Chinese ceramics. He argued that beginners in the tea ceremony should start by obtaining Chinese pieces in order to fully appreciate subsequent Japanese purchases. Jukō stressed four values in his tea ceremony: kin, a form of humble reverence; kei, a respect for the food and drink; sei, purity of both body and spirit; and jaku, a Buddhist concept denoting calmness and freedom from desire. He developed the yojohan (four-and-a-half mat teahouse) that was later to become the standard design under Rikyū, changing the tokonoma and creating a more spiritual environment for the ceremony. In doing so, he attempted to incorporate the aesthetic concepts of hie (chill) and kare (withered) from renga poetry into the tea ceremony; Jukō was a master of the renga literary form. These qualities, were, he felt, expressed in the Japanese bowls and jars that he used. Takeno Jōō studied under students of Jukō and continued the trend towards simplicity and minimalism in the tea ceremony. Jōō was the teacher of Sen no Rikyū. References External links The Japanese Way of Tea. University of Hawaii Press, 1998. Japanese Buddhist clergy Muromachi period Buddhist clergy Chadō 1423 births 1502 deaths