Huamantla, but by the 19th century, it had become part of the Huamantla district. In the late Mexican War of Independence, insurgents under Nicolás Bravo were in the area, and the municipality was established in 1822. During the Reform War, Tzompantepec was allied with the Liberals. The railroad connecting Mexico City with Veracruz reached the municipality in 1873. A station was built in Tzompantepec, which allowed the area to export its grain production to both Mexico City and the Gulf coast. This mostly benefitted large haciendas such as Xaltelulco and Jonecuila. This put pressure on lands still in indigenous hands and for this reason many in the municipality supported the Mexican Revolution. However, only small, guerrilla-style clashes occurred here during the conflict. Geography and environment The municipality is located in the Central Mexican Plateau with an average altitude of 2,460 meters above sea level. Almost all of the territory is on the slopes of the La Malinche volcano. About twenty percent of the territory is rugged mountain, mostly in the south and west. Seventy percent is semi flat, mostly in the center and ten percent is flat, concentrated in the northwest. The climate is temperate and semi moist. Average annual rainfall is 817.6mm, with most rain falling between April and September. The warmest months are April and May. Prevailing winds are from the northeast and average annual temperatures vary from a low of 4.7C to a high of 22.6C. The Apizaco River runs through a small portion for about four km. The smaller Amomolc extends through 4.5 meters, along with a number of seasonal streams. Other water sources include wells. Most of the territory has been modified by humans. 4,812 hectares is dedicated to agricultural production, 85% of which is dedicated to crops and the rest to pasture. At the higher elevations there are various types of oak (Quercus laeta, Q. obtusata, Q. crassipes) as well as pines (Pinus leiophylla and Pino pseudostrobus). In the area of the Apizaco River there are trees such as Alnus acuminate, Taxodium mucrunatum, Salix bonplandiana and Fraxinus uhdei. The rest of the territory is farmland or urban areas with secondary vegetation. Because of urban sprawl, wildlife is limited to smaller species such as rabbits, hares, moles, opossums, reptiles and birds. Reforestation efforts have includes the planting of over 4,000 trees mostly by school and ecological organizations. References Municipalities of Tlaxcala