which serve as the core of the books, and each print is followed by a caption, describing Islamic ritual, religion and monuments. The images cover all aspects of Ottoman daily life, and depict figures ranging from sultans and sultanas to wrestlers, cooks and Janissary generals. The images are typical of costume books, and consist of lone figures, depicted on a very sparse background, which emphasizes the dress of the figure, rather than geography. In the costume book, figures are schematized and follow general types, and David Brafman writes that "Nicolay, or his engravers, render facial expressions in an exaggerated style. Emotional reaction are evoked artistically, whether it be identification with a mother, sympathy for a Christian slave, or fascination with exotic and 'monstrous' alien practice". While many drawings are faithful reproductions of the Turkish dressing of the time, others are more fanciful and may have been invented, such as the depictions of self-mutilating dervishes, as well as a kalendar with an exposed genital piercing, which would have been scandalous in Muslim society. Works and maps He wrote several books: (1567). Quatre premiers livres des navigations (1568) (published in 1875). (published in 1881). [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rosenwald.1207 Discovrs et histoire veritable des navigations, Anvers, A. Coninx,' 1586.] From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Les navigations, peregrinations et voyages faicts en la Turquie, (Antwerp 1576) at (Gallica site) Nicolas D'Arfeville's map of Scotland at the National Library of Scotland Sources , par Honoré Pallias, 1857. , Paris, A. Aubry et Dumoulin, 1865. R. Herve,"", (Paris), LXVIII (1955), 223–63. Roger Hervé, (1544–1619), Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1956. Franz Wawrik, "", ,'' Nos.25-27, 1978, pp. 155–167. References 1517 births 1583 deaths People from Hautes-Alpes French geographers