I Kardashev civilization 11.5×1015: Google TPU pod containing 64 second-generation TPUs, May 2017 17.17×1015: IBM Sequoia's LINPACK performance, June 2013 20×1015: Roughly the hardware-equivalent of the human brain according to Kurzweil. Published in his 1999 book: The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence 33.86×1015: Tianhe-2's LINPACK performance, June 2013 36.8×1015: Estimated computational power required to simulate a human brain in real time. 93.01×1015: Sunway TaihuLight's LINPACK performance, June 2016 143.5×1015: Summit's LINPACK performance, November 2018 Exascale computing (1018) 1×1018: The U.S. Department of Energy and NSA estimated in 2008 that they would need exascale computing around 2018 1×1018: Fugaku 2020 supercomputer in single precision mode 1.1x1018: Frontier 2022 supercomputer 1.88×1018: U.S. Summit achieves a peak throughput of this many operations per second, whilst analysing genomic data using a mixture of numerical precisions. 2.43×1018 Folding@home distributed computing system during COVID-19 pandemic response Zettascale computing (1021) 1×1021: Accurate global weather estimation on the scale of approximately 2 weeks. Assuming Moore's law remains applicable, such systems may be feasible around 2035. A zettascale computer system could generate more single floating point data in one second than was stored by any digital means on Earth in the first quarter of 2011. Beyond zettascale computing (>1021) 1.12×1036: Estimated computational power of a Matrioshka brain, assuming 1.87×1026 watt power produced by solar panels and 6 GFLOPS/watt efficiency. 4×1048: Estimated computational power of a Matrioshka brain whose power source is the Sun, the outermost layer operates at 10 kelvins, and the constituent parts operate at or near the Landauer limit and draws power at the efficiency of a Carnot engine 5×1058: Estimated power of a galaxy equivalent in luminosity to the Milky Way converted into Matrioshka brains. See also Futures studies – study of possible, probable, and preferable futures, including making projections of future technological advances History of computing hardware (1960s–present) List of emerging technologies – new fields of technology, typically on the cutting edge. Examples include genetics, robotics, and nanotechnology (GNR). Artificial intelligence – computer mental abilities, especially those that previously belonged only to humans, such as speech recognition, natural language generation, etc. History of artificial intelligence (AI) Strong AI – hypothetical AI as smart as a human. Quantum computing Timeline of quantum computing and communication Moore's law – observation (not actually a law) that, over the history of computing hardware, the number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every two years.