title from the Palatinate to the Duke of Bavaria in exchange for his support and that of the Catholic League. The Catholic League's army under Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly (which included René Descartes in its ranks as an observer) pacified Upper Austria, while Imperial forces under the Count of Bucquoy pacified Lower Austria. The two armies united and moved north into Bohemia. Ferdinand II decisively defeated Frederick V at the Battle of White Mountain, near Prague, on 8 November 1620. In addition to becoming almost entirely Catholic, Bohemia would remain in Habsburg hands for nearly three hundred years. This defeat led to the dissolution of the League of Evangelical Union and the loss of Frederick V's holdings. Frederick was outlawed from the Holy Roman Empire, and his territories, the Rhenish Palatinate, were given to Catholic nobles. His title of elector of the Palatinate was given to his distant cousin, Duke Maximilian of Bavaria. Frederick, now landless, made himself a prominent exile abroad and tried to curry support for his cause in Sweden, the Netherlands, and Denmark. This was a serious blow to Protestant ambitions in the region. As the rebellion collapsed, the widespread confiscation of property and suppression of the Bohemian nobility ensured the country would return to the Catholic side after more than two centuries of Hussite and other religious dissent. However while Bohemia was effectively annexed by the Crown, other regions would continue their revolt for several years. This would have the effect of bringing in elements of the Protestant Union which had suffered a severe blow to their credibility via their refusal to support the Bohemian revolutionaries. In addition, the changes in territory meant that previously unaligned powers would find a resurgent Empire on their own borders, a circumstance that Kingdoms like Denmark found untenable. See also Anti-Protestantism Counter-Reformation Hussite Wars Religion in the Czech Republic Thirty Years' War References Conflicts in 1618 Conflicts in 1619 Conflicts in 1620 1618 in the Habsburg monarchy 1619 in the Habsburg monarchy 1620 in the Habsburg monarchy 17th century in Bohemia 17th-century rebellions Habsburg Bohemia Thirty Years' War Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor