found their place in heart failure therapeutics, including vasodilators like hydralazine; renin-angiotensin system inhibitors; and beta-blockers. Economics In 2011, nonhypertensive heart failure was one of the 10 most expensive conditions seen during inpatient hospitalizations in the U.S., with aggregate inpatient hospital costs more than $10.5 billion. Heart failure is associated with a high health expenditure, mostly because of the cost of hospitalizations; costs have been estimated to amount to 2% of the total budget of the National Health Service in the United Kingdom, and more than $35 billion in the United States. Research directions Some research indicates that stem cell therapy may help. Although this research indicated benefits of stem cell therapy, other research does not indicate benefit. There is tentative evidence of longer life expectancy and improved left ventricular ejection fraction in persons treated with bone marrow-derived stem cells. Notes References External links Heart failure, American Heart Association – information and resources for treating and living with heart failure Heart Failure Matters – patient information website of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Heart failure in children by Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure - Guideline Hub at American College of Cardiology, jointly with the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America. JACC article link, quick references, slides, perspectives, education, apps and tools, and patient resources. April, 2022 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure - European Society of Cardiology resource webpage with links to Full text and related materials, scientific presentation at ESC Congress 2021, news article, TV interview, app, slide set, and ESC Pocket Guidelines; plus previous versions. August, 2021. Aging-associated diseases Heart diseases Organ failure Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate Disorders causing edema