most prominent figure, Marcel Déat, lost his seat - and the successful USR deputies were drawn largely from the Socialist Republican wings. The USR participated in the subsequent Popular Front governments of Léon Blum and Camille Chautemps (1936 to 1938), as well as in the centrist republican governments of Édouard Daladier and Paul Reynaud (1938 to 1940). SIx of its members held cabinet rank during this period: Paul-Boncour, Frossard, de Monzie, Ramadier, Ramette, Patenotre and Pomaret. The USR was effectively killed by World War II, and its last congress was held in May 1939. Its members took divergent paths during the war: some, like Paul-Boncour, refused to vote plenary powers to Marshal Pétain, while others actively collaborated with the Vichy Regime and Nazi occupiers, notably Déat whose National Rally aspired to act as the single party for the collaborationist regime. As a result of these divisions the party was not resurrected after the Liberation: most of its members opted to enter either the SFIO or the new umbrella party of liberal progressives, the Rally of the Republican Left. Bibliography Bergounioux, Alain (1978). "Le néo-socialisme. Marcel Déat: réformisme traditionnel ou esprit des années trente". Revue Historique 260 (2): 389-412. ISSN 0035-3264 Billard, Yves (1993). Le Parti républicain socialiste (1911-1934), Doctoral thesis. Paris, 1993. Billard, Yves. (1996). "Un parti républicain-socialiste a vraiment existé". Vingtième Siècle, revue d'histoire 51: 43-55. Jackson, Julian (1985). The Politics of Depression in France 1932-1936. Cambridge University Press. . Rémy, Sylvie (2001). Les Socialistes indépendants de la fin du XIXe siècle au début du XXe siècle en France. Doctoral thesis. Limoges. Ruhlmann, Jean (1989). "Les classes moyennes, le Parti Socialiste de France et le Plan : l'impossible ralliement". Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps, 17: 47-52. Defunct political parties in France Political parties of the French Third Republic Socialist parties in France