which the long vowel changes the meaning, as in "adet" (pieces) and "âdet" (tradition) / "hala" (aunt) and "hâlâ" (still). Ukrainian Â is used in the ISO 9:1995 system of Ukrainian transliteration to represent the letter Я. Vietnamese Â is the 3rd letter of the Vietnamese alphabet and represents . â is a higher vowel than plain a . In Vietnamese phonology, diacritics can be added to form five forms to represent five tones of â: Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ Ấ ấ Ậ ậ Welsh In Welsh, â is used to represent long stressed a when, without the circumflex, the vowel would be pronounced as short , e.g., âr "arable", as opposed to ar "on"; or gwâr "civilised, humane", rather than gwar "nape of the neck". It is often found in final syllables where two adjacent a letters combine to produce a long stressed vowel. This commonly happens when a verb stem ending in stressed a combines with the nominalising suffix -ad, as in + -ad giving "permission", and also when a singular noun ending in a receives the plural suffix -au, as in drama + -au becoming dramâu "dramas, plays". It is also useful in writing borrowed words with final stress, e.g. "brigade". A circumflex is also used in the word â, which is both a preposition, meaning "with, by means of, as", and the third