against Turkic dușman ("enemy"). The influence of Romania's Slavic neighbors on the language continued. The Russian influence was intensified in Bessarabia after it was handed over to the Russian Empire and becoming a Soviet Republic. Russian was used in relations with citizens from other parts of the Soviet Union. The effort to establish a Moldovan identity apart of a Romanian one included trying to form a Moldovan standard language, with more Russian loans and reviving archaic words of Slavic origin. Loan translations Calques (or loan translations) from Slavic languages can also be detected in Romanian. For example, the double meaning of Slavic svĕtŭ (meaning both world and light) gave rise to the development of Romanian lume ("world") from Latin lumen ("light"). The semantic development of certain inherited Latin words was due to Slavic influence. For instance, the Latin word for life (vita) developed into the Romanian term for cattle (vită) following the patern of Old Church Slavonic životŭ ("being" and "animal"). The structure of Romanian numerals from eleven to nineteen also reflects Slavic influence, according to most linguists' view. In these numerals, the unit digit is followed by the prepositional infix spre ("on", evolved from Latin super, meaning "above") before the decad digit: unsprezece ("one-on-ten"), doisprezece ("two-on-ten"), nouăsprezece ("nine-on-ten"). The same pattern is common in all Slavic languages, but it is also present in Albanian and a similar structure exists in Hungarian. The structure of the Romanian decades above ten follows a digit-decad system: douăzeci ("two-tens" for 20), treizeci ("three-tens" for 30) and patruzeci ("four-tens" for 40). Old Church Slavonic displayed the same transparent structure and it can also be detected in modern Slavic languages. Affixes More than 17% of the prefixes (about 15 morphemes) were borrowed from Slavonic languages, but four-fifths of these morphemes are unproductive. Slavic prefixes that are similar to prefixes inherited from Latin are the most productive. This category includes ne- and prea-: for instance, nemică ("nothing") preserved a Latin prefix, but necinstit ("dishonest") contains a prefix borrowed from Slavic. A third prefix, răz-, also belongs to this group, according to a number of scholars. They propose that the ră- prefix in the verbs răscoc ("overbake") and răzbat ("go through") retained the Latin re- prefix. Suffixes from Slavic languages also appeared in Romanian. Among the suffixes of Slavic origin -ac, -nic and -uș are still especially popular. Phonology Loanwords from other languages were rarely subject to