grooming policy that disadvantages people with Afro-textured hair. Major causes The study of systemic bias as part of the field titled organizational behavior in industrial organization economics is studied in several principle modalities in both non-profit and for-profit institutions. The issue of concern is that patterns of behavior may develop within large institutions which become harmful to the productivity and viability of the larger institutions from which they develop, as well as the community they occupy. The three major categories of study for maladaptive organizational behavior and systemic bias are counterproductive work behavior, human resource mistreatment, and the amelioration of stress-inducing behavior. Racism Racism is prejudice, discrimination or hostility towards other people because they are of a different racial or ethnic origin. Medical students conducted studies to investigate systemic biases associated with race. The result of the study showed that due to systemic bias, certain groups of people are marginalized due to race and differences, their professional careers are threatened, and more homework/responsibility is given to those in the minority group. Counterproductive work behavior Counterproductive work behavior, or CWB, consists of behavior by employees that harms or intends to harm organizations and people in organizations. Mistreatment of human resources There are several types of mistreatment that employees endure in organizations. Abusive supervision Abusive supervision is the extent to which a supervisor engages in a pattern of behavior that harms subordinates. Bullying Although definitions of bullying vary, it involves a repeated pattern of harmful behaviors directed towards an individual. Incivility Incivility consists of low-intensity discourteous and rude behavior with ambiguous intent to harm that violates norms for appropriate behavior in the workplace. Sexual harassment Sexual harassment is behavior that denigrates or mistreats an individual due to his or her gender, creates an offensive workplace, and interferes with an individual being able to do their job. Stress Occupational stress concerns the imbalance between the demands (aspects of the job that require mental or physical effort) and resources that help cope with these demands. Examples Financial Week reported 5 May 2008 (emphasis added): Versus systematic bias In engineering and computational mechanics, the word bias is sometimes used as a synonym of systematic error. In this case, the bias is referred to the result of a measurement or computation, rather than to the measurement instrument or computational method. Some authors try to draw a distinction between systemic and systematic corresponding to that between unplanned