The South African music scene includes both popular (jive) and folk forms like Zulu isicathamiya singing and harmonic mbaqanga. Other popular genres are Marabi, Kwaito, house music, Isicathamiya, Gqom, rock music, hip hop and Amapiano. Among the most prominent South African singers are Miriam Makeba, Brenda Fassie, Hugh Masekela, Yvonne Chaka Chaka and Lucky Dube. Pre-20th-century history Early records of music in southern Africa indicate a fusion of cultural traditions: African, European and Asian. Modern country's early musician Enoch Sontonga wrote the Southern African national anthem Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika in 1897. By the end of the nineteenth century, South African cities such as Cape Town were large enough to attract foreign musicians, especially American ragtime players. In the 1890s Orpheus McAdoo's Jubilee Singers popularised African-American spirituals. Marabi The discovery of gold, diamonds and other minerals in South Africa during the late 1800s and early 1990s lead to a rapid urbanization where natives would leave their villages and move to the city/town so that they could work in the mines to earn a living. However due to the Natives Land Act, 1913, black people were not allowed to own property even in the city, leading to slums (at that time, townships did not exist yet as they were created during Apartheid which began in 1948) where they could live. In these slums, shebeens were established even though they were illegal. These shebeens would provide a nightlife for people living in these slums including mineworkers. At that time, jazz was the most popular style of music in the urban areas of South Africa, especially in these shebeens. So, jazz got fused with African traditional music creating a new style of music called "Marabi". By the end of the 1920s, Marabi music had become wildly popular in the shebeens, but it had also gained a sordid reputation. Drug dealers, criminals, and prostitution are frequently associated with marabi music and marabi, already looked down upon by White South Africans, was now shunned by the educated Black classes of South Africans as well. Despite this, it continued to thrive in the townships around Johannesburg and other major cities. It created many stars such as Miriam Makeba, Dolly Rathebe, Hugh Masekela and Abdullah Ibrahim that became very influential in the South African music scene. Gospel Christianity in South Africa was first introduced during the 1600s when Christian missionaries began arriving from the Netherlands. Missionaries from the