of August 1916 over 100,000 troops were on the border. The Battle of Columbus resulted in the creation of the Punitive Expedition led by General John J. Pershing to track down and capture or kill Villa or disperse the attackers. In the operation, the Army used Curtiss Jenny airplanes for reconnaissance and trucks to carry supplies (both firsts for the Army). They scoured portions of northern Mexico for six months but Villa was not found. In January 1917, with the United States likely to enter World War I soon, and under intense diplomatic pressure from the Mexican government, these troops were withdrawn from Mexico. In commemoration of Pancho Villa's attack on Columbus, the State of New Mexico Parks Commission established Pancho Villa Historical Park and its museum in Columbus, near Cootes Hill across the Palomas road from the site of Camp Furlong. See also Village of Columbus and Camp Furlong, a U.S. National Historic Landmark District Punitive expedition Herbert Jermain Slocum Frank Tompkins Pancho Villa Expedition Susie A. Parks References Further reading Braddy, Haldeen (1965) Pancho Villa at Columbus Texas Western College Press, El Paso, Texas, De Quesada, Alejandro (2012) The Hunt For Pancho Villa; The Columbus Raid and Pershing's Punitive Expedition 1916-17. Osprey Publishing. Osprey Raid Series #29. Finley, James P. (1993) "Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca: Villa's Raid on Columbus"] Huachuca Illustrated: a magazine of the Fort Huachuca Museum Vol. 1, Part 12 online Katz, Friedrich. "Pancho Villa and the Attack on Columbus, New Mexico," American Historical Review 83#1 (1978), pp. 101–130 in JSTOR Rakocy, Bill (1981) Villa raids Columbus, N.Mex., March 9, 1916 Bravo Press, El Paso, Texas, White, E. Bruce and Francisco Villa, "The Muddied Waters of Columbus, New Mexico," The Americas 32#1 (July 1975), pp. 72–98 in JSTOR List of Americans Killed and Wounded in Raid of Mexican Bandits at Columbus, N.M., The New York Times, March 10, 1916, p. 1. Investigation of Mexican Affairs - Hearing Before A Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations - 66th Congress, 1st Session - United States Senate, , U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., pp. 858 and 860. 1916 in New Mexico 1916 in Mexico Columbus Columbus Columbus Columbus History of New Mexico Columbus March 1916 events Military raids Invasions of the United States