were created in her honor during this time period, per the request of the caliph. Looking at the amount of patronage by women in the 12th century and accounts on how people felt about these powerful women, this was a time where women had growing influence and established a place in the architectural and political sphere in the Middle East. References Bibliography Humphreys, R. S., 1977, From Saladin to the Mongols, The Ayyubids of Damascus 1183-1260, SUNY Press Humphreys, R. S., 1999, Between Memory and Desire: The Middle East in a Troubled Age, University of California Press Ruggles, D. F., 2000, ed., Women, Patronage, and Self-Representation in Islamic Societies, SUNY Press, Hammad, M. (2005, January). Madrasat al Firdaws: Paradis ayyûbide de Dayfat Khâtûn Alep (Syrie) 633 A.H. = 1236 E.C. (dissertation). ResearchGate. Ecole Spéciale d'Architecture. Retrieved September 14, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272720436_Madrasat_al_Firdaws. Shaikh, Z. (n.d.). Ayyubid Aleppo: 1178 – 1260 (dissertation). AlFaheez. Zainab Shaikh. Retrieved September 15, 2021, from http://alhafeez.net/Books/Ayyubid_Aleppo.pdf. Humphreys, R. S. (1994). Women as Patrons of Religious Architecture in Ayyubid Damascus. Muqarnas, 11, 35–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/1523208 Tabbaa, Y. (1997). The City: Aleppo Under the Ayyubids . In Constructions of power and piety in medieval Aleppo (whole book). essay, Pennsylvania State University Press. 1244 deaths 13th-century women rulers Women in Syria Year of birth unknown 13th-century Kurdish people