The STM-4 (Synchronous Transport Module) is a SDH ITU-T fiber optic network transmission standard. It has a bit rate of 622.080 Mbit/s. The STM-4 specification is designed to carry 7,680 8-bit "voice" frames every 125 micro-seconds for a total payload bit rate of 491.520 Mbit/s. The other levels defined by the SDH standard are STM-1, STM-16, STM-64 and STM-256. Beyond this we have wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) commonly used in submarine cabling. Although STM-4 is comparable to OC-12 the SDH frame structure allocates more space to overhead than that of SONET. Because of this, STM-4's payload bandwidth differs from that of OC-12. SDH Rates SDH is a transport hierarchy based on multiples of 155.52 Mbit/s. The basic unit of SDH is STM-1. Different SDH rates are given below: STM-1 = 155.520 Mbit/s STM-4 = 622.080 Mbit/s STM-16 = 2,488.320 Mbit/s (~2.5 Gbit/second) STM-64 = 9,953.280 Mbit/s (~10 Gbit/second) STM-256 = 39,813.120 Mbit/s (~40 Gbit/second) Each rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate, therefore the hierarchy is synchronous. STM-1 frame structure The basic STM-1 carrier frame consists of eight overheads, four pointers and a space for the payload. The overheads are the regeneration section overhead (RSOH), associated with the regenerators, and the multiplex section overhead (MSOH), associated with the multiplexers. The space for the payload carries the VC-4 container, the first byte of which is signaled by the AU-4 pointer, and which is allowed to move in order to accommodate frequency In previous sections we have looked at an example in which a 140 Mbit/s signal was mapped into a VC-4, but the multiplexing map lets the STM-1 signal transport other types of Plesiochronous signals and even combinations of signals. All the possibilities are shown in the table below: The basic STM-1 transport rate is 155.520 Mbit/s and is defined in the ITU-T recommendation G.707. As mentioned above, the overhead of an STM-4 signal (SOH) is divided into two parts: the MSOH and the RSOH. The overheads contain information from the system itself, which is used for a wide range of management functions, such as monitoring transmission quality, detecting failures, managing alarms, data communication channels, service channels, etc. These functions will be described in more detail in the section on network management services. An STM-4 frame consists of 36 rows each containing 270 bytes. This is a direct multiple of STM-1, which consists of 9 rows each containing 270 bytes.