and methods for analyzing large networks (range dependent random graphs) occurring within the biosciences, such as in genome, proteome and metabolome interactions. He is interested in applications of mathematics to phenomena in the Digital Economy, and within neurodynamics. He is working on methods for analysing very large and evolving graphs/networks, including forecasting, inference and intervention problems. These have applications to large communication (telco, email social) networks – especially in monitoring marketing and intervention applications (including CT, cyber, and radicalisation modelling). In 1998 he was co-founder and Technical Director of a start–up company, Numbercraft Limited, supplying services and software to retailers and consumer goods manufacturers. The need to extract structure and information, rapidly, and exhaustively, from large commercial data sets drove this. He worked with all of the major grocery retailers in the UK and their largest suppliers. Numbercraft, designed as a five-year project, was acquired by Lawson Software (St Paul, US) in 2003. Around 2010, he was a co-founder of Cignifi Inc, based in Boston MA, developing behaviour based credit scoring methods for mobile Network Operators' (MNO's) customers, depending on their individual call data records over a just a few weeks. Cignifi operates within a number of counties, in partnerships with MNOs wishing to extend mobile bang to include loans, insurance es and other financial products. Grindrod is also active in advising digital marketing companies, on their use of social network analytics. In 2018 he became an advisor to OOway, a new Chinese player building online platforms to evaluate credit risk for a massive number of Chinese SMEs, all seeking to take loans so as to enable trading via the "One Belt One Road" initiative. He advises on technologies and methods that can use transactional (behavioural) data rather than traditional credit scoring methods (as many companies are thin file/no file). He is also a champion of agent based simulation as a means of modelling and forecasting global marine trade and transport at a fundamental level. Maritime players are in increasingly dependent on such data science and he chairs a start-up, GTT Analytics Ltd, within this sector. He founded an Oxford start-up, Hare Analytics Limited, in 2020 to provide analytics to the sports and sports betting sectors. Amongst other things Hare aims to reduce problem gambling and identify accounts that may develop problems before they actually do so. Grindrod is a professor of mathematics at the Mathematical Institute at the University