procedures regardless of circumstances rather than act in ways most appropriate for the circumstances Universalism: the application of universal rules and categories may not reflect specific contexts Normalization of deviance: deviations from existing rules can become normalized and lead to aberrational behaviors Organizational insulation: when organizations do not get feedback from the environment about their performance and are unable to update their behavior Cultural contestation: different cultures within an organization may lead to clashes that produce adverse outcomes Her 1998 study, co-authored with Kathryn Sikkink, on the life cycle of norms is among the most cited articles published in International Organization, the leading International Relations journal. Finnemore and Sikkink identify three stages in the life cycle of a norm: Norm emergence: Norm entrepreneurs seek to persuade others to adopt their ideas about what is desirable and appropriate Norm cascade: When a norm has broad acceptance, with norm leaders pressuring others to adopt and adhere to the norm Norm internalization: When the norm has acquired a "taken-for-granted" quality where compliance with the norm is nearly automatic In 2009, a survey of over 2700 international relations faculty in ten countries named her one of the twenty five most influential scholars in the discipline, and one of the five scholars whose work in the last five years has been the most interesting; an earlier survey of over 1000 American international relations faculty also ranked her similarly in both categories. In 2011, she was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Finnemore completed her B.A. at Harvard, followed by an M.A. from the University of Sydney and a Ph.D. in 1991 from Stanford. Books . . Winner, American Political Science Association's Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award for the best book on government, politics, or international affairs, 2004. . Winner, International Studies Association Book Award, 2006, and Academic Council of the United Nations System Book Award, 2007. References International relations scholars Harvard University alumni University of Sydney alumni Elliott School of International Affairs faculty Stanford University alumni George Washington University faculty 1959 births Living people Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences American women political scientists American political scientists