Bulgarians in Germany (; ) are one of the sizable communities of the Bulgarian diaspora in Western Europe. According to German statistical data from 2016, the number of Bulgarian nationals in Germany on 31 December 2021 was 410,885 (up from 53,984 in 2008). History The Bulgarian Empire was in contact with the German-speaking lands in medieval times, though the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans in the 14th and 15th centuries severed those ties. In the 16th century, Bulgarian Orthodox clerics were known to have been in contact with the German Lutherans and by the 18th century Bulgarian merchants in Leipzig were distinguished from other Balkan Christian merchants. It was not until the 19th century, however, that German–Bulgarian ties became once again more pronounced, and this was mainly owing to education. In 1825–1831, Bulgarian enlightener Petar Beron studied at the University of Heidelberg, while from 1845 to 1847 journalist and linguist Ivan Bogorov was a student at the University of Leipzig. From 1846 to 1847, Bogorov published the first Bulgarian newspaper, Bulgarian Eagle, out of Leipzig. After the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, the German Empire continued to be a centre of higher education for Bulgarians, and hundreds of Bulgarian students were sent to Germany on state scholarships by the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia (pre-1885). German universities were, together with universities in Switzerland, only second to those of Russia and Austria-Hungary among the most favoured foreign educational institutions for Bulgarians. Associations of Bulgarian students were formed in Leipzig, Berlin, Munich, Dresden, Heidelberg, Erlangen, Halle an der Saale and Freiburg im Breisgau in the late 19th and early 20th century. The University of Leipzig alone had 101 Bulgarian students from 1879 to 1899 and a total of 194 dissertations were successfully presented by Bulgarian students in Germany from 1900 to 1918. The Bulgarian–German Association was established in Berlin on 16 February 1918 and had branches in many German cities. Educational ties were preserved after World War I: in 1926–1927 alone, 302 people from Bulgaria studied in Germany. Today, there are Bulgarian Orthodox parishes in Berlin, Leipzig, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Bonn, Munich, Stuttgart, Regensburg and Passau, with a bishop's seat and cathedral in Berlin. Roma minority Turkish minority From the early 1990s Western Europe began to attract Bulgarian Turks for the first time in their social history. Migration to Germany, in particular, was initiated by those Bulgarian Turks who, for various reasons,