of Sufism on the Surau culture. Early 19th century was the Surau system of Hāddschis that in Mecca with the teachings of the Wahhabi had come into contact, radically questioned. They and their followers, the so-called Padris, denounced the Surau as centers of dissemination un-Islamic teachings and practices and burning some of them during the so-called Padri Wars (1821–38) down. Other steps that heralded the demise of Surau culture, were in 1870 to introduce a new type of school, the so-called Sekolah Nagari, by the Dutch, and in 1900 the intellectual attacks of reformist Muslims who denounced the Surau as hoards of backwardness and own secular schools established. Today, there are tentative attempts to revive the Surau culture at the Minangkabau. Outside Indonesia Malaysia and Singapore On the Malay Peninsula, the functional difference between mosque and Surau is not always so clear. In rural areas the Surau was for centuries the center of Islamic worship and thus tantamount to a mosque. In today's urban area in Malaysia and Singapore there are also Surau. Sharifa Zaleha who has dealt with Surau in Malaysia, concludes that the difference between the two institutions is that the mosques are built by the state, while the Surau depend on public initiatives. As with Minangkaba the success of the Surau depends very much on the religious scholars involved. During the heyday of the Dakwah movement in the 1970s and 1980s the Surau in Malaysia were also centers of student life, with students spending several nights a month in Surau to perform i'tikaf. See also List of mosques in Indonesia Mosque Musallah, the equivalent structure in other Muslim countries. References Further reading Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation by Azyumardi Azra Mizan Pustaka 2006 Islamic buildings Sumatra Architecture in Indonesia Peninsular Malaysia Architecture in Malaysia Buildings and structures in Sumatra Islam in Indonesia Islam in Malaysia Islam in West Sumatra Islamic architecture Islamic terminology Islamic education