live in the body cavities and the mesentery, they do cause clinical manifestations to their human hosts. Moderate fever Coldness in the legs Joint pains, like articular pain or arthralgias Headaches Pruritus (itchiness) Skin eruptions Pulmonary symptoms Lymphadenitis - inflammation of the lymph nodes Adenopathy - enlargement of the lymph nodes Hepatomegaly - enlargement of the liver Calabar like swellings that radiate out from core [10] M. ozzardi is also considered as a possible cause for corneal lesions. Even though there is no significant evidence for it, but in certain regions in Central and South America where both M. ozzardi and O. volvulus co-occur, skin biopsies have always showed that onchoserciasis is the cause for corneal lesions. Diagnosis Microscopic examination is the most practical diagnostic tool used to identify the M. ozzardi microfilariae in blood samples from infected patients. Blood smears are usually stained with haematoxylin or Giemsa to visualize the worms under the microscope. Diagnosticians must not rely entirely on blood samples, since microfilariae have also been detected in the skin. Ultrasound may be used to detect the presence of the adult worms. Researchers are currently developing a polymerase chain reaction-based method of detecting the parasites in skin biopsies. Because M. ozzardi harbors the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia, doxycycline may be an effective therapy to eliminate adult worms. However, no trials with doxycycline (either alone or in combination with ivermectin) have been conducted for M. ozzardi infection. Treatment Ivermectin is the treatment of choice for M. ozzardi infections. It is a potent macrocyclic lactone that binds to chloride channels, which then open and allow chloride ions to enter the affected cells. These cells hyperpolarize, resulting in muscle paralysis in the M. ozzardi microfilariae. This allows host immune cells to adhere to the microfilariae surface and facilitate their elimination. Ivermectin is unable to kill the adult worms. Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) also has been used in treating filarial infections. While DEC works well against many filarial parasites, it is not effective in treating M. ozzardi microfilarial infections. Disease control Aside from ivermectin, preventive measures can be taken by individuals living in areas endemic to M. ozzardi. Since biting midges cannot bite through clothing, those living in the Caribbean should wear long-sleeved shirts and pants to decrease the body parts exposed. Insect repellents could also be used to cover body parts not protected by clothing. Communities should also maintain the natural vegetation around them