The (and the earlier 481 and 483 series variants) was a Japanese limited express electric multiple unit (EMU) type introduced in 1964 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and subsequently operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East), West Japan Railway Company (JR-West), and Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). Approximately 1,500 vehicles were built. Variants 481 series: Dual-voltage (1,500 V DC / 20 kV AC (60 Hz), introduced 1964 483 series: Dual-voltage (1,500 V DC / 20 kV AC (50 Hz), introduced 1965 485 series: Dual-voltage (1,500 V DC / 20 kV AC (50 Hz/60 Hz), introduced 1968 481 series The 481 series trains were introduced in 1964 for use on Hokuriku Line limited services, and were capable of operating under 1,500 V DC or 20 kV AC (60 Hz) overhead wire power supplies. These train were subsequently operated by JR-West and JR Kyushu. Interior 483 series The 483 series trains were introduced in 1965 for use on Tohoku Main Line limited express services, and were capable of operating under 1,500 V DC or 20 kV AC (50 Hz) overhead wire power supplies. The non-powered trailer cars used in these sets were classified 481 series. 485 series Variants 485 series (original) (from 1968) 485–200 series (from 1972) 485–300 series (from 1974) 485–1000 series (from 1975) 485–1500 series (from 1974) 485–3000 series (converted from former 485–1000 series trains between 1996 and 2001) Joyful Train variants The 485 series trains were introduced in 1968. These trains were capable of operating under 1,500 V DC or 20 kV AC (50/60 Hz) overhead wire power supplies. The original design was closely based on the bonnet-style 181 series EMU, with the primary difference being ceilings that were higher. However, trains produced from 1972 onwards, starting with the 485–200 series, featured a new design with a cab adapted from the 583 series sleeper expresses, which became the standard on nearly all subsequent JNR limited-express EMUs. The 485–200 series trains had gangway doors at the cab ends to allow trains to be operated in multiple, but the 485–300 series trains introduced from 1974 had no gangways. The 485–1500 series trains were built in 1974 for use in Hokkaido. The 485–1000 series trains built from 1975 onward incorporated design improvements from the DC-only 183-1000 series trains. Operations 485 series trains were also used on the Raichō and Super Raichō services from 1968 until the service ended in March