The COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) is an empirical model of the atmosphere of Earth. It consists of a set of tables of average air pressures, altitudes and temperatures. The CIRA models are developed by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and have been important for the planning of spaceflight. History Orbit determinations and flight planning of the very first satellites proved to be more complicated than expected due to a lack of knowledge on the upper atmosphere. The Committee on Space Research therefore set up a long lasting special project to elaborate a reference model of the most important parameters of the upper atmosphere. The first CIRA appeared 1961 as "CIRA1961". It was a set of tables reconsidered year for year by the Task Group on the CIRA originally chaired by Hildegard Kallmann-Bijl. Today Presently "CIRA 1986" or CIRA-86 covers the height range up to 120 km as a set of tables. In the thermosphere, above about 100 km, CIRA-86 is identical to the more complicated NASA MSIS-86 model. All models are now available on the Web. The task group takes account of more recent data at bi-annual meetings in connection to COSPAR meeting. The most recent version is the "CIRA 2014". References Further reading K.Labitzke, J.J.Barnett, B.Edwards,Middle Atmosphere Programme, MAP Handbook16, Urbana,1985 (source). Rees D., Editor, "COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere: 1986 Part 1: Thermosphere", in Adv. Space Res. Vol. 8, Nos 5&6, published by Pergamon Press, 1988 (source). Rees D., J.J. BARNETT and K. LABITSKE, "COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere: 1986, Part II, Middle Atmosphere Models, Adv. Space Res., Vol. 10, No. 12, published by Pergamon Press, 1990 (source). M.J.Rycroft, G.M.Keating, D.Rees,Upper Atmosphere Models and Research, Adv. Space Res.10#6,1990. G.M. Keating, COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere: 1986, Part III: Trace Constituent Reference Models, Adv. Space Res., Vol. 10, Nos. 9 &10, published by Pergamon Press, 1990 (source). External links http://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/modelweb/atmos/cospar1.html http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/cira/ (description) Atmosphere Space research