adjustment. Public loop A speaker can regulate their vocalizations at higher cognitive level in terms of observing its consequences on their audience's ability to hear it. In this auditory self-monitoring adjusts vocalizations in terms of learnt associations of what features of their vocalization, when made in noise, create effective and efficient communication. The Lombard effect has been found to be greatest upon those words that are important to the listener to understand a speaker suggesting such cognitive effects are important. Development Both private and public loop processes exist in children. There is a development shift however from the Lombard effect being linked to acoustic self-monitoring in young children to the adjustment of vocalizations to aid its intelligibility for others in adults. Neurology The Lombard effect depends upon audio-vocal neurons in the periolivary region of the superior olivary complex and the adjacent pontine reticular formation. It has been suggested that the Lombard effect might also involve the higher cortical areas that control these lower brainstem areas. Choral singing Choral singers experience reduced feedback due to the sound of other singers upon their own voice. This results in a tendency for people in choruses to sing at a louder level if it is not controlled by a conductor. Trained soloists can control this effect but it has been suggested that after a concert they might speak more loudly in noisy surroundings, such as after-concert parties. The Lombard effect also occurs to those playing instruments such as the guitar. Animal vocalization Noise has been found to affect the vocalizations of animals that vocalize against a background of human noise pollution. Experimentally, the Lombard effect has also been found in the vocalization of: Budgerigars Canaries Cats Chickens Common marmosets Cottontop tamarins Japanese quail Nightingales Rhesus macaques Squirrel monkey Zebra finches Beluga whales Pale spear-nosed bats Túngara frogs See also Acoustic ecology Bird vocalization Human voice Intelligibility (communication) Noise health effects Noise pollution Occlusion effect Whale song References Phonetics Human voice Animal communication Human communication Noise pollution