eight), and are mostly isomerous with the perianth. The superior gynoecium has two to five carpels (members of a compound pistil) and is syncarpous; i.e. with these carpels united in a compound ovary. This ovary has one chamber inside the ovary. The fruit may be a utricle with a single seed or a capsule containing several seeds. Systematics Currently, Amaranthaceae and Caryophyllaceae are sister groups and considered closely related. Formerly, Caryophyllaceae were considered the sister family to all of the remaining members of the suborder Caryophyllineae because they have anthocyanins, and not betalain pigments. However, cladistic analyses indicate Caryophyllaceae evolved from ancestors that contained betalain, reinforcing betalain as an accurate synapomorphy of the suborder. This family is traditionally divided in three subfamilies: Alsinoideae: no stipules, petals not united Silenoideae: no stipules, petals united Paronychioideae: fleshy stipules, petals separate or united The last, however, are a basal grade of rather primitive members of this family, not closely related, but simply retaining many plesiomorphic traits. Instead of a subfamily, most ought to be treated as genera incertae sedis, but Corrigiola and Telephium might warrant recognition as Corrigioleae. The Alsinoideae, on the other hand, seem to form two distinct clades, perhaps less some misplaced genera. Finally, the Silenoideae appear monophyletic at least for the most part, if some of the taxa misplaced in Alsinoideae are moved there; it may be that the name Caryophylloideae would apply for the revised delimitation. However, hybridization between many members of this family is rampant—particularly in the Silenoideae/Caryophylloideae—and some of the lineages of descent have been found to be highly complicated and do not readily yield to cladistic analysis. Genera Acanthophyllum Achyronychia – onyxflower, frost-mat Agrostemma – corncockles Allochrusa Alsinidendron Ankyropetalum Arenaria – sandworts Balkana Bolanthus Bolbosaponaria Brachystemma Bufonia Cardionema Cerastium – mouse-ear chickweeds Cerdia Colobanthus – pearlworts Cometes Corrigiola – strapworts Cucubalus Cyathophylla Dianthus – carnations and pinks Diaphanoptera Dicheranthus Drymaria Drypis Eremogone Eudianthe Facchinia Geocarpon Graecobolanthus Gymnocarpos Gypsophila – gypsophilas, baby's-breath Habrosia Haya Heliosperma Herniaria – ruptureworts Holosteum – jagged chickweeds Honckenya Illecebrum Kabulia Krauseola Kuhitangia Lepyrodiclis Lochia Loeflingia Lychnis – campions, catchflies Melandrium Mesostemma Microphyes Minuartia – sandworts, stitchworts Moehringia – sandworts Moenchia – upright chickweeds Myosoton Ochotonophila Ortegia Paronychia – chickweeds Pentastemonodiscus Petroana Petrocoptis Petrorhagia (previously known as Tunica) Philippiella Phrynella Pinosia Pirinia Pleioneura Plettkia Pollichia Polycarpaea Polycarpon Polytepalum Psammophiliella Pseudostellaria Pteranthus Pycnophyllopsis Pycnophyllum Reicheella Sabulina Sagina – pearlworts Sanctambrosia Saponaria – soapworts Schiedea