proportion of "upper middle" income ($20–$50 a day) went from 1.4% to 2.3%. According to a 2014 study by the German Development Institute, the middle class of Sub-Saharan Africa rose from 14 million to 31 million people between 1990 and 2010. Latin America Over the years estimates on the size of the Latin American middle class have varied. A 1960 study stated that the middle strata in Latin America as a whole, exclusive of Indians, constituted just under 20% of the national society. A 1964 study estimated that 45 million Latin Americans belonged to the urban middle class while 15 million to the urban well-to-do and 8 million to the rural middle class and well-to-do. In Brazil, acccording to one estimate, in 1970 the lower middle class comprised 12% of the population while the upper middle class comprised 3.% In the mid 1970s it was estimated by one authority that the Brazilian middle class comprised between 15 to 25% of the population. According to one study, the Argentinian middle class by 1970 comprised 38% of the economically active population, compared with 19% in Brazil and 24% in Mexico. According to a study by the World Bank, the number of Latin Americans who are middle class rose from 103 million to 152 million between 2003 and 2009. See also Lower middle class Upper middle class African-American middle class British class system Lower class Occupational prestige Social environment Disenchantment Rational-legal authority Normalization (sociology) Iron cage Habitus (sociology) Cultural determinism One-third hypothesis Middle-class squeeze Dominant culture Cultural hegemony Classlessness The Lonely Crowd Status paradox of migration Illustrado Xiaozi Middle Class Millionaire Essex man Worcester woman References Further reading Balzer, Harley D., ed. Russia's Missing Middle Class: The Professions in Russian History (ME Sharpe, 1996). Blackbourn, David, and Richard J. Evans, eds. The German Bourgeoisie: Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century (1991). Cashell, Brian W. Who Are the "Middle Class"?, CRS Report for the Congress, 20 March 2007 Dejung, Christof, David Motadel, and Jürgen Osterhammel, eds. The Global Bourgeoisie: The Rise of the Middle Classes in the Age of Empire (2019) scholarly essays covering major countries and region s in 19th century excerpt also chapters online Jones, Larry Eugene. "'The Dying Middle': Weimar Germany and the Fragmentation of Bourgeois Politics." Central European History 5.1 (1972): 23–54. Kocka, Jürgen. "The Middle Classes