The PA-7100LC is a microprocessor that implements the PA-RISC 1.1 instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by Hewlett-Packard (HP). It is also known as the PCX-L, and by its code-name, Hummingbird. It was designed as a low-cost microprocessor for low-end systems. The first systems to feature the PA-7100LC were introduced in January 1994. These systems used 60 and 80 MHz parts. A 100 MHz part debuted in June 1994. The PA-7100LC was the first PA-RISC microprocessor to implement the MAX-1 multimedia instructions, an early single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) multimedia instruction set extension that provided instructions for improving the performance of MPEG video decoding. The PA-7100LC was based on the PA-7100. Major improvements were improved superscalar execution and an extra integer unit. The PA-7100LC also implemented architectural improvements including the MAX-1 multimedia instructions, uncacheable memory pages, and bi-endian support. Superscalar execution was improved by adding the extra integer unit and modifying the control logic so that two integer instructions, two load-store units, or an integer and a load-store can be issued in one cycle in addition to the existing instruction combinations supported by the PA-7100. A number of modifications were made to circuits derived from the PA-7100LC. Prominently, the floating-point unit multiplier was modified to take up less area by halving the tree of carry-save adders that summed the partial products of the mantissa. This simplification left the latency of single precision multiplies unchanged (two cycles), but increased the latency of double precision multiplies to three cycles. The performance loss was deemed acceptable as the PA-7100LC was designed for mid-range multimedia workstations where single-precision multiplies are more prevalent. Integrated on-die to lower costs is a memory controller that supports up to 2 GB of memory and an I/O controller. The organization of the caches is different from that of most HP-designed PA-RISC CPUs. The large external instruction and data caches have been replaced by an on-die instruction cache with a 1 KB capacity and a large external 8 KB to 2 MB cache. The external cache is unified, containing both instructions and data. The PA-7100LC consists of 900,000 transistors and measures 14.2 by 14.2 mm for an area of 201.64 mm2. It was fabricated by HP in their 0.8 μm three-level metal CMOS26B process. The PA-7100LC is packaged in a 432-pin ceramic pin grid array. PA-7300LC The PA-7300LC was a further development of the PA-7100LC. It was introduced in mid-1996 as