FCoV group II, it binds to APN. For SARS CoV, it binds to ACEs It also binds to DC-SIGN of macrophages, The lactoferrin anti-viral activity is sialic-acid–dependent. The structures of the polypeptide chain and carbohydrate moieties of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) are well established. bLF consists of a 689-amino acid polypeptide chain to which complex and high-mannose-type glycans are linked. Other components The colostrum and breast milk also contain: Many oligosaccharides (glycan) which are known for their anti-viral properties which is thought to be primarily due to their inhibition of pathogen binding to host cell ligands. Many maternal immune cells. Many cytokines (interferon, etc.), whose role by oro-mucosal route seems very important. Sialic acid: during lactation, neutralizing oligo-saccharides binding sialic acid decreases when it binds increasingly to glycoproteins. (The APN is a glycoprotein.) The anti-viral effect of lactoferrin is increased by the removal of sialic acid. Mannan-binding lectins. Other protective factors Other assumptions may help to explain this resistance to FCoV infections by kittens. In the first weeks of life, APN could be immature because highly manno-glycosylated. The spikes of CoV could then not be bound. Factors in breastmilk may inhibit the synthesis of fANP by enterocytes, as already described with fructose or sucrose. References External links Dr ADDIE website focused research about FIP Coronavirus Site général Coronavirus site général Coronavirus Pictures Animal viral diseases Cat diseases Alphacoronaviruses Infraspecific virus taxa