to decrease the possible breeding grounds for the biting midges. In South America, the best way to control the population of blackflies, and the transmission of M. ozzardi, is to apply insecticides specific for blackfly larvae to streams and rivers. Application of insecticide to a specific breeding site also kills larvae in breeding sites up to 10 km downstream. Extensive networks of waterways must be treated with insecticide since blackflies have the ability to fly with the wind for several hundreds of kilometers. Individuals should also avoid the waterways whenever possible. 10. Petersen, J.L, M.P.Bawden, F. Stephen Wignall, Carmen Latorre, Carl M. Johnson APCM, and Charles R. Miranda. Mansonella ozzardi en el Darien (Panama). Revista Medica de Panama 9:236-246. 1984 References Lima, N. F., Veggiani Aybar, C. A., Dantur Juri, M. J., & Ferreira, M. U. (2016). Mansonella ozzardi: a neglected New World filarial nematode. Pathogens and Global Health, 110(3), 97–107. http://doi.org/10.1080/20477724.2016.1190544 Bartoloni, Alessandro et al. 1999. Mansonella ozzardi Infection in Bolivia: Prevalence and Clinical Associations in the Chaco Region. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61: 830-833. Gordoy, Gerardo et al. 1980. Mansonella ozzardi Infections in Indians of the Southwestern Part of the State of Bolivar, Venezuela. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29: 373-376. Kozek, W. J. et al. 1982. Filariasis in Colombia: Prevalence of Mansonellosis in the Teenage and Adult Population of the Colombian Bank of the Amazon, Comisaría del Amazonas. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31: 1131-1136. Ottesen, E. A. and W. C. Campbell. 1994. Ivermectin in Human Medicine. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 34: 195-203. Medeiros, J. F. et al. 2008. Current Profile of Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in Communities Along the Ituxi River, Lábrea Municipality, Amazonas, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 103: 409-411. Morales-Hojas, Ramiro et al. 2001. Characterization of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Sequences from Onchocera volvulus and Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Filarioidea) and Development of a PCR-based Method for Their Detection in Skin Biopsies. International Journal for Parasitology 31: 169-177. Shelley, A. J. and S. Coscarón. 2001. Simuliid Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and Ceratopogonid Midges as Vectors of Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in Northern Argentina. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 96: 451-458. Tidwell, M. A. and M. A. Tidwell. 1982. Development of Mansonella ozzardi in Simulium amazonicum, S. argentiscutum, and Culicoides insinuatus from Amazonas, Columbia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 31''': 1137-1141. 10. Petersen, J.L, M.P.Bawden, F. Stephen Wignall,