Ahmet Davutoğlu has described bilateral relations between Afghanistan and Turkey. as "exemplary" even if the two countries do not border, but are close. A recent survey in Kabul of 1,259 people shows that Afghanistan rely mostly on Turkey, and consider Turkey to be Afghanistan's one and only true, best friend. Afghanistan was also the second nation to recognise the Republic of Turkey, after the Soviet Union, on 1 March 1923. Both countries established education and cultural exchange programs. Inside Afghanistan Turkish schools were established. Furthermore, Turkish army officers assisted or even commanded the training of Afghan military members. The foreign relations of Afghanistan have changed so much politically, socially and economically. Today the relations between the two countries go beyond giving military education. History Afghanistan and Turkey relations spans several centuries, as many Turkic and Afghan peoples ruled vast areas of Central Asia and the Middle East particularly the Ghaznavids, Seljuks, Khalji, Timurid, Mughal, Afsharid and Durrani empires. Throughout its long history, many Ottoman officials were in close contact with Afghan leaders even up until the early 20th century when the Ottoman administrator Ahmad Jamal Pasha went to Afghanistan where he worked on modernizing the Afghan armed forces. Ertuğrul Osman, the former head of the Imperial Ottoman Dynasty, was married to Zeynep Tarzi Hanım Efendi, the daughter of Abdulfettah Tarzi, niece of the former King of Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan. Afghanistan's heavy influence on the Atatürk regime further developed the brotherly relations between the two nations. Atatürk had supported Mahmud Tarzi and he had hopes of introducing Atatürkism into neighbouring Afghanistan. Following the death of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Afghanistan was deeply saddened, and Amanullah Khan, who was in exile in Rome made a special attendance. Afghanistan's support for Atatürk is further shown by being the only nation, apart from Turkey, to have kept their flag at half-mast, to initiate a week of mourning. Despite the strong visibility of the Taliban in the east of the country, Atatürk's legacy still remains intact within Afghanistan, and March 1 is celebrated to commemorate Afghanistan's recognition of the Republic of Turkey. Talks held in Moscow on 1 March 1921 resulted in the Turkey-Afghanistan Alliance Agreement and a period of intense cooperation. In 1937, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Turkey signed the Treaty of Saadabad. Modern relations The War on Terror Turkey has participated in the International Security Assistance